APA Referencing

All formats

Books & e-books

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Book: Single author "It is self-identification..." (Fuller, 2011, pp. 34- Fuller, C. F. (2011). Sociology, gender and educational aspirations: Girls
35). and their ambitions. Albany, NY: Continuum International.
OR
Fuller (2011, pp. 34-35) suggests that self- For location, use the U.S. state abbreviation. This is also acceptable for
identification... Australian states and territories. For all other countries, spell out the name
in full.
Add page numbers for direct quotes.

Book: 2 authors According to Weinberg and Gould (2011) ... Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2011). Foundations of sport and exercise
and edition OR psychology (6th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
... this is evident (Weinberg & Gould, 2011).
The edition number is included after the title of the work (not necessary for
Cite both authors each time the reference first editions).
occurs.

Book: 3, 4 or 5 ... in festival organisation (Allen, O'Toole, & Allen, J. E., O'Toole, W., & Donnell, J.-B. (2011). Festival and special
authors Donnell, 2011). event management (5th ed.). Milton, QLD: John Wiley & Sons.
OR
Allen, O'Toole, and Donnell (2011) have found ... Provide the names of all authors in the reference list.

Cite all of the authors the first time the reference If an author's first name is hyphenated, retain the hyphen and include a full
occurs. In subsequent citations, include only the stop after each initial as in Jean-Baptiste Donnell above.
surname of the first author followed by et al., and
the year.

... events are a celebration (Allen et al., 2011).

OR
Allen et al. (2011) have stated ...

Book: 6 or more Mussen et al. (1995) have found ... Mussen, P., Rozenweig, M. R., Aronson, E., Elkind, D., Feshbach, S. T.,
authors OR & Geiwitz, P. J. (1995). Psychology: An introduction (7th ed.).
... for all learning (Mussen et al., 1995). Albany, NY: Thompson Delmar Learning.

Cite only the surname of the first author followed Provide the names of all authors in the reference list up to and including
by et al., and the year, for the first and seven authors
subsequent citations.

Book: 8 or more Leggat et al. (2009) have found ... Leggat, I. K., Hutchings, D., Poliness, S., Nemeth, T., West, A., Ngo, A.,
authors OR . . . Mascilongo, J. (2009). How to maximise the use of libraries in
... play a crucial role (Leggat et al., 2009). educational institutions. St Albans, VIC: Victoria University Press.

Cite only the surname of the first author followed Include the first six authors' names, followed by three dots, then add the
by et al., and the year, for the first and last author's name.
subsequent citations.

Book: No author As defined in the Style Manual for Authors, Style manual for authors, editors and printers. (2002). (6th ed.).
Editors and Printers (2002) reference lists should Canberra, ACT: AGPS.
be double-spaced.
OR If no author or editor, the title is used as the first element of the reference.
... should be double-spaced (Style Manual for
Authors, Editors and Printers, 2002).

Capitalise the major words in titles of books and

articles when used within the body of your essay.

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Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

Book: Editor(s) ... for future learning (Ashwin, 2006). Ashwin, P. (Ed.). (2006). Changing higher education: The development
OR of learning and teaching. London, England: Routledge.
As described in Ashwin (2006) ...
With more than one editor use multiple author format as above and use
(Eds.).

... health care is described (Lemone et al., 2011). Lemone, P., Burke, K. M., Dwyer, T., Levett-Jones, T., Moxham, L.,
OR Reid-Searl, K., . . . Raymond, D. (Eds.). (2011). Medical-surgical
Lemone et al. (2011) describe health care... nursing: Critical thinking in client care (1st Australian ed.). Frenchs
Forest, NSW: Pearson Australia.

Book: With author "A large income is the best recipe for happiness Austen, J. (1814/2005). Mansfield Park (J. Wiltshire, Ed.). Cambridge,
and editor I ever heard of" (Austen, 1814/2005, p. 195). England: Cambridge University Press.

Include the original publication date in the

citation.

Chapter or part of a Boud (2006, p. 23) states that self-directed Boud, D. (2006). Aren't we all learner-centred now?: The bittersweet
Book to which a learning... flavour of success. In P. Ashwin (Ed.), Changing higher education:
number of authors OR The development of learning and teaching (pp. 19–32). London,
have contributed "Self-directed learning is..." (Boud, 2006, p. 23). England: Routledge.

