Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica,

Journal 2018; 40(2):

xyz 2017; 1 (2):147-153
122–135

The First Decade (1964-1972)

Research Article Open Access
Research Article
Piotr Kalisz*, Magdalena Zięba*
Max Musterman, Paul Placeholder
Influence of Soil Deformation Caused
What Is So Different Aboutby Mining
on Sewage Pipelines Neuroenhancement?
Built Using The Pipe Jacking
Was ist so anders am Neuroenhancement?
Method Pharmacological and Mental Self-transformation in Ethic
Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135

Comparison
https://doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2018-0010
The First Decade (1964-1972)
received January 1, 2018; accepted April 19, 2018.
1 Introduction
Pharmakologische und mentale Selbstveränderung im
ethischen Vergleich
Research Article
Abstract: This paper discusses the issues associated Trenchless technologies are employed for building sewage
https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010
with the influence of underground mining operations on pipelines mainly in urban areas and when they have
Max Musterman, Paul Placeholder received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published online July 12, 2014
sewage pipelines built using the pipe jacking method. At to be embedded deep underground. The technologies
What Is So Different About
present, to build sewage pipelines, especiallyAbstract: in urban In the concept
offer many of the aesthetic formation
advantages of knowledge
such as minimal and its as and
earthworks soon

Neuroenhancement?
as possible and success-oriented application,
areas and deep embedment, trenchless technologies are requiring limited space for their construction [7, 9, 19]. insights and profits without the
reference to the arguments developed around 1900. The main investigation also
employed. Mainly in these technologies, pipes are jacked Trenchless technologies are also applied to build sewage
Was ist so anders am Neuroenhancement? includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current
into a bored tunnel using hydraulic jacks. These methods pipelines in mining areas.
version. Their function as part of the literary portrayal and narrative technique.
are also applied in mining areas. The aim of this paper is to analyse the influence of
The aim of this paper is to analyse the influence Keywords: ofFunction,
ground transmission,
deformation investigation, principal,
caused by mining onperiod
sewage pipelines
Pharmacological and Mental Self-transformation in Ethic
ground deformation, caused by mining operations, on built using the pipe jacking method. In mining areas,
Comparison
sewage
Dedicated to Paul Placeholder
pipelines built using the pipe jacking method. such pipelines, unlike pipelines assembled in trenches,
The Pharmakologische
type of pipelines discussed undhere
mentale
is builtSelbstveränderung
with butted are built im of butted segments, which cannot compensate
ethischen
sections, which Vergleich
cannot compensate the influences of for deformations of ground in pipe joints. Hence, when
1 Studies and Investigations
mining operations in pipe joints if horizontal compression analysing the influence of soil deformations caused by
occurs in the near-surface layer of soil. Pipelines embedded
https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010 mining on sewage pipelines built using the pipe jacking
The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and
in trenches in the mining
received February areas are
9, 2013; accepted secured
March against
25, 2013; the
published method,
online
the presentation
July 12, special
2014
in its current attention
version. was paid
Their function as to
partthe performance
of the literary por-
influence of mining operations with expansion trayaljoints, of pipe
and narrative joints. In mining areas, these pipelines are
technique.
Abstract: In the concept of the aesthetic formation of knowledge and its as soon
which compensate for ground deformation. Hence, in the subjected to additional loads and displacements, caused
as possible and success-oriented application, insights and profits without the
analysis of the influence of soil deformation caused by mainly by the influence of horizontal strains, horizontal
reference to the arguments developed around 1900. The main
Instituteinvestigation also
mining on sewage pipelines built using jacking*Max Musterman:
method, of Marine and
displacements Biology, Nationalcurvatures.
surface Taiwan Ocean University,
We also 2 Pei-Ning
propose a
includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current
Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: email@mail.com
special attention was paid to the performance of pipe method to consider the influence of ground deformations
version. Their function as part of the literaryPaul Placeholder: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning
portrayal and narrative technique.
joints. Pipelines of the type are subjected to additional caused
Road Keelung 20224, Taiwanby(R.O.C),
mining on email@mail.com
e-mail: sewage pipelines built using the pipe
loadsKeywords:
and displacements, caused by soil
Function, transmission, deformations
investigation, jacking
principal, method.
period
Open Access. © 2017 Mustermann and Placeholder, published by De Gruyter. This work is
like horizontal strains, horizontal soil displacements licensed and
under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

surface curvatures.
Dedicated We propose a way to consider the
to Paul Placeholder
influence of mining operations on sewage pipelines built
using the pipe jacking method.
2 Characteristics of Sewage
1 Studies and Investigations Pipelines Built Using Pipe Jacking
Keywords: sewage pipeline; pipe jacking method; mining
area.
Method
The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and
the presentation in its current version. Their function asBuilding a sewage
part of the pipeline
literary por- using the pipe jacking method is
trayal and narrative technique. employed in trenchless technologies: hydraulic jacking and
microtunelling. In the microtunelling technique, pipeline
sections are jacked one by one from the launch shaft into
*Corresponding author:Institute
*Max Musterman: Piotr Kalisz, Magdalena
of Marine Zięba,
Biology, Central
National theUniversity,
Taiwan Ocean tunnel, 2 Pei-Ning
bored with the cutting head, forming even a
Mining Institute,
Road Keelung Department of Surface
20224, Taiwan and
(R.O.C), Structures
e-mail: Protection,
email@mail.com few-hundred-meter-long section leading to the reception
Plac Gwarków 1, 40-166Institute
Paul Placeholder: Katowice,of Poland, E-mail: pkalisz@gig.eu,
Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning
shaft (Fig. 1). The launch shaft has to accommodate all
mzieba@gig.eu
Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: email@mail.com

