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ELECTRIC LIGHTING CONTROLS  

by David Nelson, AIA
David Nelson & Associates (http://www.dnalighting.com/)
Updated: 09-30-2016

INTRODUCTION
Lighting controls have traditionally been used to create moods.
Today, they are also used as part of a high quality energy WITHIN THIS PAGE
efficient lighting system (/resources/energy-efficient-lighting) • Introduction
that integrates daylight and electric light sources to provide a • Description
comfortable and visually interesting environment for the • Application
occupants of a space. Electric lighting controls are appropriate • Relevant Codes and Standards
for a wide variety of spaces, from restrooms to large open • Additional Resources
offices (/space-types/office), from conference rooms to
classrooms (/space-types/conference-classroom). They can be
incorporated with daylighting (/resources/daylighting) to provide flexibility, energy savings, and ecological
benefits. Although lighting controls are still most commonly used in commercial buildings, they are also
increasingly being used in residential applications.

DESCRIPTION
Electric lighting controls are used in lighting design projects to
achieve a high quality energy efficient lighting system. Specifying a
layered, daylight-integrated lighting and control system gives the
occupants control of the lighting while providing appropriate lighting
levels, minimizing glare, balancing surface brightness, and enhancing
the surrounding architecture.

When electric lighting controls are used properly, energy will be

saved and the life of lamps and ballasts can be extended. Lighting
controls will help reduce energy by: Various types of occupancy sensors and
photosensors
 • Reducing the amount of power used during the peak demand
period by automatically dimming lights or turning them off when they are not needed
• Reducing the number of hours per year that the lights are on
• Reducing internal heat gains by cutting down lighting use, which allows for reduced HVAC system size
and a reduction in the building's cooling needs
• Allowing occupants to use controls to lower light levels and save energy

There are other reasons to use electric lighting controls. For example, dimming controls can provide the lighting
flexibility which is often required in multi-use rooms or rooms in which projectors are used. Exterior motion
detectors and interior occupancy sensors can be used to turn lights on when people (including intruders) are
present. Moreover, by tuning an environment for the individual occupant's or group's visibility, comfort
(/design-objectives/productive/provide-comfortable-environments) and productivity (/design-
objectives/productive) can be improved.

A. TYPES OF LIGHTING CONTROLS

The most common form of electric lighting control is the on/off "toggle" switch. Other forms of lighting control
include occupancy sensors, daylight sensors, clock switches, a variety of manual and automatic dimming
devices, and centralized controls. Some controls operate on line-voltage power, while others are low-voltage
(DC) powered. Note that fluorescent fixtures (/resources/energy-efficient-lighting) that are intended to be
dimmed require special compatible dimming ballasts. Also, controls can be linked together which can perform
multiple control tasks.

Standard on/off switches and relays can be used to turn groups of lights on and off together. Creative design
options can be developed with this simple tool, if the circuiting is properly designed. For example, some of the
lamps in each fixture can be switched together, every other fixture can be switched as a group, or lighting near
the windows can be turned off when daylight is plentiful.

Occupancy sensors (including passive infrared, ultrasonic, and dual technology

sensors) serve three basic functions:

1. To automatically turn lights on when a room becomes occupied,

2. To keep the lights on without interruption while the controlled space is
occupied, and
3. To turn the lights off within a preset time period after the space has been
vacated.

Some sensors have settings that allow the specifier to select between the functions Example of a wall switch
listed above (manual on instead of automatic on, for example). Note that sensor occupancy sensor
characteristics may vary considerably from manufacturer to manufacturer, so it is
important to carefully evaluate the options for each device.

Passive infrared sensors (PIR) are triggered by the movement of a heat-emitting body through their field of
view. Wall-box type PIR occupancy sensors are best suited for small, enclosed spaces such as private offices,
where the sensor replaces the light switch on the wall and no extra wiring is required. PIR sensors cannot "see"
through opaque walls, partitions, or windows so occupants must be in direct line-of-site of the sensor.
Ultrasonic sensors emit an inaudible sound pattern that is disrupted by any moving object altering the signal
returning to the sensor (Doppler shift). They are best suited for spaces where line-of-sight view to the occupant
is not always available. This type of sensor detects very minor motion better than most infrared sensors and is
often used in restrooms since the hard surfaces will reflect the sound pattern.

Dual-technology occupancy sensors use both passive infrared and ultrasonic technologies for less risk of false
triggering (lights coming on when the space is unoccupied). Combining the technologies requires a more
reliable, yet slightly larger and more expensive device.