In the in-text reference, name the author of the

chapter.

Book: With volume ... as this complex theory is dealt with in detail by Russell, B. (2003). The autobiography of Bertrand Russell (Vols. 1-3).
numbers Russell (2003, vol. 2, p. 23; vol. 3, pp. 17-36). London, England: Allen & Unwin.

If more than one volume is given, separate with a

semi-colon.

Book: Translator & (Marklund, 2011) Marklund, L. (2011). Exposed (N. Smith, Trans.). Montreal, Canada:
author Random House.

Book: Organisation (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011) Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2011). 2011 Census dictionary (No.
as author 2901.0). Canberra, ACT: Author.

(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008)
(Department of Health and Family Services
[DHFS], 2007)
If you want to cite from the report more than
once, in the first citation provide the full name of Department of Health and Family Services. (2007). Youth suicide in
the organisation, as above. In subsequent
citations, use the abbreviated organisational title.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Childhood education and care
(No. 4402.0). Canberra, ACT: Author. Retrieved from
http://www.abs.gov.au
Add the ABS Report's Catalogue Number after the title. 'Author' is used in
place of the publisher name if they are the same body.
Australia: The National Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy. Canberra,
ACT: AGPS.

(DHFS, 2007) Provide the full name of the organisation in the reference list.

E-book: No DOI (Rosen, 2011) Rosen, L. (2011). The culture of Islam: Changing aspects of
assigned OR contemporary Muslim life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Rosen (2011) regards... Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com

If a DOI is not available, provide the home page URL of the book
publisher. No retrieval date is required.

E-book: With DOI ... in all communities (Hill, 2001). Hill, C. E. (Ed.). (2001). The helping skills: The empirical foundation.
assigned OR Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Hill (2001) regards ... doi:10.1037/10412-000

If a DOI is available, include it at the end of the citation. The database

name, URL or date of retrieval are not required.

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Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

Book: Anonymous (Anonymous, 2000) Anonymous. (2000). Maximum Security (3rd ed.). Indianapolis, IN:
author Prentice Hall.
When a work's author is designated as
Anonymous include the word 'Anonymous' In your reference list, include such titles in your alphabetical listing as if
followed by a comma and year. 'Anonymous' were a true name.

Book on a Kindle … in all outcomes (Gladwell, 2008).
OR
Gladwell (2008) remarks ...
For direct quotations of online material without
pagination, name the major sections, chapter,
section, and paragraph number.
Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: The story of success [Kindle DX version].
Retrieved from Amazon.com
Include the type of e-book version you read e.g. Kindle DX version. In lieu
of publisher information, include the book’s DOI or where you downloaded
the e-book, from if there is no DOI.

One of the author’s main points is that “people

don’t rise from nothing” (Gladwell, 2008, Chapter
1, Section 2, para. 5).

Book: Multiple "Marketing requires matching your customers’ McDonald, M. D., & Payne, A. (1996). Marketing planning for services.
works same author needs" (McDonald & Payne, 1996, p. 13, 2006, Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann.
pp. 16-17).
OR McDonald, M. D., & Payne, A. (2006). Marketing plans for service
McDonald and Payne (1996, p. 13, 2006, pp. 16- businesses: A complete guide (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Elsevier
17) state "Marketing requires matching your Butterworth-Heinemann.
customers’ needs".
Order multiple works by the same authors by year of publication, earliest
first.

Book: Multiple (Haddon, 1999; Larsen & Harris, 1991) ... Haddon, P. F. (1999). Mastering personal and interpersonal skills.
works in the same OR London, England: Thorogood.
citation Haddon (1999) and Larsen and Harris (1991)
demonstrated that ... Larsen, R. W., & Harris, T. (1991). New horizons in personal theory and
practice. San Francisco, CA: Josey-Bass.

Book: Classical or (Aristotle, trans. 1911, pp. 34-35)

religious text OR You do not need to include an entry in the reference list.
(Aristotle, 1934 version, p. 178)

1 Cor. 13:1 (Revised Standard Version)

(Qur'an 5:3-4)

Where the parts of classic or religious texts are

numbered consistently across all editions, use
these numbers rather than page numbers.