2017; 1 (2): 122–135

OpenOpenAccess. © 2018
Access. Piotr
© 2017 Kalisz, Magdalena
Mustermann Zięba, published
and Placeholder, publishedbybyDeSciendo.
Gruyter. Thiswork
This workisis licensed under the Creative Commons
licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. 4.0 License.
148  Piotr Kalisz, Magdalena Zięba

The notes to the article:

Piotr Kalisz, Magdalena Zięba

INFLUENCE OF SOIL DEFORMATION CAUSED BY MINI

BUILT USING THE PIPE JACKING METHOD

PAGE: 1
COLUMN: right
Figure 1: Typical microtunelling installation [15].
LINE: 17
IS: earth works
the necessary equipment. It also has to offer enough room of pipe performance:
SHOULD implementation and operation. At
BE: earthworks
for the jacked pipes as well as for slurry feed and return. the implementation stage it is necessary to consider the
Through the reception shaft, the boring head is taken to transverse and longitudinal loads acting on pipeline.
the surface. To secure walls of the shafts, they can be made Longitudinal loads, acting along the pipeline axis, result
of materials like steel sheet piles or pre-cast reinforced fromPAGE: 2 jacking force on the soil and an additional
the pipe
concrete segments using shaft sinking method. In launch COLUMN: right
influence of, for example, steering the jacking process [2,
shafts, the jacking frame has to be assembled. The jacking LINE:
18, 20]. 27-31,
The valuethe
offormula (1)
the maximum jacking force Fmax can
pipes for sewage pipelines are most often made of reinforced be calculated from the following equation [8, 14]:
concrete, polymer concrete, or polyester resins reinforced IS:
with glass fibre or stoneware [20].
σ σm 
In trenchless technologies employing the pipe jacking SHOULD BE: Fmax   S  Amin (1)
method, pipe joints should transmit longitudinal forces  γb σ o 
from one pipe to another without damaging it, keep the
pipeline tight, and prevent their transverse displacement where: Amin − smallest surface transmitting the jacking
[14]. In sewage pipelines built using the pipe jacking force, σm − biggest stress at the edge of a jacking pipe, σo
PAGE: 2
method, the pipes are butted, without initial gaps, which − evenly distributed stress for axial influence of jacking
COLUMN: right
is a characteristic feature of the technique (Fig. 1). force, σs − compressive strength of a jacking pipe in the
LINE: 36 , under the formula (1)
Manholes located every a few dozen meters, at most longitudinal direction, gb − safety factor.
up to 100–120 meters, are an indispensable element of Thegbratio of stresses σm/σo is determined based on the
IS:
each sewage pipeline [14]. Manholes are built in launch SHOULDofBE:
knowledge b eccentricity caused by the jacking force
load
shafts and reception shafts, as well as in between them, [8] if the resultant force is outside the kernel of a cross-
after completing the pipeline using the pipe jacking section.
method. Manholes and pipes are connected with tight PAGE: 3
connection bells or proper connectors. The connectors COLUMN: left
are connected with stub ends, which are permanently 3 Influence of Mining Soil
LINE: 6, under the formula (2)
assembled with the manhole base. To assemble manholes
in large diameter pipelines, holes are made on the side or
Deformations
IS: g on Sewage Pipelines
the top of a pipe. Then, we receive a very long linear object Built With Jacking Method
SHOULD BE: 
built of butted pipes (without expansion joints), usually of
significant rigidity. To calculate the soil load for sewage pipelines built
In static strength calculations for sewage pipelines using the 3pipe jacking method, Terzaghi’s theory and
PAGE:
built using the pipe jacking method, there are two stages it’s modified
COLUMN:versions
left are applied [21]. Vertical soil load
LINE: 43
IS: g
SHOULD BE: 
 horizontal strains , can be written as lr max  ε l [1  n M r (l )] , with pro
coefficient of tolerance n, where M r (l ) is the coefficient of variation of ho
section
Influence of Soil Deformation Caused by Mining on Sewage length l [4,
ofPipelines 6,Using
Built 11]. For
The example, theMethod
Pipe Jacking value of Δlr max= 38,7 mm is determ
149
of 0.95 (n = 1.645 for normal distribution) for horizontal soil strains of averag
pipes of length of l = 2.0 m and the coefficient of variation of horizonta
o calculate the soil load for sewage pipelines built using the pipe jacking method, Terzaghi's
o calculate thepvssoil on loadthe top of pipespipelines
for sewage is determined built using withthethe pipe following
jacking method, M r (l Terzaghi's
2 m)  M r (l0 ) l0 l  0,2 25 2  0.7 [1, 10, 13], where l0 is the
y and it’s modifieddependence versions [3, are
8, 17]:applied [21]. Vertical soil load pvs on thewhere top ofl pipes theis
isbase.
y and it’s modified versions are applied [21]. Vertical soil load pvs on themeasuring top of 0 pipes islength of a standard measuring base.
mined with the following dependence [3, 8, 17]: Extension
Extension in each in eachpipe pipe joint occurs
joint occurs if the valueif the value of
of tangent forces is greater th