Occupancy sensor placement is very important to the successful

implementation of the control design intent. Occupancy sensors must be
located to ensure that they will not detect movement outside of the
desired coverage area, through an open doorway, for example. Ultrasonic
devices are sensitive to air movement and should not be placed near an
HVAC diffuser, where air movement may cause false tripping.

Occupancy controls can be used in conjunction with dimming or daylight

controls to keep the lights from turning completely off when a space is
unoccupied, or to keep the lights off when daylight is plentiful and the Example of a ceiling-mounted occupancy
room is occupied. This control scheme may be appropriate when sensor
occupancy sensors control separate groups of luminaires, or "zones", in a
large space, such as in a laboratory or an open office area. In these situations, the lights can be dimmed to a
predetermined level in one specific area when the space is unoccupied.

There are several different kinds of coverage patterns and mounting configurations for occupancy sensors,
such as:

• Ceiling-mounted controls with 360° coverage

• Ceiling-mounted controls with elongated "corridor" coverage
• Wall-mounted controls with a fan-shaped coverage pattern
• Ceiling-mounted controls with a rectangular coverage pattern
• and more!

Additionally, take note of the difference between each device's sensitivity to minor motion (working at a desk)
vs. major motion (walking or half-step activity). The sensor manufacturer should provide coverage diagrams for
both levels of activity. HID lamps do not work well with occupancy sensors because most HID lamps take a long
time to start each time they are switched off.

ADDITIONAL OCCUPANCY SENSOR INFORMATION

• Hubbell, Inc. (http://www.hubbelllighting.com/products/sensors/)—Sensor Products
• "Occupancy Sensors," (http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/NLPIP/PDF/VIEW/SROS2.pdf) NLPIP
Specifier Reports, Vol. 5, No. 1, October 1998.
• Legrand Wattstopper Sensors (http://www.legrand.us/search.aspx?q=watt%20stopper%20sensor)
—Daylighting and Occupancy Sensors
Manual dimming gives occupants of a space an added degree of control and satisfaction, as well as an
opportunity to save energy. It provides users with the flexibility (/design-objectives/productive/design-
changing-workplace) to instantly change the characteristics of a space to make it a more comfortable and
productive environment. There are several families of manual preset dimming control.

• Manual hard-wired control

• Preset scene control
• Remote infrared control
• Remote radio frequency control

Manual hard-wired control consists of a dimmer, connected to a single luminaire or zone which is operated by
the user at the device. Preset scene dimming controls change the light level settings for multiple zones
simultaneously at the press of a button.

Remote control dimming is another form of manual dimming that is well suited for retrofit projects to minimize
rewiring. Infrared and radio frequency technologies are most successful in these applications. Remote infrared
control operates in a similar fashion to other infrared technologies like television, for example. Radio frequency
controls are equipped with a sender that "talks" to other dimmer's receivers. This allows multi-zone control
from a single-zone device. Personal control systems are now available that allow users to change levels of
lighting, sound, heating/cooling, etc., in their own workspaces. See also WBDG Productive—Design for the
Changing Workplace (/design-objectives/productive/design-changing-workplace).

Lutron's GRAFIK preset lighting controls (left and center) —Photosensor from Intelligent Lighting Controls, Inc. (right)
Photo Credits: Lutron and Intelligent Lighting Controls, Inc.

ADDITIONAL PERSONAL CONTROL SYSTEMS INFORMATION

• Lutron GRAFIK Eye 3000
(http://www.lutron.com/PRODUCTS/SINGLEROOMCONTROLS/GRAFIKEYE3000/Pages/Overview.aspx)
—Preset Lighting Controls
• Legrand (http://www.legrand.us/home-automation/intuity-rflc.aspx)—Radio Freqency Lighting Control

Light-level sensors or photosensors can be used to automatically turn lights on or off, or dim them, depending
on the available daylight available in the space. Daylight dimming can maintain the desired light level while
providing a smooth, barely noticeable transition to or from electric lighting as daylight increases or decreases.

ADDITIONAL PHOTOSENSOR INFORMATION

• "Photosensors," (http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/NLPIP/PDF/VIEW/SRPS.pdf) NLPIP Specifier
Reports, Vol. 6, No. 1, March 1998.
 • Photosensor Tutorial (http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/education/outreachEducation/photosensorTutorial.asp),
Lighting Research Center
• Legrand (http://www.legrand.us/categories/lightingcontrolsbuildingsystems/daylightingcontrols.aspx)
—Daylighting Controls

Clock switches turn lights on or off for a specific period of time. They are especially useful for turning off
photocell-activated exterior lighting late at night (as long as that lighting is not needed after a certain time).