Secondary sources: "...optimistic, independent yet good at El-Shamy, S. (2004). How to design and deliver training for the new and
When you are collaboration" (Tapscott as cited in El-Shamy, emerging generations. San Francisco, CA: Wiley.
referring to the 2004, p. 25).
ideas or words of OR Provide the full reference for the book that you actually read.
an author who has Tapscott (as cited in El-Shamy, 2004) argues ...
been cited in
another author's
work. Also called
'secondary citation'.

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Journal article
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Journal Article: "... black tea is the second most consumed Ruxton, C. (2016). Tea: Hydration and other health benefits. Primary
Single author beverage in the world after water” (Ruxton, 2016, Health Care, 26(8), 34-42. doi:10.7748/phc.2016.e1162
p. 34).
OR Where a DOI is available, it must be included at the end of the citation.
Ruxton (2016, p. 40) suggests "…unsweetened The database name, URL and date of retrieval are not required.
tea can be part of a recommended diet.”

Include page numbers for direct quotes.

Journal Article: 2 ... connection and optimism (Aspy & Proeve, Aspy, D. J., & Proeve, M. (2017). Mindfulness and loving-kindness
authors 2017), but others contend ... meditation: Effects on connectedness to humanity and to the natural
OR world. Psychological Reports, 120(1), 102-117.
Aspy and Proeve (2017) have found ... doi:10.1177/0033294116685867

Cite both authors each time the reference

occurs.

Journal Article: 3, 4, ... nurses must care as well as be competent Geraghty, S., Lauva, M., & Oliver, K. (2016). Reconstructing
or 5 authors (Geraghty, Lauva & Oliver, 2016). compassion: Should it be taught as part of the curriculum? British
OR Journal of Nursing, 25(15), 836-839.
Geraghty, Lauva and Oliver (2016) suggest ... doi:10.12968/bjon.2016.25.15.836

Cite all of the authors the first time the reference Provide the names of all authors in the reference list.
occurs. In subsequent citations, include only the
surname of the first author followed by et al., and
the year.

... can teach compassion (Geraghty et al., 2016).

OR
Geraghty et al. (2016) have shown ...

Journal Article: 6 or Fitness levels are impacted by “... proximity to
more authors parks, playgrounds and sports facilities” (Eime et
al., 2017, p. 248).
OR
Eime et al. (2017, p. 254) found “the level of
sport participation is…”
Cite only the surname of the first author followed
by et al., and the year. For direct quotes, include
the page number after the year.
Eime, R. M., Harvey, J., Charity, M. J., Casey, M., Westerbeek, H.,
& Payne, W. R. (2017). The relationship of sport participation to
provision of sports facilities and socioeconomic status: A
geographical analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public
Health, 41(3), 248-255. doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12647
Provide the names of all authors in the reference list.

Journal Article: 8 or Newton et al. (2015) have found ...
more authors OR
... health protections afforded by physical
exercise (Newton et al., 2015).
Cite only the surname of the first author followed
by et al., and the year, for the first and
subsequent citations.
Newton, J. D., Klein, R., Bauman, A., Newton, F. J., Mahal, A., Gilbert,
K., . . . Smith, B. J. (2015). The MOVE study: A study protocol for a
randomised controlled trial assessing interventions to maximise
attendance at physical activity facilities. BMC Public Health, 15(403),
1-9. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1735-0
Include the first six authors' names, followed by three dots, then add the
last author's name.

Online Journal ... guidelines designed to promote health (Craig, Craig, P. (2012). Contemporary nutrition issues. Journal of the Home
Article: No DOI 2012). Economics Institute of Australia, 19(2), 12-21. Retrieved from
assigned OR http://www.heia.com.au/
As Craig (2012) observes ...
If a DOI is not available, provide the home page URL of the journal
publisher. The retrieval date is not required.