mined with the following dependence [3, 8, 17]:
pvs  χ γ h (2) tangent
a seal in aforces (2)
joint. is
The greater
force Pthan resistance
necessary to forces
extend a in
single a seal
pipe joint can be dete
pvs  χ γ h (2) u
e in a joint. for
conducted TheeachforcepipePu diameter
necessary andtotypeextend a single
of sealing. Thepipe
tests can be limited
e
where: χ − soil arching factor, g − volumetric weight of soil, cross-section
soil arching factor, joint can be determined dimensions, based appliedonfortests conducted
different for each
diameters, but within a specifi
soil arching factor,
volumetric weight h − depthof soil,of pipe embedding. pipe diameter
DN900, DN1000). and Then,
type ofit sealing.
is enough The totests can bethe
determine limited
force per length unit
volumetric weight of soil,
depth of pipe embedding. Lateral earth pressure ph on a pipe of low diameter. to seals of Thethe resistance force of a pipedimensions,
same cross-section joint when pipes appliedare displaced can b
depth of pipe embedding.
deformability equation
al earth pressure p on a pipeisofdetermined low deformability with the equation with the equation
is determined for different diameters, but within a specific range (e.g.
al earth pressure phh on a pipe of low deformability is determined with the equation Pu  toDdetermine
DN800, DN900, DN1000). Then, it is enough ku
ph  χ γ h K (3)
ph  χ γ h K (3) where:
the force per (3) length unit of a seal of a given diameter. The
e K is earth pressure coefficient. resistance force of a pipe joint when pipes are displaced
e K is earth pressure coefficient.
ransverse influence whereof K is earth operations
mining pressure coefficient. on a pipeline is observed from changes can beincalculatedground from the equation
ransverse influence of mining operations on a pipeline is observed from changes in ground
ure. The changes are Transverse
caused by influencehorizontal ground of mining strains,operations
characterised onbyathe coefficient K, in
ure. The changes are caused by horizontal ground strains, characterised by the coefficient K, in
ion
for (3). pipeline
The value
sewage pipelines of the is coefficient
built observed from
pipe changes
using thesignificantly jacking in ground
changes,
method, which pressure.
has to be considered in static
Terzaghi's Pu = π Dk u (4)
ion (3). The value of the coefficient significantly changes, which has to be considered in static
lations
sions are The For
[10,applied
13]. changes
[21]. theVertical are that
pipes caused
soil loadby
can horizontal
bep classified
on the top as groundof pipesstrains,
flexible, additionally,
is passive earth
lations [10, 13]. For the pipes that can be vsclassified as flexible, additionally, passive earth
ure is considered characterised
[14]. The passive by theground coefficient pressure K, changes
in equation due to(3). theThe influencewhere: Dk − diameter at the contact between a seal and
of loosening
gure is considered
dependence [3, 8,[14].17]: The passive ground pressure changes due to the influence of loosening
ns [5, 10, 13]. value Horizontal of the strains cause asignificantly
coefficient decrease in the horizontal
changes, which loadhas onto pipessliding
in the element
loosened of a joint, u − resistance force of a seal per
ns [5, 10, 13]. p Horizontal
 χin γ hthestrains cause a decrease in the horizontal load (2)on pipes in the loosened
one, and an increase
bevs considered horizontal
in staticload on pipes in [10,
calculations the compacted
13]. For the soil zone. length unit, determined in tests.
pipes
one, and an increase in the horizontal load on pipes in the compacted soil zone.
ongitudinal, inthat relation can to the pipeline, horizontal strains in the near-surface passive soil layer
Theresult
valuein
ongitudinal, in relation tobetheclassified as flexible,
pipeline, horizontal additionally,
strains in the near-surface soil layer result inof longitudinal axial forces affecting a pipe
tudinal forces earth
acting on its
pressure external surface
is considered and longitudinal
[14]. The passive pipe movements.
ground Figure Figure 2
joint2equals shows the sum of all soil friction forces acting on the
tudinal forces acting on its external surface and longitudinal pipe movements. shows the the
rmance of jacking pipeline joints in mining areas when pipes can freely move in tight connection
l,
rmance of jacking pressure pipeline changes
joints due in miningto theareas influence
when of loosening
pipes can freely strains
move inexternal
tight connection surface of pipes or shear forces in the soil around
g.of manholes or where expansion joints are present in the stub ends of manholes. If there are no
of manholes or [5,where
10, 13]. Horizontal
expansion joints strains
are present cause in the a stub
decrease ends ofinmanholes. the theIf surface there areofnopipes [16]. For calculations, a lower value
aexpansion
pipe of low
expansion
joints,
joints,
the base ofis adetermined
deformability
horizontal
the baseload
manhole may
on pipesmay
of a manhole with
in
bethedamaged,
