CHAPTER I

Algebraic and Transcendental Functions

Department of Foundation Year,

Institute of Technology of Cambodia

2017–2018

Calculus I ITC 1 / 31
Contents

1 Algebraic and Transcendental Functions

2 Natural Logarithmic Function

3 Exponential Function

4 Power Function

5 Hyperbolic function

6 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

7 The Inverse of Trigonometric Functions

Calculus I ITC 1 / 31
Contents

1 Algebraic and Transcendental Functions

2 Natural Logarithmic Function

3 Exponential Function

4 Power Function

5 Hyperbolic function

6 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

7 The Inverse of Trigonometric Functions

Calculus I ITC 2 / 31
DEFINITION

Definition 1 (Algebraic and Transcendental function)

• A function y = f (x) is called an algebraic function if it is a
solution of equation (variable y)

pn (x) y n + · · · + p1 (x) y + p0 (x) = 0 (1)

where pi (x), i = 0, 1, . . . , n are polynomials of variable x.

• Functions that are not algebraic are called transcendental
functions.

Theorem 1
√
n
If f and g are algebraic functions, then so are f + g, f · g, 1/f , and f.

Calculus I ITC 3 / 31
Contents

1 Algebraic and Transcendental Functions

2 Natural Logarithmic Function

3 Exponential Function

4 Power Function

5 Hyperbolic function

6 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

7 The Inverse of Trigonometric Functions

Calculus I ITC 4 / 31
Natural Logarithmic Function

Definition 2 (Natural Logarithmic Function)

The natural logarithmic function, denoted by ln x, is defined as:
Z x
1
x ∈ R∗+ , ln x = dt.
1 t

Definition 3
The number e is that number in the domain of the natural logarithm
satisfying Z e
1
ln e = dt = 1.
1 t

Calculus I ITC 5 / 31
Natural Logarithmic

Properties
1 ln xy = ln x + ln y
x
2 ln = ln x − ln y
y
3 ln xz = z ln x
4 y = ln x is strictly monotonic, continuous and derivable on R∗+ .
1
5 (ln x)0 =
x
6 lim ln x = +∞
x→+∞
7 lim ln x = −∞
x→+0+
 
ln (x + 1)
8 lim =1
x→0 x

Calculus I ITC 6 / 31
Logarithmic basis a
Definition 4 (Logarithmic of basis a)
We call logarithmic basis a, (a > 0, a 6= 1), denoted by loga , is
defined by
ln x
x ∈ R∗+ , loga x =
ln a
In particular: loge = ln.

Theorem 2
1 loga is strictly monotonic, continuous and differentiable on R∗+ .

2
2 ∀ (x, y) ∈ R∗+ , loga (xy) = loga x + loga y
 
∗

2 x
3 ∀ (x, y) ∈ R+ , loga = loga x − loga y.
y
4 ∀ (a, b) ∈ (] 0, 1 [∪] 1, +∞ [)2 , ∀x ∈ R∗+ , logb x = logb a. loga x.
5 ∀x ∈ R∗+ , log 1 x = − loga x.
a

Calculus I ITC 7 / 31
Contents

1 Algebraic and Transcendental Functions

2 Natural Logarithmic Function

3 Exponential Function

4 Power Function

5 Hyperbolic function

6 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

7 The Inverse of Trigonometric Functions

Calculus I ITC 8 / 31
Natural Exponential Function

Definition 5
We define the natural exponential function, exp, to be the inverse
function of the natural logarithmic function. That is,

∀(x, y) ∈ R × R∗+ : y = exp x ⇐⇒ x = ln y.

Calculus I ITC 9 / 31
Natural Exponential Function

Properties
1 exp (0) = 1
2 exp (x + y) = exp (x) exp (y)
exp (x)
3 exp (x − y) =
exp (y)
4 lim exp (x) = +∞ and lim exp (x) = 0+
x→+∞ x→−∞
5 exp (x) is strictly monotonic, continuous and derivable on R .
 
exp (x) − 1
6 lim =1
x→0 x
7 (exp (x))0 = exp (x)

Calculus I ITC 10 / 31
Exponential of general basis a

Definition 6 (Exponential of general basis a)

We define the exponential basis a, expa x or ax , to be the inverse
function of the logarithmic basis a. That is,

∀(x, y) ∈ R × R∗+ : y = expa x ⇐⇒ x = lna y.