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Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

Print Journal … Aussie Rules is the people’s game (Duncan, Duncan, S. (2016). Voices from the grandstands: The attitudes of
Article: No DOI 2016)… Australian football fans towards the concept of creating, developing
assigned OR and binding communities. Sporting Traditions, 33(2), 19-40.
Duncan (2016) states that a sense of
belonging…

Journal article: No ... as was the case for most students ("The Pain The pain of being a caffeine freak. (2001, October 6). New
author of Being a Caffeine Freak," 2001). Scientist, 172(2311), 27.
OR
... as in "The Pain of Being a Caffeine For magazines, newsletters, and newspapers, give the year and the
Freak" (2001) which reveals ... exact date of the publication (month or month and day), separated by a
comma.
When a work has no identified author, cite in-text
the first few words of the reference entry (usually
the title) and the year. Use double quotation
marks if you are referring to the title of an article,
chapter or web page. Italicize the title if you are
referring to the title of a periodical, book,
brochure or a report, see Book: No Author

Online Journal ... in all outcomes (Williams, 2008). Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17(4),
article: No page OR Retrieved from http://www.pillap.co.uk/sociology
numbers Williams (2008) remarks ... http://magazines.philipallan.co.uk/Magazines/Sociology.aspx

For direct quotations of online material without

pagination, name the sections and paragraph
number.

One of the author’s main points is that “people

don’t rise from nothing” (Williams, 2008, Section
2, para. 5).

Secondary “…global movement toward a more naturalistic Sullivan, D. H., & McGuiness, C. (2015). Natural labor pain
Sources: When you approach for childbirth” (Goldbas as cited in management. International Journal of Childbirth Education, 30(2),
are referring to the Sullivan & McGuiness, 2015, p. 20). 20-25. Retrieved from http://icea.org/
ideas or words of OR
an author who has Goldbas’s overview (as cited in Sullivan & Provide the full reference for the journal article that you actually read.
been cited in McGuiness, 2015) indicates…
another work. Also
called 'secondary Provide names of both authors.
citation'.

Newspapers
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Newspaper: Print (Gordon, 2011) Gordon, M. (2011, August 20). The boat that changed it all. The Age,
OR pp. 18, 22.
As Gordon (2011) says ...
If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, and
Add page numbers for direct quotes. separate the numbers with a comma.

Newspaper: From a (Norton, 2011) Norton, A. (2011, October 11). Why teaching must be rated. The
Website Age. Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au

Newspaper: From a (Smith, 2011) Smith, B. (2011, June 24). Brain study confirms stress of life in the
database city. The Age, p.14. Retrieved from Factiva.

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Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

Newspaper article: ("Child psychologist," 2010) ...
Without author OR
As discussed in "Child psychologist" (2010) ...
Use a shortened title (or full title if it is short)
enclosed in double quotation marks.
Child psychologist inspired by dreams of Freud. (2010, August 16). The
West Australian, p. 2.
Use the first word of the title to place this reference in the alphabetical
sequence of your reference list.

Newspaper article: (Wilson, 2009) Wilson, J. (2009, September 26). In defence of the superficial. The
From a separately Age: A2, p. 23.
paginated section
Note: 'A2' before the page number indicates a separately paginated
section of the newspaper.

Press or Media (CSIRO, 2007) CSIRO. (2007, March 20). Cyclone science shows rainforest impacts and
Release recovery [Press release]. Retrieved from
http://www.csiro.au/news/ps2wj.html

(Prime Minister of Australia, 2010) Prime Minister of Australia. (2010, July 7). Gillard Government to boost
resources to international border patrols [Press release]. Canberra,
ACT: AGPS.

Web page or Web document

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Web Document (Allen, 2004) Allen, D. (2004). Dealing with your meeting notes. Retrieved from
http://www.effectivemeetings.com/meetingbasics/

Where the web page is part of a larger whole, do not italicise the title.
Capitalize only the first word of the title.

Web Document: No (Gold, n.d.) Gold, M. (n.d.). What is holistic medicine? Retrieved from
date http://www.holisticmed.com/whatis.html

Use the abbreviation n.d. (no date) in place of the year of publication.