Centralized controls can be used to automatically turn on, turn off, and/or dim lighting at specific times or
under certain load conditions. This type of control can be used in a conference room or on a building-wide scale.
Centralized control strategies can also integrate lighting controls with other building systems such as
mechanical or security systems.

Distributed controls are based on digital communication protocols. These systems are local, or integral, to the
luminaire itself, not housed in a central cabinet or enclosure. They integrate with building automation or energy
management system. A Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) system provides a means of control which
can speak to an individual ballast or groups of ballasts. The "control wiring" is independent of the "power
wiring" and provides the highest degree of flexibility available at this time. When space configuration or
occupant needs change, the system can respond by reassigning the ballasts accordingly.

B. SELECTING THE APPROPRIATE LIGHTING CONTROLS

There are many guides and services available for designing lighting control systems. Some controls
manufacturers will actually do a controls layout on the building plans or even on electronic drawing files, free of
charge or for a nominal fee. If you prefer to do the controls layout yourself, it is advisable that you provide a
written "sequence of control" which describes the design intent and a "performance specification" which
describes the performance characteristics of individual components. Further, some coordination with the
selected controls manufacturer will help to avoid surprises during construction and commissioning (/building-
commissioning).

If you know how you would like the controls scheme to work, but you are not sure what equipment to choose or
how it should be connected electrically, explain your ideas to the manufacturer's technical support personnel.
Chances are they will be able to help you work out the details.

The table below provides control ideas for several different room types and usage patterns. Some additional
links to help on manufacturers' web sites are provided below the table.

TYPICAL USE
SPACE TYPE PATTERN IF... THEN...

Cafeterias or Occasionally Daylighted Consider daylight-driven

Lunchrooms (/space- occupied dimming or on/off control
types/food-service)
 TYPICAL USE
SPACE TYPE PATTERN IF... THEN...

Occupied occasionally Consider ceiling-mounted

occupancy sensor(s). Make sure
minor motion will be detected in
all desired locations.

Classroom (/space- Usually Multiple tasks like Consider manual dimming

types/conference- occupied overhead projectors,
classroom) chalkboard, student note
taking and reading, class
demonstrations

Occasionally Occupied by different Consider ceiling- or wall-

occupied groups of students and mounted occupancy sensor(s)
teachers daily and manual dimming. Make sure
that minor motion will be
detected.

Lights left on after hours Consider centralized controls

and/or occupancy sensors.

Computer Room Usually Lights are left on all the Consider occupancy sensors with
(/space- unoccupied time manual dimming. Be sure that
types/automated-data- minor motion will be detected
processing-pc-system) and that equipment vibration will
not falsely trigger the sensor.

Conference Room Occasionally Multi-tasks from video- Consider manual dimming

(/space- occupied conferencing to (possibly preset scene control)
types/conference- presentations
classroom)
Small conference room Consider a wall box occupancy
sensor

Large conference room Consider ceiling- or wall-

mounted occupancy sensor(s). Be
sure that minor motion will be
detected in all desired locations.

Gymnasium or Fitness Usually Requires varied lighting Consider manual dimming and
(/space-types/physical- occupied levels for activities occupancy sensors. Be sure that
fitness-exercise-room) the HVAC system will not falsely
trigger the sensor.
 TYPICAL USE
SPACE TYPE PATTERN IF... THEN...

Occasionally Requires varied lighting Consider ceiling- and wall-

occupied levels for activities mounted passive infrared
occupancy sensors. Be sure that
the coverage areas of the sensors
are sufficiently overlapped to
keep the lights on when the room
is occupied.

Hallways Any Occasionally or usually Consider occupancy sensors with

occupied elongated throw. Be sure that
coverage does not extend
beyond the desired area.

Daylighted Consider daylight on/off control.

Health Occasionally Different lighting needs Consider manual dimming.

Care—Examination occupied for examination
Rooms (/space-
types/clinic-health-unit) Small areas Consider a wall box occupancy
sensor.

Health Care—Hallways Usually Daylighted Consider automatic daylight-

occupied driven dimming.

Requires lower lighting Consider centralized controls to

level at night lower lighting levels at night.

Health Care—Patient Usually Different lighting needs Consider manual dimming.