Properties
1 (ax )0 = (ln a) ax 6 y = ax is strictly increasing if
2 a0 = 1 a > 1 and is decreasing if
3 ax+y = ax ay 0<a<1
1
4 a−x = x 7 The function ax is strictly
a  x
−1

x 1 1 monotonic, continuous and
5 a = = x derivable on R .
a a
Calculus I ITC 11 / 31
Contents

1 Algebraic and Transcendental Functions

2 Natural Logarithmic Function

3 Exponential Function

4 Power Function

5 Hyperbolic function

6 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

7 The Inverse of Trigonometric Functions

Calculus I ITC 12 / 31
Power Function

Definition 7
Let α ∈ R. The power function of power α is the function Pα
defines from R∗+ to R by

∀x ∈ R∗+ , Pα (x) = xα = eα ln x

Calculus I ITC 13 / 31
Local comparison

Theorem 3 (Local comparison)

 
ln x
1 lim =0
x→+∞ x
∗

2 (ln x)α
2 ∀ (α, β) ∈ R+ , lim =0
x→+∞ xβ
2
R∗+ , lim xβ |ln x|α = 0


3 ∀ (α, β) ∈
x→0+
ax
4 ∀a ∈ ]1, +∞[ , ∀α ∈ R, lim = +∞
xβ
x→+∞
5 ∀a ∈ ]1, +∞[ , ∀α ∈ R, lim ax |x|α = +∞.
x→+∞

Calculus I ITC 14 / 31
Contents

1 Algebraic and Transcendental Functions

2 Natural Logarithmic Function

3 Exponential Function

4 Power Function

5 Hyperbolic function

6 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

7 The Inverse of Trigonometric Functions

Calculus I ITC 15 / 31
Hyperbolic function

Definition 8 (The hyperbolic sine and cosine)

The hyperbolic sine (sinh) and hyperbolic cosine function (cosh)
are defined respectively by

ex − e−x ex + e−x
sinh x = , cosh x =
2 2
∀x ∈ R.

Calculus I ITC 16 / 31
Hyperbolic Function

Theorem 4
1 (sinh x)0 = cosh x
2 (cosh x)0 = sinh x
3 (sinh u)0 = u0 cosh u where u is an expression of x
4 (cosh u)0 = u0 sinh u where u is an expression of x
5 sinh (−x) = − sinh x
6 cosh (−x) = cosh x
7 sinh is an odd function and cosh is an even function.

Calculus I ITC 17 / 31
Hyperbolic Function
Theorem 5
1 cosh x + sinh x = ex
2 cosh x − sinh x = e−x
3 cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1
4 sinh (x + y) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y
5 cosh (x + y) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
6 sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x
7 cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2
x = 2 cosh

2
x− 1 = 1+ 2 sinh2 x
x+y x−y
8 cosh x + cosh y = 2 cosh cosh
2 2
   
x+y x−y
9 cosh x − cosh y = 2 sinh sinh
2 2
   
x±y x∓y
10 sinh x ± sinh y = 2 sinh cosh
2 2
Calculus I ITC 18 / 31
Hyperbolic Function

Definition 9
The hyperbolic tangent (tanh), hyperbolic cotangent (coth),
hyperbolic secant(sech), and hyperbolic cosecant function (csch)
are defined by
sinh x ex − e−x e2x − 1
1 tanh x = = x =
cosh x e + e−x e2x + 1
cosh x 1 ex + e−x e2x + 1
2 coth x = = = x = 2x
sinh x tanh x e −e −x e −1
1
3 sechx =
cosh x
1
4 cschx =
sinh x

Calculus I ITC 19 / 31
Hyperbolic Function

Theorem 6
1
1 (tanh x)0 = sech2 x = = 1 − tanh2 x
cosh2 x
1
2 (coth x)0 = −scsh2 x = − = 1 − coth2 x
sinh2 x
3 tanh (−x) = − tanh x
4 coth (−x) = − coth x
5 tanh and coth are odd functions
6 lim tanh x = 1
x→+∞
7 lim coth x = 1
x→+∞

Calculus I ITC 20 / 31
Hyperbolic Function

Theorem 7
tanh x + tanh y
1 tanh (x + y) =
1 + tanh x tanh y
tanh x − tanh y
2 tanh (x − y) =
1 − tanh x tanh y
2 tanh x
3 tanh 2x =
1 + tanh2 x
2 tanh x
4 sinh 2x =
1 − tanh2 x
1 + tanh2 x
5 cosh 2x =
1 − tanh2 x

Calculus I ITC 21 / 31
Contents

1 Algebraic and Transcendental Functions

2 Natural Logarithmic Function

3 Exponential Function

4 Power Function

5 Hyperbolic function

6 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

7 The Inverse of Trigonometric Functions

Calculus I ITC 22 / 31
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Definition 10
The inverse hyperbolic sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent are
called argument sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, and denoted
respectively by

cosh−1 x, sinh−1 x, tanh−1 x, and coth−1 x.