Web Document: No ("Tips on Taking Multi-Choice Tests," 2011) Tips on taking multi-choice tests. (2011). Retrieved from
author http://www.socialpsychology.org/testtips.htm
When a work has no identified author, cite in-text
the first few words of the reference entry (usually
the title) and the year. Use double quotation
marks if you are referring to the title of an article,
chapter or web page. Italicize the title if you are
referring to the title of a periodical, book,
brochure or a report, see Book: No Author

Web Document: (Department of Health and Family Services Department of Health and Family Services. (2007). Youth suicide in
Government [DHFS], 2007) Australia:
Department as The National Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy. Retrieved from
author If you want to cite from the report more than http://www.health.gov.au/internet/mentalhealth/publishing.nsf/Content/
once, in the first citation provide the full name of national-suicide-prevention-strategy-1
the organisation, as above. In subsequent
citations, use the abbreviated organisational title. Titles of reports are in italics. Capitalize the first word of the title and
subtitle and any proper nouns.
(DHFS, 2007)

Web Document: (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008) Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Childhood education and care (No.
ABS 4402.0). Canberra, ACT. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au

Add the ABS Report's Catalogue Number after the title.

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Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

Web Document: (The Australian Psychological Society, 2008) The Australian Psychological Society. (2008). Understanding and
Organisation as managing anxiety. Retrieved from http://www.psychology.org.au/
author publications/tip_sheets/anxiety

Website Kidspsych is a wonderful interactive website for When referring to a website in general, but not specific information on a
young children (http://www.kidspsych.org). web page or web document, it is sufficient to give the address of the site in
the text. No Reference List entry is required.

Blog Post (Myers, 2007) Myers, P. Z. (2007, January 22). The unfortunate prerequisites and
consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log post]. Retrieved from
http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_
prerequisities.php

A blog comment where the author uses an alias would be referenced as

follows:

(MiddleKid, 2007) MiddleKid. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and
consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log comment]. Retrieved
from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_
unfortunate_prerequisities.php

Video Blog Post (Hall, 2007) Hall, A. (2007, December 20). How to study at Oxford University [Video
(YouTube) file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxAU88LxLis

Podcast: Web (Moss & Selig, 2010) Moss, S. (Presenter), & Selig, S. (Presenter). (2010). Conversations with
ALMA: Healthy eating and maintaining motivation [Audio podcast].
Fairlight, NSW: Australian Lifestyle Medicine Association. Retrieved
from http://www.lifestylemedicine.com.au/health-
professionals/podcast.htm

Podcast: Radio (Rheinberger & Hogan, 2011) Rheinberger, J. (Script Writer), & Hogan, A. (Director). (2011, October 25).
show Episode 26 [Podcast radio programme]. In C. Thompson (Producer),
Nerdzilla. Hobart, TAS: ABC Local Radio. Retrieved from
http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2011/10/24/3346730.htm

For an episode from a radio series, use the same format as for a chapter
in a book, but list the scriptwriter and director in the author position and the
producer in the editor position.

Podcast: TV show (Brown & Brodie, 2007) Brown, W. (Script Writer), & Brodie, K. (Director). (2007, June 4). From
Lake Baikal to the halfway mark, Yekaterinburg [Podcast television
programme]. In P. George (Producer), Peking to Paris. Sydney, NSW:
ABC Television. Retrieved from
http://www.abc.net.au/tv/pekingtoparis/podcast

For an episode from a television series, use the same format as for a
chapter in a book, but list the scriptwriter and director in the author position
and the producer in the editor position.

Computer Software (Schoonjans, 2008) Schoonjans, F. (2008). MedCalc Statistical Software (Version 9.5.2.0)
[Computer software]. Palo Alto, CA: 3d2f.Com. Retrieved from
http://3d2f.com/programs/13-638-medcalc-statistical-software-
download.shtml

Reference List entries are not necessary for standard off-the-shelf

software. Provide entries for specialised software. Add the version number
after the name of the software.

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Lecture notes
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Lecture Notes: (Bruck, 2009) Bruck, D. (2009). APP1016: Foundations of Psychological Research,
Online (VU week 6 notes [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
Collaborate) http://library.vu.edu.au/search/r?SEARCH=app1016

Lecture notes obtained from any Learning Management System such as

VU Collaborate are referenced as above adding the URL of the website.

Lecture Notes: Print (Sonn, 2011) Sonn, C. (2011). APM5003: Exploring methodology for psychological
research [Class handout]. School of Social Sciences and
Psychology, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.

Thesis
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Thesis: (Suwetwattanakul, 2005) Suwetwattanakul, C. (2010). Developing a knowledge sharing model for
Unpublished the implementation of the learning organization in Thailand
(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Victoria University, Melbourne,
Australia.