Rooms (/space- occupied for watching television, Occupancy sensors may not be
types/clinic-health-unit) reading, sleeping, and appropriate.
examination

Hotel Rooms Occasionally Used primarily in the late Consider manual dimming.
occupied afternoon through
evening for sleeping and
relaxing

Laboratories (/space- Usually Daylighted Consider automatic daylight-

types/laboratory-dry) occupied driven dimming in combination
with occupancy sensors.

Laundry Rooms Occasionally Requires high light levels, Consider occupancy sensors.
occupied yet lights are usually left
on
 TYPICAL USE
SPACE TYPE PATTERN IF... THEN...

Libraries—Reading Usually Daylighted Consider automatic daylight-

Areas (/space- occupied driven dimming. Occupancy
types/library) sensors may be appropriate.

Lights left on after hours Consider centralized controls.

Libraries—Stack Areas Occasionally Stacks are usually Consider ceiling-mounted sensor

(/space-types/library) occupied unoccupied (s).

Lobby (/space- Usually Daylighted and lights Consider automatic daylight-

types/lobby) or Atrium occupied but no should always appear on driven dimming.
(/space-types/atrium) one "owns" the
space It isn't a problem if lights Consider automatic daylight-
go completely off in high driven dimming or on/off control.
daylight

Lights are left on all night Consider occupancy sensors. Be

long, even when no one is sure that minor motion will be
in the area for long detected in all desired areas.
periods

Office, Open (/space- Usually Daylighted Consider automatic daylight-

types/office) occupied driven dimming.

Varied tasks from Consider manual dimming.

computer usage to
reading

Lights left on after hours Consider centralized controls

and/or occupancy sensors.

Office, Private (/space- Primarily one Daylighted Consider manual dimming,

types/office) person, coming automatic daylight-driven
and going dimming, or automatic on/off.

Occupants are likely to Consider a wall box occupancy

leave lights on and sensor. Add dimming capabilities
occupants would be in if appropriate.
direct view of a wall box
sensor

Occupants are likely to Consider a ceiling- or wall-

leave lights on and mounted occupancy sensor. Add
partitions or objects dimming capabilities if
could hide an occupant appropriate.
from the sensor
 TYPICAL USE
SPACE TYPE PATTERN IF... THEN...

Photocopying, Sorting, Occasionally Lights are left on when Consider an occupancy sensor.
Assembling occupied they are not needed Be sure that machine vibration
will not falsely trigger the sensor.

Restaurant (/space- Usually Daylighted Consider automatic daylight-

types/food-service) occupied driven dimming.

Requires different Consider manual dimming

lighting levels throughout (possibly preset scene dimming).
the day

Requires different Consider centralized control.

lighting levels for
cleaning

Restroom Any Has stalls Consider a ceiling-mounted

ultrasonic occupancy sensor for
full coverage.

Single toilet (/space- Consider a wall switch occupancy

types/private-toilet) (no sensor.
partitions)

Retail Store (/space- Usually Daylighted Consider automatic daylight-

types/joint-use-retail) occupied driven dimming

Different lighting needs Consider centralized controls or

for retail sales, stocking, preset scene dimming control.
cleaning

Warehouse (/space- Aisles are Daylighted Consider daylight-driven

types/warehouse) usually dimming or daylight on/off
unoccupied control.

Lights in an aisle can be Consider ceiling-mounted

turned off when the aisle
is unoccupied
occupancy sensors with
elongated throw. Select a sensor
that will not detect motion in
neighboring aisles, even when
shelves are lightly loaded.

ADDITIONAL CONTROLS DESIGN AND SELECTION LINKS

• Hubbell Inc. (http://www.hubbellcatalog.com/wiring/section-d-ss.asp?FAM=Occupancy)—Occupancy
Sensor Guide
• Legrand (http://www.legrand.us/wattstopper.aspx) Wattstopper Products
C. COMMISSIONING OF LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS
It cannot be understated how important commissioning (/building-commissioning) is to the ultimate success of
a lighting control system. If a lighting control system is not commissioned, it may result in greater energy
consumption than a building without any controls at all.

Commissioning is defined as the final adjustment, calibration, and tuning of the various components after they
have been installed and the space is occupied. This process requires the participation of the building owner, a
commissioning agent, the lighting designer, the electrical engineer, a manufacturer's representative, and
building maintenance personnel.

Commissioning activities (/building-commissioning) will vary from space to space. They can range from simply
"burning in" fluorescent lamps that are to be dimmed to configuring software to respond to weekday, weekend,
and holiday occupancy schedules.

