Matlab filter design example

Example session

Design a 1000 Hz 2nd order Butterworth lowpass filter at a 4000 Hz sample rate using all of the
above methods.

Note: type "help command" to get help on matlab commands, i.e., "help butter."

New:
You may also wish to experiment with the new Matlab "Filter design and analysis tool." To run
this, type "fdatool" at the Matlab prompt. Use Analysis->FullView to rescale Y-axis.

matlab

Commands to get started: intro, demo, help help

Commands for more information: help, whatsnew, info, subscribe

>> [z,p,k]=butter(2,6283,'s')

z = (NOTE: no finite zeroes in butterworth)

[]

p = (NOTE:this is location of the 2 poles in s-

plane)
1.0e+03 *
-4.4428 + 4.4428i
-4.4428 - 4.4428i

k =
39476089 (NOTE: this is a constant multiplying the
result)

(==========================)
(<<< BEWARE MATLAB BUG!!!)
(==========================)
Warning: There is an error
in the 5.1.0.421 version
of matlab. There should be no zeroes
in
the returned value of z. To fix this,
you must suppress the zeroes by
entering the command "z=[]" after
In the current version you will get
z=[ 0 0 0.2500 ] which is wrong!

For the new (broken) version, type the following to correct the
problem:

>> z=[]
 z =
[]

>> [n,d]=zp2tf(z,p,k)

n = (NOTE: numerator is this constant )

0 0 39476089

d =
1.0e+07 * (==========================)
0.0000 0.0009 3.9476 (<<< BEWARE MATLAB BUG!!!)
(==========================)
Warning: There is a bug in some versions
of matlab. Although it looks like
the values are zero, they are not.
The print format is suppressing
the significant digits. To fix this
use:

>> h=tf(n,d)

Transfer function:
3.948e07
-----------------------
s^2 + 8886 s + 3.948e07

>> pzmap(h)

>> format short e

(Now you can see the denominator.)
>> d

d = (NOTE: denominator is s^2 + 8886 s +

3.9476e+07)
1.0000e+00 8.8855e+03 3.9476e+07

For high order filters, you need even greater

numerical precision to avoid errors. So,
in this case use:

>> format long e

>> d
d =
1.000000000000000e+00 8.885503812390156e+03
3.947608900000000e+07

>> bode(n,d) You should get this plot

>> print analogbut2.eps
>> [nd,dd]=impinvar(n,d,4000)
nd = (NOTE: numerator = 0 + 2622 z^-1 )
(NOTE: matlab does NOT premultiply by Ts)
1.0e+03 *
0 2.6220

dd = (NOTE: denominator = 1 -0.29 z^-1 + 0.10 z^-2)

1.0000 -0.2925 0.1085

Warning: In the 5.1.0.421 version

of matlab, they now seem to be
premultiplying by Ts, and so the
result now is:

>> [nd,dd]=impinvar(n,d,4000)
nd =
0 6.5549e-01 0
dd =
1.0000e+00 -2.9248e-01 1.0846e-01

>> freqz(nd,dd,256) You should get this plot

Warning: In the current (5.1.0.421) version

of matlab, they now seem to be
premultiplying by Ts, and so
You should get this plot
>> print impinvar.eps

>>[top,bot]=residuez(nd,dd) (NOTE: use this to find partial fraction form)

top =
0- 4.4428e+03i
0+ 4.4428e+03i

bot =
1.4624e-01+ 2.9508e-01i
1.4624e-01- 2.9508e-01i

(NOTE: Then partial frac expansion is:

-4442 i + 4442 i
--------------------- ---------------------
1- (.146 + .29 i)z^-1 1- (.146 - .29 i)z^-1

Warning: In the 5.1.0.421 version

of matlab, (will they ever get
their act together)
they now seem to be
premultiplying by Ts, and so the
result now is:

>> [top,bot]=residuez(nd,dd)
 top =
0 + 1.1107e+00i
0 - 1.1107e+00i
bot =
1.4624e-01 - 2.9508e-01i
1.4624e-01 + 2.9508e-01i

>> [nd,dd]=bilinear(n,d,4000)

nd =
0.2261 0.4523 0.2261

dd =
1.0000 -0.2810 0.1856

>> freqz(nd,dd,256) You should get this plot

>> print bilin.eps

>> [nd,dd]=bilinear(n,d,4000,1000)

nd =
0.2929 0.5858 0.2929

dd =
1.0000 -0.0000 0.1716

>> freqz(nd,dd,256) You should get this plot

>> print bilinprewarp.eps

>> h=tf(nd,dd)

Transfer function:
0.2929 s^2 + 0.5858 s + 0.2929
------------------------------
s^2 - 3.455e-05 s + 0.1716

>> pzmap(h)

>> zgrid

>> zgrid([],[])

>> quit

127007 flops.

You may also want to try:<

 [ppp,zzz]=pzmap[nd,dd]
 pzmap[nd,dd]