(Maddigan, 2010) Maddigan, P. (2010). Women and career advancement: a case study in
the Australian Federal Police (Unpublished master's thesis). Victoria
University, Melbourne, Australia.

Do not repeat the city of location if it is part of the University's name.

Thesis: Published (Binder, 2009) Binder, G. (2009). Corporate governance in Arab countries:
Development of corporate governance in Arab and MENA
countries. Vienna, Austria: University of Vienna.

Thesis: Institutional (Barua, 2010) Barua, S. (2010). Drought assessment and forecasting using a nonlinear
Repository aggregated drought index (Doctoral dissertation, Victoria University,
Melbourne, Australia). Retrieved from http://vuir.vu.edu.au/1598

Include the university and location for a non-U.S. online thesis.

Thesis: Commercial (McGahuey, 2009) McGahuey, C. A. (2009). Psychology as a valid science: An attitudinal
database survey (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations
and Theses database. (UMI No. 305152264)

Thesis: From the (Bruckman, 1997) Bruckman, A. (1997). MOOSE Crossing: Construction, community, and
web learning in a networked virtual world for kids (Doctoral dissertation,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Retrieved from http://www-
static.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/thesis

Location of the university is not included for a U.S. thesis.

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Legislation and cases

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Acts & Bills ... according to s. 15.4 of the Anti-Discrimination Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s. 15.4 (Austl.).
Act 1991 (Qld) ...
Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) (Austl.).
The Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth)
prohibits… Reference should cite the print source unless an electronic source is
designated as the official version.

Acts & Bills: Online ... according to s. 15.4 of the Anti-Discrimination Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s. 15.4 (Austl.). Retrieved from
Act 1991 (Qld) http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/Acts_SLs/Acts_SL_A.htm

...The Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) (Austl.). Retrieved from Lexis Nexis.
prohibits ...

Cases According to Carey v. Price (2005) ... Carey v. Price 2005 132 ALR 255 (Austl.).
……………………..
... in a land rights case (Mabo v. Queensland, Mabo v. Queensland 1988 166 CLR 186 (Austl.).
1988).

Conference proceedings
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Conference (Kift & Nelson, 2005) Kift, S., & Nelson, K. (2005). Beyond curriculum reform: Embedding the
Proceeding Paper: OR transition experience. In A. Brew & C. Asmar (Eds.), HERDSA 2005
Online As Kift and Nelson (2005) claim Conference: Higher Education in a Changing World: Research and
Development in Higher Education (pp. 225-235). Sydney, NSW:
Higher Education Research and Development Society of Australasia.
Retrieved from
http://conference.herdsa.org.au/2005/pdf/refereed/paper_294.pdf

Capitalise the names of conferences, symposia and meetings.

Conference (Prayag & Ramjee, 2009) Prayag, I. L., & Ramjee, R. (2009). The impact of Newcastle disease
Proceeding Paper: control on smallholder poultry production in Mauritius. In R. G. Alsers,
Print P. B. Spadbrow, & M. P. Young (Eds.), Village chickens, poverty
alleviation and the sustainable control of Newcastle disease:
Proceedings of an international conference held in Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania, 5-7 October 2005 (pp. 132-134).Canberra, ACT: Australian
Centre for International Agricultural Research.

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Personal communications
Material Type In-Text Example Reference list Example
Email An email (J. W. Ayers, personal communication, You do not need to include an entry in the Reference List.
September 2, 2011) confirming that results are
accurate ...

Interview During an interview conducted on October 11,
2011, Professor Peter Dawkins stated that …
OR
The Vice Chancellor's statement was confirmed
during an interview (P. Dawkins, personal
communication, October 11, 2011).
You do not need to include an entry in the Reference List.
This example is about referencing information from an interview that you
have conducted. If you use published interviews conducted by other
people cite them as a 'Sound Recording' or a 'Video Recording'. See the
'Multi-Media Materials' page in this guide for examples. See the 'Archival
Materials' section below for examples of citing interviews held in an
Archive or Repository.

Letter In a letter dated October 17, 2011, Ben Cork You do not need to include an entry in the Reference List.
stated that ...
OR
Ben Cork expressed sincere regret in his letter
(personal communication, October 17, 2011) ...

