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COLD-FORMED SECTIONS
11.1 GENERAL
C1 b1
b1
C1 b1 b1 b1
C1
b1 b2
b2
C2
b2 b2 b2 b2
b1 b2
C1 C1
Where:
dw = Depth of flat portion of
web measured along the
plane of web. dw
tw = Web thickness. tw
3- When b /t ≥ S
Ia = { [115 ( b /t) / S] + 5 } t4
C2 = Is/Ia ≤ 1
C1 = 2-C2
For simple lip stiffener with 140º ≥ θ ≥ 40º and
0.25 < D/ b ≤ 0.8 and θ is as shown in Fig. 11.3, the
effective width for the flange is determined as:
be = ρ b according to Table 2.3 with the following kσ
kσ = [4.82 – 5(D/ b )] I s I a 1 / 3 + 0.43 5.25 – 5(D/ b ) 11.3
For simple lip stiffener with 140º ≥ θ ≥ 40º and
0.25 ≥ D/ b , the value of kσ becomes:
kσ = 3.57 I s I a 1 / 3 + 0.43 4
The effective width of the stiffener is determined from
Table 2.4 as: d’s = ρ d with the value of kσ =0.43
ds = C2 d’s = (Is/Ia) d’s
A’s = d’s t; As = (Is/Ia) A’s
C2 be /2 C1 be /2
1- When b0/t ≤ S
Ia = 0 (no intermediate stiffener required)
be = b 11.7
As = A’s = area of intermediate stiffener, Fig. 11.4b.
2- When S < b0/t < 3S
Ia = { [50 (b0/t) / S] – 50} t4
The effective width for the flange is determined as:
be = ρ b according to Table 2.3 with the following kσ
kσ =3 ( I s I a )1/2 + 1 4
The reduced intermediate stiffener area is calculated 11.8
from:
As = A’s ( I s I a ) ≤ A’s
Where Is is the moment of inertia of the intermediate
stiffener about the x-x axis, as shown in Fig. 11.4b.
3- When b0/t ≥ 3S
Ia = { [ 128(b0/t) / S] - 285} t4
The effective width for the flange is determined as:
be = ρ b according to Table 2.3 with the following kσ 11.9
kσ =3 ( I s I a )1/3 + 1 4
As = A’s ( I s I a ) ≤ A’s
b1 b2 b3
(a)
(b)
In the above Equation, Aeff and Ast refer to the area of the stiffener
section, exclusive of any portion of adjacent element. In the
calculation of sectional properties, the centroid of the full section of the
stiffener and the moment of inertia of the stiffener about its own
centroidal axis shall be that of the full section of the stiffener.
The ratio of effective flange width to the actual width as per Clause
2.6.5.5 shall not exceed the values specified in Table 11.4. The
effective span length of the beam, L, is the full span for simple beams,
the distance between inflection points for continuous beams, or twice
the length of cantilever beams. The symbol, w f, is defined as shown in
Fig. 11.6.
The width of the flange projection beyond the web, w f, for C-beams
or similar, or half the distance between webs of multiple web sections
(whether the flange is in tension or compression, stiffened or
unstiffened) shall not exceed the following to avoid flange curling:
Where:
t = Flange thickness.
d = Overall depth of the section.
fav = Average bending stresses in the flange in full, unreduced
flange width.
Fy
Fr = 0.658 c .
2
For λc ≤ 1.5 .……….…………… 11.20
2
0.437
For λc > 1.5 Fr = .Fy .…………….………….
2 11.21
c
Where:
λc = Fy Fe , and
2E
Fe = The flexural buckling stress =
K r 2
The effective area to be used for calculating the axial strength, Ae,
shall be determined as follows:
Fy
Ae = [1-(1- )(1-A0/A)].A .….………………… 11.22
2Fe
11.14 SPLICES
11.15 CONNECTIONS
1- Arc spot welds should not be used to weld steel sheets where the
thinnest connected part is over 4 mm thick, nor through a combination
of steel sheets having a total thickness of over 4 mm.
Where:
P = Force transmitted by an arc spot weld.
t = Thickness of thinnest connected sheet.
Fu = Specified minimum tensile strength of steel (base metal).