Theorem 8
 √ 
sinh−1 x = ln x + x2 + 1 , x∈R.

0 1
sinh−1 x = √ , ∀x ∈ R.
2
x +1
sinh−1 is odd function.
√ 
cosh−1 x = ln x + x2 − 1 , x ≥ 1.
Calculus I ITC 23 / 31
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Theorem 9

0 1
cosh−1 x = √ , x≥1
2
x −1
 
−1 1 1+x
tanh x = ln , −1 < x < 1
2 1−x

0 1
tanh−1 x = , −1 < x < 1
1− x2 
1 x−1
coth−1 x = ln , |x| > 1
2 x+1

0 1
coth−1 x = , −1 < x < 1
1 − x2
coth is an odd function.

Calculus I ITC 24 / 31
Contents

1 Algebraic and Transcendental Functions

2 Natural Logarithmic Function

3 Exponential Function

4 Power Function

5 Hyperbolic function

6 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

7 The Inverse of Trigonometric Functions

Calculus I ITC 25 / 31
Inverse of Trigonometric Functions

Definition 11 (Inverse Trigonometry)

The inverses of trigonometry functions sine, cosine, tangent,
cotangent are respectively called arc sine, arc cosine, arc
tangent, arc cotangent and denoted respectively by

arcsin, arccos, arctan, and arccot

or
sin−1 , cos−1 , tan−1 and cot−1 .

Calculus I ITC 26 / 31
Inverse of Trigonometric Functions

Definition 12
h π πi
(x, y) ∈ [−1, 1] × − , , y = arcsin x ⇐⇒ x = sin y
2 2

Theorem 10
1
1 (arcsin x)0 = √ , −1 < x < 1
1 − x2
2 sin (arcsin x) = x, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
arcsin (sin x) = x, x ∈ − π2 , π2
 
3

4 arcsin (−x) = − arcsin x, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1

5 arcsin is an odd function and an increasing function.

Calculus I ITC 27 / 31
Inverse of Trigonometric Functions

Definition 13
(x, y) ∈ [−1, 1] × [0, π] , y = arccos x ⇐⇒ x = cos y

Theorem 11
1
1 (arccos x)0 = − √ , −1 < x < 1
1 − x2
2 cos (arccos x) = x, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
3 arccos (cos x) = x, x ∈ [0, π]
4 arccos is neither odd nor even function.
5 arccos (−x) = π − arccos x
π
6 arcsin x + arccos x = , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
2 √
7 cos (arcsin x) = sin (arccos x) = 1 − x2 .

Calculus I ITC 28 / 31
Inverse of Trigonometric Functions

Definition 14
 π π
(x, y) ∈ R × − , , y = arctan x ⇐⇒ x = tan y
2 2

Theorem 12
1
1 (arctan x)0 = , x∈R
1 + x2
2 tan (arctan x) = x, x ∈ R
x ∈ − π2 , π2


3 arctan (tan x) = x,
4 arctan (−x) = − arctan x
5 arctan is an odd function.

Calculus I ITC 29 / 31
Inverse of Trigonometric Functions

Definition 15
y = arccot x is a map from R to (0, π) .

Theorem 13
−1
1 (arccot x)0 = , x∈R
1 + x2
2 cot (arccot x) = x, x ∈ R
3 arccot (cot x) = x, x ∈ (0, π)
π
4 arctan x + arccot x = .
2

Calculus I ITC 30 / 31
Inverse of Trigonometric Functions

Definition 16
Secant and Cosecant function are defined respectively by
1 1
sec x = , scs x =
cos x sin x

The inverse of secant and cosecant function are defined

respectively by
   
1 1
arcsec x = arccos , arccsc x = arcsin .
x x

Calculus I ITC 31 / 31