Telephone call During a phone interview conducted on October You do not need to include an entry in the Reference List.
…………………… 11, 2011, Professor Sally Richards stated that ...
OR
The Vice Chancellor's statement was confirmed
during a phone interview (S. Richards, personal
communication, October 11, 2011).

Archival materials
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Letter from a (Frank, 1935) Frank, L. K. (1935, February 4). [Letter to Robert M. Ogden]. Rockefeller
government or OR Archive Centre (GEB series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 3877), Tarrytown,
institutional Archive As Frank (1935) says ... NY.
or Repository

Letter from an (Zacharius, 1953) Zacharius, G. P. (1953, August 15). [Letter to William Rickel (W. Rickel,
accessible private Trans.)]. Copy in possession of Hendrika Vande Kemp.
collection

Collection of letters (Allport, G. W., 1930-1967, Allport to E. G. Allport, G. W. (1930-1967). Correspondence. Gordon W. Allport Papers
from an Archive or Wilstein, March 20, 1939) (HUG 4118.10). Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, MA.
Repository
(Allport, G. W., 1930-1967, E. G. Wilstein to
Allport, December 26, 1937)

Unpublished (Berliner, 1959)... Berliner, A. (1959). Notes for a lecture on reminiscences of Wundt and
papers, notes or OR Leipzig. Anna Berliner Memoirs (Box M50). Archives of the History of
lectures from an As discussed in Berliner (1959)... American Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, OH.
Archive, Repository
or personal
collection

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Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

Archival source for (Allport, 1937) [Allport, A.?]. [ca. 1937]. Marion Taylor today - by the biographer.
which the author or Unpublished manuscript, Marion Taylor Papers. Schlesinger Library,
date is known but Radcliffe College, Cambridge, MA.
not stated on the
document Use square brackets [ ] to indicate information that does not appear on the
document. Use a question mark if there is uncertainty regarding names or
dates, and use circa abbreviated to ca. to indicate estimated dates.

Archival materials (Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene Personnel in School Programs.
with a corporate School Programs, 1949) (1949, November 5-6). Meeting of Subcommittee on Mental Hygiene
author Personnel in School Programs. David Shakow Papers (M1360).
Archives of the History of American Psychology, University of Akron,
Akron, OH.

Interview recorded (Smith, 1989) Smith, M. B. (1989, August 12). Interview by C. A. Kiesler [Tape
and available in an recording]. President's Oral History Project, American Psychological
Archive or Association. APA Archives, Washington, DC.
Repository

Transcription of a (Sparkman, 1973) Sparkman, C. F. (1973). An oral history with Dr. Colley F.
recorded interview, Sparkman/Interviewer: Orley B. Caudill. Mississippi Oral History
where the recording Program (Vol. 289), University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg.
is not accessible
Do not include the U.S. state name in the location if it is part of the
university name.

Newspaper article ("Psychoanalysis institute," 1948) Psychoanalysis institute to open in the new year. (1948, September 18).
in an Archive, [Clipping from an unidentified Dayton, OH newspaper]. Copy in
Repository or Use a shortened title (or full title if it is short) possession of the author.
personal collection enclosed in double quotation marks.
Use the first word of the title to place this reference in the alphabetical
sequence of your reference list.

Historical (Sci-Art Publishers, 1935) Sci-Art Publishers. (1935). Sci-Art Publications [Brochure]. Cambridge,
publication such as MA: Author. C. J. Roback Papers (HUGFP 104.50, Box 2, Folder
a brochure "Miscellaneous Psychology Materials"). Harvard University Archives,
or pamphlet Cambridge, MA.

Photographs (Kroeber, 1911) Kroeber, A. L. (1911, September). Ishi, full face [Photograph].
held in an Archive, Ethnographic Photographs of California Indian and Sonora Indian
Repository or Subjects by Alfred L. Kroeber, 1901-1930 (4690, Container "Yahi,"
personal collection Catalogue 15-5402). Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology,
Berkeley, CA.

Multi-media materials
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Video Recording (Russell, 1995) Russell, G. (Writer, Co-Producer & Narrator), & Wiseman, P. (Co-
Producer). (1995).Tackling bullies: An Australian perspective [Video
recording]. Melbourne, VIC: Video Classroom.