5- The distance from the centerline of any weld to the end or boundary
of the connected member should not be less than 1.5d. In no case
should the clear distance between welds and end of member be less
than d.
6- The allowable load on each arc spot weld between sheet or sheets
and supporting member shall not exceed the smaller value of the
loads computed by the following Equations:
a- For 36 / Fu da /t
c- For da /t 64 / Fu
Pa = 0.5 Fu da t ………...…………..…………. 11.27
For arc seam welds, the allowable load on each arc seam weld
shall be taken as the smaller of the values computed by the following
Equations:
Cold-Formed Sections 199
i- Allowable load based on shear capacity of weld
Pa = 0.3 Fu ( de2 / 4 + L de ) ….….….………… 11.28
Where:
d = Width of arc seam weld.
L = Length of seam weld not including circular ends, (L < 3d).
de, da, and Fu are as defined in arc spot welds .
The allowable load for a fillet weld in lap and T-joints shall not
exceed the values computed by Equation 11.30 for the shear strength
of the fillet weld and by Equations 11.31,11.32, and 11.33 for the
strength of the connected sheets as follows:
Where:
L = Length of fillet weld.
s = s1 or s2 = Leg sizes of fillet welds, use whichever is smaller.
The allowable load for each flare groove weld shall be determined
as follows:
a- Transverse loading
b- Longitudinal loading
The distance (e) measured in the line of force from the center of a
standard hole to the nearest edge of an adjacent hole or to the end of
the connected part toward which the force is directed should not be
less than the value of emin determined by:
d
emin = …….…….………..………………… 11.38
0 .4
Where:
= Bearing stress coefficient as given in Table 6.2.
d = Bolt diameter.
2. The distance from the center of any standard hole to the end or
other boundary of the connecting member shall not be less than 1.5d.
3. The clear distance between edges of two adjacent holes shall not
be less than 2d.
4. The distance between the edge of the hole and the end of the
member shall not be less than d.
ii- Without washers under both bolt head and nut, or with only one
washer
Ftt = ( 1.0 - r + 2.5 r d / g ) 0.58Fy 0.58Fy …... 11.40
The allowable tensile stress Ftb on the net sectional area of bolts is
taken as detailed in Clause 6.4.3.
11.15.3 SCREWS
The distance from the center of a fastener to the edge of any part
shall not be less than 3d. If the connection is subjected to shear force
in one direction only, the minimum edge distance shall be 1.5d in the
direction perpendicular to the force.
11.15.3.3 Shear
For 1.0 < t2/t1 < 2.5, Pns shall be determined by linear interpolation
between the above two cases.
Where:
d = Screw diameter (cm).
Cold-Formed Sections 208
Pns = Allowable shear strength per screw (ton).
t1 = Thickness of member in contact with the screw head (cm).
t2 = Thickness of member not in contact with the screw head
(cm).
Fu1 = Tensile strength of member in contact with the screw head
(t/cm2).
Fu2 = Tensile strength of member not in contact with the screw
head (t/cm2).
11.15.3.4 Tension
For screws which carry tension, the head of the screw or washer, if
a washer is provided, shall have a diameter dw not less than 8 mm.
Washers shall be at least 1.2 mm thick.
11.15.3.4.1 Pull-Out
11.15.3.4.2 Pull-Over
Where:
smax = Maximum permissible longitudinal spacing of connectors.
L = Unbraced length of compression member.
rI = Radius of gyration of the I-section about the axis
perpendicular to the direction in which buckling would
occur for the given conditions of end support and
intermediate bracing, if any.
rcy = Radius of gyration of one channel about the centroidal axis
parallel to web.
Where:
L = Span of beam.
g = Vertical distance between the two rows of connectors
nearest to the top and bottom flanges.
Ts = Tensile strength of connectors.
q = Intensity of load.
m = Distance between shear center of one channel and mid
plane of its web.
w f d.t 4D2
m= w f d 2D d ...…….………. 11.49
4.Ix 3d
Where:
wf = Projection of flanges from inside face of web.
d = Depth of channels.
t = Thickness of channel section.
D = Overall depth of stiffening lip.
Ix = Moment of inertia of one channel about its centroidal axis
normal to web.
Ts = P . m / ( 2 . g ) …………….……...………. 11.50