the equation
be loosened
damaged, Dk and
soil
and
the displacements
− diameter
zone,
at the contact
and an should
the displacements
of pipes
between
of pipes
willa be
bewill
seal and sliding element of a joint,
assumed,
be which, for smooth external surface
er. u − resistance force of a seal per length unit, determined in tests.
er. increase
p  χ γ hinK the horizontal load on pipes in the compacted(3) of pipes, represents friction forces. Then, the value of
uring horizontal hsoil loosening, which constitutes the first stage The of valuemining influence onaxial
of longitudinal a pipeline,
forces affecting aNpipeacting
joint equals the sum of all soil friction forces
uring horizontal soilsoil loosening, which constitutes the first stage
zone. of mining influence on a pipeline,
longitudinal axial forces on a pipe joint in the
ipes extend (case 2 in Fig. 2; case 2 in Fig. 3). The extension
fficient. acting mayon be
the uneven
external along the of
surface considered
pipes or shear forces
l
in the soil around the surface of pipes [16]. For
ipes extend (case 2Longitudinal,
in Fig. 2; case 2ininrelation Fig. 3). The to the extension
pipeline, may be uneven along
horizontal zonethe of considered
horizontal soil loosening (tension) equals
ine section due to random dispersion of the values of deformation
calculations, indicators.
a lower The
value extreme
should value
be assumed, which, for smooth external surface of pipes, represents
ine section
mining duestrains
operations to random
on in a the dispersion
pipeline of thesoil
is observed
near-surface values
from
layer ofchanges
deformation
result indicators. The extreme value
ininlongitudinal
ground
ax of the extension for a single joint in a pipe section of length l, subjected to the influence of
used
ax of the extension ground
by horizontal
ontal strains forces
for a single
, can acting
strains,
on itsjoint in a pipe
characterised
externallr max surface
section
by the of
 ε l [1 and
lengthforces.
friction
coefficient
n Mlongitudinal
l, K,
subjectedpipe to
inThen, thethevalueinfluence of
of longitudinal axial = l t N l acting on a pipe joint
N lforces (5) in the zone of
be written as r (l )] , inwith probability specified by
eontal
coefficient
strains significantly
, can be changes,
written
movements. Figure 2 shows aswhich  l has  ε
to l [
be1
r max the performance n M
considered (
horizontal
r l )] , static
with
soil
of jacking probability
loosening specified
(tension) equalsby
heicientpipes of that
tolerance where Mas
can ben, classified r (l )flexible,
is the coefficient
additionally, of passive
variationearth of horizontal strains for a N l  l t pipes, t − tangent force for (5)
icient of tolerance pipeline joints in
n, where Mmining
r (l ) is areas
the when
coefficient pipesof can
variationfreely ofmove
horizontal where: l − length
strains for a of considered
Theofpassive
on length lground
[4, 6, pressure
11]. For changesthe
example, duevalue to the of influence
Δl = 38,7 of loosening
mm is determined with probability
on of length l [4, in 6,tight11].connection
For example, bells of manholes
the value of Δlr maxor
r max
where
=where:
38,7 mmexpansion
is determinedawith pipeprobability
length unit.
l95strains
(n = cause
1.645 afor decrease
normal indistribution)
the horizontal for load on pipes
horizontal soilinstrains
the loosened of average value ε = 9.0 mm,
95 (n = 1.645joints for normal are present in the for
distribution) stubhorizontal
ends of manholes. l strains
soil − length Ifofthere
ofaverage are value
considered εThe
pipes, = 9.0 value mm,of force t can be determined on the basis of
heofhorizontal
length ofload l =on2.0 pipes m inand the the
compactedcoefficient soil zone.
of variation of horizontal
of length ofnol such = 2.0expansion
m and thejoints, coefficient the base of ta manhole
of variation − tangent may
force be
of horizontal for strains
a pipe
strains
for tension
testslength
or, knowing
for unit. the value of coefficient µ of soil friction
tension
lo the2m pipeline, (horizontal
)  Mdamaged,
l ) l0 l and strains
0,2 25 in 2 the near-surface
0.7 [1, 10, soil
13], layer result
Thewhere bellof
inthe length of a standard
isforce
l external
its M rr (l00 ) and
2 m)  surface l  0,2the25
l0 longitudinal displacements
2  movements.
pipe 0.7 [1, 10, of pipes
13],
Figure will
value
where
2 shows
0 smaller.
0 is canon
thethe tlength beof the a external
standardonsurface
determined the basisofofthe pipes
tests [2] and the
or, knowing thevalue
average
of coefficient µ of
uring
ne joints
uring in miningDuring
base.
base. areas when horizontal
pipes cansoil freely loosening,
move in tight which
soil friction constitutes value of transverse loads on pipes psr, using the equation loads on pipes
connection on the external surface of the pipes [2] and the average value of transverse
xtension in
xpansioninjoints each
the pipe
are firstjoint
stage
present occurs
inofthe if
mining the value
influence of tangent forces
on apforces
pipeline,
, using is greater
thetheequationthan resistance forces in
pipes