Commissioning is often considered impractical, too burdensome, or costly. However, manufacturers of lighting
controls are continuously improving their devices to help simplify and expedite the process. When
commissioning is completed, the building maintenance personnel must be provided with all relevant
documentation required for the ongoing maintenance of the lighting control system.

D. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS

Lighting controls are cost-effective (/design-objectives/cost-effective), especially when one considers long-
term life-cycle costs (/resources/life-cycle-cost-analysis-lcca) along with initial costs. Lighting controls can add
approximately $0.50-$1.00 per square foot initially. Payback periods vary widely by project and are difficult, at
best, to predict accurately. That does not take into account the savings from reduced energy use and HVAC
reduction.

The easiest way to do an economic analysis of lighting controls is to use an "effective energy charge (EEC),"
which is a cost per kWh number derived by dividing the entire electricity bill (in dollars) by the total amount of
energy used during that billing period (in kWh). The potential savings per controlled fixture is calculated as
follows:
$ Savings per year = ([Wb x HPYb x PFb] — [Wf x HPYf x PFf]) * (EEC) * (1 kWatt/ 1000 Watts)

Where:
Wb is the baseline watts of the controlled fixture(s)
HPYb is the baseline number of hours per year that the fixture is on
PFb is the baseline power fraction for the fixture or fixtures (use 1 for full power)
Wf is the final watts of the controlled fixture(s) (i.e. after retrofit or redesign)
HPYf is the final number of hours per year that the fixture is on (i.e. after controls are installed that turn the
lights off when they are not needed, such as occupancy sensors or centralized controls)
PFf is the final power fraction for the fixture(s) (i.e. if a fixture will be dimmed to an annual average of 50%,
use .5. For low dimming levels, the energy usage fraction is slightly higher than the dimming percentage due to
ballast losses.)
EEC is the "effective energy charge" in $/kWh.
This method of calculating annual dollar savings is an approximate estimate because is does not allow you to
calculate the exact changes in demand charges—demand charges have been wrapped up into the "effective
energy charge."

APPLICATION
Electric lighting controls can be used in all types of buildings (/building-types) and spaces (/space-types). Some
case studies are detailed below:

• Education: Multimedia Classroom, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

(http://lightingcontrolsassociation.org/projects/university-of-toronto-multimedia-classroom/)
Pre-set dimming controls

• Office Building: Port of Seattle Headquarters, Seattle, WA

(http://lightingcontrolsassociation.org/projects/port-of-seattle-headquarters/)
Integrated daylighting, two large atria with photocell controls, partition mounted indirect fluorescent
lighting, and separate perimeter controls

• Retail: Wal-Mart, City of Industry, CA (http://lightingcontrolsassociation.org/projects/watt-stopper-

legrand-helps-wal-mart-achieve-environmental-goals/)
Integrated daylight, photo-sensors, and automatic continuous fluorescent dimming

RELEVANT CODES AND STANDARDS

FEDERAL MANDATES
• Code of Federal Regulations, 10 C.F.R. § 435, Energy Efficiency Standards for the Design and Construction
of New Federal Low-Rise Residential Buildings" (/ffc/fed/code-federal-regulations/10-cfr-part-435)
• Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT) (/ffc/fed/congressional-acts/energy-policy-act-2005)

FEDERAL CRITERIA
• UFC 3-530-01 Interior and Exterior Lighting Systems and Controls (/ffc/dod/unified-facilities-criteria-
ufc/ufc-3-530-01)
• UFGS 26 51 00 Interior Lighting (/ffc/dod/unified-facilities-guide-specifications-ufgs/ufgs-26-51-00)

STANDARDS
• ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1—Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings
(https://www.ashrae.org/resources--publications/bookstore/standard-90-1)
• IES Lighting Handbook (http://www.ies.org/handbook/)
• IES RP-1, American National Standard Practice for Office Lighting (ANSI Approved)
(https://www.ies.org/store/recommended-practices-and-ansi-standards/american-national-standard-
practice-for-office-lighting/)
 • IES RP-16, Nomenclature and Definitions for Illuminating Engineering (ANSI Approved)
(https://www.ies.org/store/recommended-practices-and-ansi-standards/nomenclature-and-definitions-
for-illuminating-engineering/)

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
WBDG
BUILDING TYPES / SPACE TYPES
Applicable and relevant to all building types (/building-types) and space types (/space-types).

