INTERNATIONAL SERIES OF MONOGRAPHS Ney ee] Physics of Ferromagnetism SOSHIN CHIKAZUMI OXFORD SCIENCE PUBLICATIONSPart V MAGNETIC ANISOTROPY AND MAGNETOSTRICTION ‘The exchange interaction between spins in ferro- or ferrimagnetic materials is the main origin of spontancous magnetization. This interaction is essentially isotropic, so that the spontaneous magnetization can point in any direction in the crystal without changing the internal energy, if no additional interaction exists. However, in actual ferto- or ferrimagnetic materials, the spontaneous magnetization has an easy axis, or several easy axes, along which the magnetization prefers to lie, Rotation of the magnetization eway from the casy axis is possible only by applying an external magnetic field. This phenomenon is called magnetic anisotropy. Furthermore, the size or shape of a ferromagnet is more or less changed by magnetization; this phenomenon is called magnetostriction. In this Part we discuss the physical origins of these phenomena, and consider some representative data,12 MAGNETOCRYSTALLINE ANISOTROPY 121 PHENOMENOLOGY OF MAGNETOCRYSTALLINE ANISOTROPY The term magnetic anisotropy is used to describe the dependence of the internal energy on the direction of spontaneous magnetization. We call an energy term of this kind a magnetic anisotropy energy. Generally the magnetic anisotropy energy term has the same symmetry as the crystal structure of the material, and we call it a ‘magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The simplest case is uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. For exemple, hexagonal cobalt exhibits uniaxial anisotropy with the stable direction of spontaneous magnetization, or casy axis, parallel to the c-axis of the crystal at room temperature. As the magnctiza- tion rotates away from the c-axis, the anisotropy energy initially increases with @, the angle between the c-axis and the magnetization vector, then reaches 2 maximum value at @=90°, and decreases to its original value at @~ 180°, In other words, the anisotropy energy is minimum when the magnetization points in either the ++ or ~ direction along the c-axis, We can express this energy by expanding it in a series of powers of sin? 6: EB, —Kyy sin? 0+ Kp sin’ 6+ Ky, sin 8+ Kyq sin’ @oos6p+-, (12.1) ‘where ¢ is the azimuthal angle of the magnetization in the plane perpendicular to the c-axis. Using the relationships sin? 6 (1 —c0s26), (12.1) is converted to a series in cos n (n = 2,4,6, E, = 2K,,(1 — c0s28) + 1K,,(3 — dens 20+ cos49) + :K,,(10 — 15 cos 26 + 6 cos 40 — cos 60) + $K,,(10 ~ 15 c0s20 + 6cos40—cos60)cos6e+--. (12.2) ‘The coefficients K,,, (m= 1,2,...) in these equations are called anisotropy constants. ‘The values of uniaxial anisotropy constants of cobalt at 15°C* are K,, = 4.53 X 10° Jm~ (= 4.53 x 10% ergem™*) Ky, = 144% 10? Jm™? (= 1.44 x 10¢ergem™) | (23) ‘The higher-order terms are small and their values are not reliably known. If these