xtension each pipe joint occurs ifstub
the endsvalue ofofmanholes.
tangent srIf there are
is greater no than resistance forces in
l inofaajoint. The forcebe
extend Pudamaged,
necessary to extend a single pipeof joint can bebe determined based on tests
se manhole
l in a joint. The force P(case
may 2 in Fig.
u necessaryand
2; case
the
to extend 2 in Fig.
displacements
a single pipe3). The
pipes
joint can extension
will be determined based on tests t  π Dz μ psr (6) (6)
ucted for eachmay pipe be diameter
uneven andalongtype ofthe sealing.
consideredThe tests can
pipeline
wherecan Dz bebe
is thelimited
section
outside to seals
diameter of the same
of pipes.
ucted for each pipe diameter and type of sealing. The tests limited to seals of the same
-sectionwhich
sening, dimensions,
due to applied
constitutes random
the firstfordispersion
different diameters,
of the but within
values a specific range
ofa deformation where (e.g.D DN800,is the outsideon diameter of of
pipes.
-section dimensions, applied for stage
different of mining influence
diameters, on
The
but within pipeline,
value of longitudinal
a specific range (e.g.forces
zDN800,Nl depends the depth embedding, surcharge loads and soil
00,2;DN1000). Then, 3). it
indicators. is extension
enough tomay determine Δlthe force perconsidered
length unit of a surface
sealThe of of avalue
given
g. case 2 in Fig.
00, DN1000). Then, The
it is The
enough extreme to determinevalue
be uneven the along
r max
of
force the
the
friction
per extension
on
length the for
external
unit of a seal of a the
given of longitudinal
pipeline. Extensions forces
in allNthe
l
depends
joints occuron the
if Nl > Pu. If this
eter. The resistance force of of aadeformation
pipe joint when pipesThe are extreme
displaced can be calculated from the
m
eter.dispersion a the
of
The resistance single values
force jointof inpipe
a pipe jointsectionindicators.
when of length
pipes condition
are l, subjected
displaced isvalue
not
canmet, to calculated
be depth
every offrom
second embedding,
orthe
even third surcharge
joint mayloads extend, and soil friction
especially onare short pipes
if they
ion
single joint inthe a pipe length l, subjected
sectionofofhorizontal
ion influence strains to the
caninfluence
e,having bea smooth
written of outside
as the external
surface and surface
relativelyofshallow
the pipeline.
pipelineExtensions
embedment.inFor all the
example, for GRP
e written as lr max  ε l [1  n M r (l )]P 
, u with
 D u jacking pipes of nominal diameter (4)
DN1100, u = 14.1 kN/m and force P = 53.1 kN for Dk= 1.2 m. In
,P u
  Dkprobability
with probability
k
u specified by joints occur if
specified by (4)Nl > Pu. If this condition is not met, every u
e:
e:here M r (l ) is coefficient
the coefficient of tolerance
of variation n, where M r (l ) isstrains
of horizontal
turn, the resultant
the coefficient
for a
value of longitudinal axial force N
second or even third joint may extend, especially if they
l= 53.1 kN will occur at the depth of
of value
variation approximately 2.0 m for cohesive soils of pipe friction coefficient μ = 0.25 and approximately 2.5 m
For example, the of Δlrof horizontal strains for a section of length are short pipes having a3 smooth outside surface and
max= 38,7 mm is determined with probability
for μ = 0.20 (volumetric weight of soil γ 3=18.5 kN/m , pipe external diameter Dz= 1221 mm).
al distribution)l for [4, horizontal
6, 11]. Forsoil example,strains of theaverage
value of Δlr max
value ε == 9.0 38,7mm, mm is relatively shallow 3 pipeline embedment. For example, for
determined
m and the coefficient of with probability
variation of horizontal of 0.95 strains
(n = 1.645 for fortension normal GRP jacking pipes of nominal diameter DN1100, u = 14.1
distribution) for horizontal soil strains of average kN/m and force Pu= 53.1 kN for Dk= 1.2 m. In turn, the
l  0,2 25 2  0.7 [1, 10, 13], where l0 is the length of a standard
value ε = 9.0 mm, pipes of length of l = 2.0 m and the resultant value of longitudinal axial force Nl= 53.1 kN will
coefficient of variation of horizontal strains transverse for tension occur at the depth of approximately 2.0 m for cohesive
nt occurs if the value of tangent forces is greater than resistance direction forces in
necessary to extend a single pipe joint can be determined based on tests
meter and type of sealing. The tests can be limited to seals of the same
plied for different diameters, but within a specific range (e.g. DN800,
is enough to determine the force per length unit of a seal of a given
longitudinal
 having a smooth outside surface and relatively shallow pipeline embedment. For example, for GRP
jacking pipes of nominal diameter DN1100, u = 14.1 kN/m and force Pu= 53.1 kN for Dk= 1.2 m. In
turn, the resultant value of longitudinal axial force Nl= 53.1 kN will occur at the depth of
150  Piotr Kalisz, Magdalena Zięba
approximately 2.0 m for cohesive soils of pipe friction coefficient μ = 0.25 and approximately 2.5 m
for μ = 0.20 (volumetric weight of soil γ =18.5 kN/m3, pipe external diameter Dz= 1221 mm).