Online or (Zubrycki, 1991) Zubrycki, T. (Producer & Director), & Chi, J. (Writer). (1991). Bran nue
Streaming Video dae: A musical journey [Video]. Retrieved from
http://www.kanopystreaming.com

DVD (Moore, 2003) Moore, M. (Writer & Director). (2003). Bowling for Columbine. [DVD].
Melbourne, VIC: Umbrella Entertainment.

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Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example

Radio Show (Browning, 2006) Browning, D. (Presenter). (2006, June 9). Black soccer heroes. In J.-P.
Ortolan (Producer), Message Stick [Radio programme]. Guest
speaker Dr. John Maynard. Sydney, NSW: ABC Radio.

TV Show from a (Masters, 2006) Masters, C. (Presenter & Writer), & Johnson, P. (Director). (2006, March
series 27). Big fish, little fish [Television series episode]. In T. G. Alford
(Executive Producer), Four Corners. Sydney, NSW: ABC Television.

Sound Recording (Bolton, 1975) Bolton, G. C. (Speaker). (1975). Towards an Australian environmental
history [Cassette recording]. Perth, WA: Media Services, Murdoch
University.

(St. Laurance Chamber Choir, 2005)
St. Laurance Chamber Choir (Performers), & McEwan, N. (Director).
(2005).Commemoration, ritual and performance: the Iberian
connection: medieval and renaissance music from the St Laurence
Chamber Choir [CD]. Sydney, NSW: Centre for Medieval Studies,
University of Sydney.

Music Track from (Yunupingu, 2011) Yunupingu, G. G. (Performer). (2011). Gopuru. On Rrakala [CD].
an Album Winnellie, NT: Skinnyfish.

Microform (French, 1986) French, L. A. (1986). Cognitive consequences of education: transfer of

training in the elderly (Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois)
[Microform]. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International.

Image: For (Duveneck, 1872) Duveneck, F. (Artist). (1872). Whistling boy [Painting]. Cincinnati, OH:
example a Cincinnati Art Museum.
painting or
photograph (Duveneck, 1872) Duveneck, F. (Artist). (1872). Whistling boy [Image of painting].
Cincinnati, OH: Cincinnati Art Museum. Retrieved from
http://www.artstor.org

(Caire, 1880) Caire, N. J. (Photographer). (1880). Western entrance to Melbourne

International Exhibition [Glass slide]. (Accession no. H3860).
Melbourne, VIC: State Library of Victoria.

Map (Lewis County Geographic Information Lewis County Geographic Information Services (Cartographer). (2002).
…………………… Services, 2002) …………………………….. Population density, 2000 U.S. Census [Demographic map].
……. Retrieved from http://www.co.lewis.wa.us/publicworks/maps/
Demographics/census-pop-dens_2000.pdf

Company information
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Company (Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, 2001) Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation. (2001). Annual report 2001.
Annual Report: Tokyo, Japan: Author.
Print
If a report has an identifying number, include it in brackets, as follows:

Productivity Commission. (2002). Review of automotive assistance

(Inquiry Report No. 25). Canberra, ACT: Author.

Company (BHP Billiton, 2011) BHP Billiton. (2011). BHP Billiton Exploration and Development Report
Annual Report: for the year ended 30 June 2011. Retrieved from
Online http://www.bhpbilliton.com/home/investors/reports/Pages/
default.aspx

Financial Data (Datastream, 2011) Datastream. (2011). S&PASX200 daily index data 2009-2010. Retrieved
from Datastream.

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Patents
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Patent (U.S. Patent No. 6,606,963, 2003) Wynne, B. M. (2003). U.S. Patent No. 6,606,963. Washington, DC: U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office.

The title of the patent is not included.

Patent: Retrieved (European Patent No. EP 2178546 (A1), 2010) Oldani, M. D. (2010). European Patent No. EP 2178546 (A1).
from a Database Retrieved from Scopus.

Standards
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example
Standard: (Standards Australia, 2008) Standards Australia. (2008). Personal flotation devices - General
Retrieved from a requirements (AS 4758.1-2008). Retrieved from Australian
Database Standards Online.

Standard: Print (Standards Australia, 1994) Standards Australia. (1994). Information processing - text and office
systems - office document architecture (ODA) and interchange
format: part 10: formal specifications (AS 3951.10:1994). Homebush,
NSW: Author.

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