DESIGN OBJECTIVES
Aesthetics (/design-objectives/aesthetics), Cost-Effective (/design-objectives/cost-effective), Functional /
Operational (/design-objectives/functional-operational), Historic Preservation—Update Building Systems
Appropriately (/design-objectives/historic-preservation/update-building-systems-appropriately),
Productive—Provide Comfortable Environments (/design-objectives/productive/provide-comfortable-
environments), Secure / Safe (/design-objectives/secure-safe), Sustainable—Optimize Energy Use (/design-
objectives/sustainable/optimize-energy-use), Sustainable—Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)
(/design-objectives/sustainable/enhance-indoor-environmental-quality), Sustainable—Optimize Operational
and Maintenance Practices (/design-objectives/sustainable/optimize-operational-maintenance-practices)

PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Project Planning, Delivery and Controls (/project-management)

BUILDING COMMISSIONING
Building Commissioning (/building-commissioning)

FEDERAL PROGRAMS AND SERVICES

• Defense Logistics Agency (http://www.dla.mil/)—DLA offers energy-efficient lighting products through
the Defense Supply Center Philadelphia and online through DOD EMALL.
• Energy Star® (http://www.energystar.gov/) Program
• FEMP Energy-Efficient Products, Energy Efficiency Requirements, Lighting
(http://energy.gov/eere/femp/maps/covered-product-categories)—Contains recommendations on
lighting technologies, including fluorescent luminaires, and selecting lighting controls for offices and
public buildings
• GSA Federal Acquisition Service (http://www.gsa.gov/portal/category/21305)

ORGANIZATIONS/ASSOCIATIONS
• Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) (http://www.ies.org/)
 • International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) (http://www.iald.org/)
• Lighting Controls Association (http://www.aboutlightingcontrols.org/)
• National Association of Energy Service Companies (NAESCO) (http://www.naesco.org/)
• National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) (http://www.nema.org/)
• National Lighting Bureau (http://www.nlb.org/)
• New Buildings Institute (NBI) (http://www.newbuildings.org)

PRODUCTS MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS

• AC Electronics (http://www.ace-ballast.com/)
• Acquity Controls—Sensor Switch (http://www.acuitybrands.com/products/controls/sensor-switch)
• Cooper Lighting
(http://www.cooperindustries.com/content/public/en/wiring_devices/products/lighting_controls1.html?
_ga=2.47634535.1752752140.1518187030-698018083.1518187030)
• GE Lighting Control Systems (http://www.gelighting.com/LightingWeb/na/solutions/control-
systems/index.jsp)
• HUNT Dimming (http://www.huntdimming.com/)
• Intelligent Lighting Controls, Inc. (http://www.ilc-usa.com/)
• Legrand—Wattstopper Products (http://www.legrand.us/wattstopper.aspx)
• Lehigh Electric Products Co. (http://www.lehighdim.com/)
• Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. (http://www.leviton.com/)
• Philips Lighting Controls (http://www.usa.lighting.philips.com/products/lighting-controls.html)
• Lithonia Lighting (http://www.lithonia.com/)
• Lutron (http://www.lutron.com/)
• Sylvania (http://www.sylvania.com/)
• Pass & Seymour/Legrand (http://www.legrand.us/passandseymour.aspx#.VXtInUbSyao)
• Tensor Technologies Corporation (http://www.tensortechnologies.com/)
• Touch-Plate Lighting Controls (http://www.touchplate.com/)
• Tridonic (http://www.tridonic.com/com/en/)

PUBLICATIONS
• Architectural Graphic Standards , 12th Edition (http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-
111890950X.html), American Institute of Architects, Dennis J. Hall (Editor-in-Chief). John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., March 2016.
• California Energy Commission's Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program
(http://www.energy.ca.gov/research/)—Technical briefs available free of charge.
◦ PIER-TB-1 Integrated Classroom Lighting System
(http://www.energy.ca.gov/2008publications/CEC-500-2008-033/CEC-500-2008-033-FS.PDF)

• The Architect's Guide to Energy Conserving Products and Systems (/files/pdfs/aguide.pdf)

• TI 811-16 Lighting Design (/ffc/army-coe/technical-instructions-ti/ti=811-16)

OTHERS
• California Lighting Technology Center (http://cltc.ucdavis.edu/), University of California, Davis
• Lighting Research Center (LRC) (http://www.lrc.rpi.edu), School of Architecture, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute
• National Lighting Products Information Program (http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/NLPIP/)