transverse
direction

longitudinal
direction

during the first stage (case 3 in Fig. 2; case 3 in Fig. 3). Front surfaces of the pipes return to th
initial butted position, and further horizontal soil compaction causes longitudinal compression of
pipes. The maximum value of compressive force Nmax should not damage a pipeline, if the pipes
freely slide in tight connection bells of manholes or when there is a proper expansion in joints of s
ends of manholes. The Value of the force does not exceed the maximum jacking force.
After reaching the extreme value of strains for soil compaction, it loosens again, constituting
next, thedirection
third ofstage
mining
of mining influence on a pipeline. Then the pipes extend again, which result
Fig. 2. Performance of a expansions in pipe
jacking pipeline joint joints (case
in mining 4 in Fig. 3). It is the initial state before the influence of further min
areas
operations. Hence,
Figure 2: Performance of a jacking pipeline joint in mining areas.
to secure a pipeline built using the pipe jacking method in mining areas, pipe jo
In the second stage of mining influence should on a pipeline
be longer built
than using the jacking
standard method,
ones, similar to there is
the length of joints of pipes embedded in trench
horizontal compaction of a soil layer, whichLongitudinal,
results in reducing gaps in the joints that were formed
in relation to the pipeline, pipe joints should be able to compensate relative, extre
soils of pipe friction coefficient μ = 0.25 and displacements
approximately of the pipes, resulting from
For pipelines horizontal
of greater strains of
diameter, ground
e.g. D ≥ [6, 12]:surface
1 m,
2.5 m for μ = 0.20 (volumetric weight of soil γ =18.5 kN/m3, curvature ofradius lε max  R2 εshould
l [1  nbeM4(considered:
l )]
pipe external diameter Dz= 1221 mm). For pipelines of greater diameter, e.g. D ≥ 1 m, surface curvature of radius R should be considered:
In the second stage of mining influence on a pipeline lmax  lε max  lK max  l 2 ε  D / R1  n M (l ) (8)
built using the jacking method, there is horizontal
where coefficient of variation M (l ) needs to consider random dispersion of surface deforma
compaction of a soil layer, which results indicators in reducing gaps
ε and K for where
sectionscoefficient
of length l, of variation
equal M (lof) pipes.
to the length needs to consider
in the joints that were formed during the firstPipelines stage (case built3 using
random dispersion
the jacking methodofinsurface deformation
mining areas, which will indicators
be subjectedε to the min
in Fig. 2; case 3 in Fig. 3). Front surfaces ofinfluence the pipesonce, return
have toand K for tight
remain sectionsin theofexpansion
length l, equal joints asto shown
the length
in case of pipes.
4 in Fig. 3. Hence, t
to their initial butted position, and further canhorizontal
be shorter.soil Pipelines built using the jacking method in mining areas,
compaction causes longitudinal compression Dueof the pipes. soil
to horizontal which will be and
loosening subjected to thecaused
compaction, miningbyinfluence
horizontalonce, have
strains of ground, distan
The maximum value of compressive force Nmax should not to remain tight in the expansion joints as shown in case 4(case 3 in Fig
between manholes along the axis of a pipeline change. Horizontal soil compaction
damage a pipeline, if the pipes can freely slide
results in in tight in
shortening theFig. 3. Hence,
distances andthey canthe
sliding be ends
shorter.of pipes into the manholes. It may lead
connection bells of manholes or when there damaging is a the base (tight connection
proper bells and inverts),
Due to horizontal which needs
soil loosening andtocompaction,
be considered while design
expansion in joints of stub ends of manholes. and assembling
The Value sewage pipelines
caused using the strains
by horizontal pipe jacking method
of ground, in mining
distances areas. For the manho
between
of the force does not exceed the maximum jacking force.with stub ends permanently
manholes along the axis of a pipeline change. Horizontalprovide suffic
connected with a base, the joints with pipelines should
expansion.
After reaching the extreme value of strains for soil soil compactionThe displacements of the pipe ends
(case 3 innear
Fig.manholes
3) results areinpermanent
shortening after
themining (case 4
Fig. 3). It also should be considered while designing and building sewage pipelines using the jack
compaction, it loosens again, constituting the next, distances and sliding the ends of pipes into the manholes.
the third stage of mining influence on amethod. pipeline. The Thentotal displacements
It may lead of the topipe ends nearthe
damaging the manholes
base (tight and L2 ) equals the tota
( L1connection
during the first stage (case 3 in Fig. 2; case 3 in Fig. 3). Front gaps surfaces of
in given joints the pipes return
of theand section.to their
The maximum valuetoofbetheconsidered
total of thewhile displacements can
the pipes extend again, which results in expansions in bells inverts), which needs
initial butted position, and further horizontal soil compactiondetermined causes longitudinal
with the compression
following of the
equation:
pipe joints (case 4 in Fig. 3). It is the initial state before designing and assembling sewage pipelines using the
pipes. The maximum value of compressive force Nmax should not damage a pipeline, if the pipes can
the influence of further mining operations. Hence, to pipe jacking L method
 L1  inL2mining  ε L 1  L) the manholes
n M z (For
areas.
freely slide in tight connection bells of manholes or when there is a proper expansion in joints of stub
secure a pipeline built does
using where: method in with stub ends permanently connected with a base, the
ends of manholes. The Value of the force notthe pipethe
exceed jacking
maximum jacking force.
mining areas, value
pipe joints should be longer L than
− distance between manholes,
After reaching the extreme of strains for soil compaction, itstandard joints
loosens again, with pipelines
constituting the should provide sufficient expansion.
ones,ofsimilar n − coefficient of tolerance, which depends on the probability that the values of extreme strains
next, the third stage mining to the length
influence on aofpipeline.
joints of pipes
Then theembedded
pipes extend in again,
Thewhichdisplacements
results in of the pipe ends near manholes are
trenches. Longitudinal, not exceeded, n = 1.645 for normal mining (case and
distribution 4 inprobability 0.95,should be
expansions in pipe joints (case 4 in Fig. 3).in relation
It is to state
the initial the pipeline,
before thepipe influencepermanent
of further after
mining Fig. 3). It also
operations. Hence,joints should
to secure be able
a pipeline tousing
built compensate M z (Lmethod
relative,
the pipe jacking ) −extreme
coefficient
in mining ofareas,
variation
considered pipe ofjoints
while strains for soiland
designing compaction
buildingfor sewage L.
length pipelines
should be longerdisplacements of the
than standard ones, pipes,
similar resulting
to the length of from
The horizontal
joints totalof pipes using the
embedded
of displacements jacking
of pipemethod.
inLtrenches. ends intoThe total displacements
manholes, located approximately of the 50 metres ap
Longitudinal, instrains
relationoftoground [6, 12]:pipe joints should for
the pipeline, be average values ofpipe
able to compensate ends near
relative,
horizontal extreme
strains theofmanholes
ground of (6.0 ∆Lmm/m
1 and ∆
and L 9.0
2 ) equals
mm/m, the
will be respectiv
displacements of the pipes, resulting from horizontal strains of ground [6, 12]:
approximately total0.6ofm,
0.4 m and gaps in given
assuming M joints
( L )  of
0 .2 the
. section. The maximum
z
lε max  2 ε l [1  n M (l )] (7) value of the total (7)of the displacements can be determined
For pipelines of greater diameter, e.g. D ≥ 1 m, surface curvature of radius R shouldwith the following equation:
be considered:
lmax  lε max  lK max  l 2 ε  D / R1  n M (l ) (8)
where coefficient of variation M (l ) needs to consider random dispersion of surface deformation
indicators ε and K for sections of length l, equal to the length of pipes.
 Influence of Soil Deformation Caused by Mining on Sewage Pipelines Built Using The Pipe Jacking Method  151

1)

g the first stage (case 3 in Fig. 2; case 3 in Fig. 3). Front surfaces of the pipes return to their
l butted position, and further horizontal soil compaction causes longitudinal compression of the
L
. The maximum value of compressive force Nmax should not damage a pipeline, if the pipes can
2)
y slide in tight connection bells of manholes or when there is a proper expansion in joints of stub
of manholes. The Value of the force does not exceed the maximum jacking force.
fter reaching the extreme value of strains for soil compaction, it loosens again, constituting the
the third stage of mining influence on a pipeline. Then the pipes extend again, which results in
lr max
nsions in pipe joints (case 4 in Fig. 3). It is the initial state before the influence of further mining
tions. Hence, to secure a pipeline built using the pipe jacking method in mining areas, pipe joints
d be longer than standard ones, similar to the length of joints of pipes embedded in trenches.
itudinal, in relation to the pipeline, pipe joints should be able toL compensate relative, extreme
3) resulting from horizontal strains of ground [6, 12]:
acements of the pipes,
lε max  2 ε l [1  n M (l )] (7)
ipelines of greater diameter, e.g. D ≥ 1 m, surface curvature of radius
Nmax R should be considered:
lmax  lε max  lK max  l 2 ε  D / R1  n M (l ) (8)
e coefficient of variation M (l ) needs to consider random dispersion of surface deformation
ators ε and K for sections of length l, equal to the length of pipes.
pelines built using the jacking method in mining areas, which Lwill be subjected to the mining
ence once, have to remain tight in the expansion joints as shown in case 4 in Fig. 3. Hence, they
e shorter. 4)
ue to horizontal soil loosening and compaction, caused by horizontal strains of ground, distances
een manholes along the axis of a pipeline change. Horizontal soil compaction (case 3 in Fig. 3)
s in shortening the distances and sliding L1
the ends of pipes into the manholes. It may lead to
L2
ging the base (tight connection bells and inverts), which needs to be considered while designing
ssembling sewage pipelines using the pipe jacking method in mining areas. For the manholes
stub ends permanently connected with a base, the joints with pipelines ~L
should provide sufficient
nsion. The displacements of the pipe ends near manholes are permanent after mining (case 4 in
3). It also should be considered
Fig. 3.while designing
Pipeline sectionand building
built sewage
with the pipelinesmethod:
pipe jacking using the jackingstate, 2) after soil loosening,
1) initial
Figure 3: Pipeline section
3) afterbuilt with the pipe
soil compaction, jacking method:
4) pipeline 1) initial
and Lwas
( L1 which state, 2)
subjectedafter
tosoil
the loosening, 3) after soil
mining influence compaction, 4) pipeline which
once
od. The total displacements of the pipe ends near the manholes 2 ) equals the total of
was subjected to the mining influence once.
in given joints of the section. The maximum value of the total of the displacements can be
Large-diameter
mined with the following equation: sewage pipelines, built with pipe jacking method, can be a long section of pipes
assembledLwithout L2  ε L 1 joints,
 L1  expansion  n M z (asL)manholes(9) of a without
diameterexpansion
smaller
(9) than the diameter of a given
joints, as manholes of a diameter
e: pipeline are installed on the side or on the top of pipes. In
smaller than the diameter of a giventopipeline
such cases, it is also necessary analyseare
theinstalled
influence
where:
distance between of horizontal
L − distance
manholes, betweensoil manholes,
displacements n − on the whole on
coefficient pipeline. Hence,
the side or ona the
verytoplong
of linear
pipes.object,
In suchbuilt
cases, it is
of butted
coefficient ofoftolerance, segments,
which depends was
on considered.
the probability It is
that capable
the values of
of transmitting
extreme strainssignificant
are longitudinal
tolerance, which depends on the probability that the also necessary to analyse the influence of horizontal soil compressive
n forces
not exceeded,values
= 1.645 for normal
of and
extreme distribution
relatively
strains small
are notand probability
tensile forces,n0.95,
exceeded, which
= 1.645 depend on the valueon
for displacements of the
resistance force PuHence,
whole pipeline. in a pipe
a very long
L) − coefficient of variation
normal
joint. of strainsand
distribution
Longitudinal, for
in soil compaction
probability
relation to the0.95, M z (L
forpipeline,
length ) − islinear
L. object object,tobuilt
subjected the of butted segments,
influence was soil
of horizontal considered.
coefficient
he total of displacements Lof of
displacements variation
pipe ofinto
u. ends
The strains for soil
displacements
manholes, compaction
cause
located for It
longitudinal
approximately is capable
50 tangent
metres forces
apart, of on
transmitting
its externalsignificant longitudinal
surface. The
verage values length L. is
of situation
horizontal presented
strains in Fig.
of ground 4. mm/m and 9.0 mm/m, willcompressive
of 6.0 be respectivelyforces and relatively small tensile forces,
ximately 0.4 m andThe total
0.6 m, of displacements
assuming M z( L)  0.2 . DL of pipe ends into which depend on the value of resistance force Pu in a pipe
manholes, located approximately 50 metres apart, for joint. Longitudinal, in relation to the pipeline, object is
average values of horizontal strains of ground of 6.0 subjected to the influence of horizontal soil displacements
mm/m and 9.0 mm/m, will be respectively approximately u. The displacements cause longitudinal tangent forces on
0.4 m and 0.6 m, assuming M z( L) = 0.2 . its external surface. The situation is presented in Fig. 4.
Large-diameter sewage pipelines, built with pipe
jacking method, can be a long section of pipes assembled
5
6
 152  Piotr Kalisz, Magdalena Zięba

r r
0 x

u
displacement of soil grains

ur

pipeline displacement

Fig. 4. Linear object consisting of butted segments on mining subsoil,

Figure 4: Linear object consisting
u -ofsoil
butted segmentsuon- mining
displacement, subsoil, u - soil displacement, ur - object displacement.
object displacement
r

The value of compressive forces acting on the pipeline within the range of main influences, i.e.
along The
the line segment
value [-r;r], will forces
of compressive changeacting
according
on theto the dependence
pipeline divide such pipelines into sections and apply proper
N  t  x  r 
within the range of main influences, i.e. along the line expansions in joints, calculated (10) with equation (9). The
segment
where [-r;r],
x is the will change
distance from theaccording to the
mining edge, anddependence
r is the radius ofexpansions
the range of in joints
main lower the
influences. Theextreme axial forces to the
extreme value of compressive axial forces occurs at the distance –r values from a acceptable
mining edge,for jackingthe
assuming pipes.
boundary value of unit N =t x−r
tangent (
force t )on the surface of the
(10) whole segment, affected by soil
displacement. The value will be
where x is the distance from the mining N max  t  2and
edge, r  r is 4 Summary (11)
the radius
Jacking pipes ofcanthe range
adapt of mainsignificant
to transmit influences. The extreme
longitudinal forces, yet the values of longitudinal axial
valuemay
forces of compressive
be much higher axial
thanforces occurs capacity.
their bearing at the distance
A pipelinePipelines
built usingbuilt using the
the jacking jacking
method of method are linear objects
–r from
GRP pipesa of
mining
nominaledge, assuming
diameter of 1.1the m,boundary
embeddedvalue at theofdepthconsisting
of 4.0 m,ofwill butted pipe segments.
be subjected to In mining areas,
longitudinal
unit tangent force of approximately
force t on the surface 42,6ofMN,the once
whole it issegment,
within the radius of main influences
for pipelines built with of 400
the mpipe jacking method, the
3
(µ=0.25,
affectedγ by
=18.5
soilkN/m ). The value
displacement. Theof value
the force
willexceeds
be acceptablelongitudinal
value of the jacking force for theare crucial. It refers mainly
soil deformations
pipes of 3.66 MN for the wall thickness of 61 mm. to the horizontal strains of ground, and for large-scale
In mining areas, values (
N maxof=longitudinal )
t − 2 r forces, acting on (11)the pipelines
pipelines also
built tousing the jackingdisplacements and subsoil
the horizontal
method without expansion joints, can be much higher than acceptable values of pipe jacking forces.
curvature.
Thus, it is necessary to divide such pipelines into sections and apply proper expansions in joints,
Jacking pipes can adapt to transmit significant In mining areas, due to the influence of horizontal
calculated with equation (9). The expansions in joints lower the extreme axial forces to the values
longitudinal forces, yet the values of longitudinal axial strains and longitudinal soil displacements, it is
acceptable for jacking pipes.
forces may be much higher than their bearing capacity. A necessary to apply proper length of pipe joints and proper
4.pipeline
SUMMARY built using the jacking method of GRP pipes of tight connection bells through the walls of manholes. In
nominal diameter of 1.1 m, embedded at the depth of 4.0 large-scale pipelines, expansion joints should be applied,
Pipelines built using the jacking method are linear objects consisting of butted pipe segments. In
m, will be subjected to longitudinal force of approximately separating segments of acceptable length, due to the
mining areas, for pipelines built with the pipe jacking method, the longitudinal soil deformations are
42,6 MN, once it is within the radius of main influences bearing capacity of the pipes.
crucial. It refers mainly to the horizontal strains of ground, and for large-scale pipelines also to the
of 400 mdisplacements
horizontal (µ=0.25, γ =18.5 kN/m3curvature.
and subsoil ). The value of the force If pipelines built using the pipe jacking method are to
exceeds
In mining areas, due to the influence of horizontal strains and longitudinal soil to
acceptable value of the jacking force for the pipes be subjected repetitive mining
displacements, it is influences, their joints
of 3.66 MN
necessary for the
to apply wall length
proper thickness of 61
of pipe mm.and proper tight connection
joints should have the same
bells through thecapabilities
walls of to compensate subsoil
In mining areas, values of longitudinal forces, acting deformations as the pipelines embedded in trenches, as
on the pipelines built using the jacking method without they have to interact with deformable subsoil in mining
expansion joints, can be much higher than acceptable areas. 7
values of pipe jacking forces. Thus, it is necessary to
 Influence of Soil Deformation Caused by Mining on Sewage Pipelines Built Using The Pipe Jacking Method
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