PRELIMS IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

By: Jhoanie Marie P. Cauan

Electromagnetic waves with a frequency between 1GHz (wavelength 30cm) and 3GHz microwaves
(wavelength 1mm)
microwaves frequency are further categorized into frequency bands: L (1-2 GHz)
S (2-4 GHz)
C (4-8 GHz)
X (8-12 GHz)
receivers need an _______ view of the sender to successfully receive microwaves unobstructed
microwaves are ideal when large areas need to be covered and there are ________ in the path no obstacles
Draw the Microwave frequencies and bands
3 Advantages of microwaves over radio waves 1. because of high
frequency, more
data can be sent
through microwaves
-> increased
bandwidth, higher
speeds
2. because of their
short wave length,
microwaves use
smaller antennas
3. smaller antennas
produce a more
focused beam which
is difficult to
intercept
Disadvantages of microwave communication 1. they require no
obstacle is present
in the transmission
path
2. the cost of
implementing the
communication
infrastructure is
high
3. microwaves are
susceptible to rain,
snow,
electromagnetic
interference
Microwaves usages 1. carrier waves in
satellite
communications
2. cellular
communication
3. bluetooth
4. wireless local
area network
5. GPS (Global
Positioning System)
microwaves are generated by _________ through vibration of electrons magnetrons
It is a visible straight line between the sender and the receiver LoS (Line of Sight)
It is the propagation of microwaves in a straight line free from any obstructions LoS propagation
It is the elliptical area around the LoS between a sender and receiver; microwaves spread into Fresnel zone
this area once are generated by an antenna; this area should be free of any obstacles:
Draw the microwave communication concepts
microwaves, one generated, propagate in a ________ in ____ directions straight line, all
there are 3 modes of propagation possible, and the mode is decided based on distance and 1. Line of Sight
terrain Propagation
2. Skywave
Propagation
3. Ground Reflected
Path
Draw the 3 modes of propagation
Microwave signal attenuation 1. Gain
2. Loss
3. Reflection
4. Refraction
5. Scattering
6. Absorption
Draw the Microwave signal attenuation
_____________ are used in Wireless Personal Area Networks, a small area wireless network, Infrared &
spanning a range around 30 feet, involving computers or laptops, cellular phones Bluetooth
communication
Infrared & Bluetooth communication are used in ____________, a small area wireless Wireless Personal
network, spanning a range around 30 feet, involving computers or laptops, cellular phones Area Networks

Infrared & Bluetooth communication are used in Wireless Personal Area Networks, a small 30 feet
area wireless network, spanning a range around _______, involving computers or laptops,
cellular phones
Infrared & Bluetooth communication are used in Wireless Personal Area Networks, a small computers or
area wireless network, spanning a range around 30 ft, involving __________________ laptops, cellular
phones
_________ have frequency between 300 GHz and 400 THz and wave lengths between 1 mm Infrared waves
and 750 nm
Infrared waves have frequency between _________ and wave lengths between 1 mm and 750 300 GHz and 400
nm THz
Infrared waves have frequency between 300 GHz and 400 THz and wave lengths between 1 mm and 750 nm
___________.
Infrared waves are classified into sub bands 1. near-infrared
(120THz-400THz):
are visible to the
human eye as red
and violet
2. mid-infrared
(30THz-120THz)
3. far-infrared
(300GHz-30THz): are
not visible to the
human eye, but are
radiated in the form
of heat
_________ are visible to the human eye as red and violet near-infrared
(120THz-400THz)
____________ are not visible to the human eye, but are radiated in the form of heat far-infrared
(300GHz-30THz)
electromagnetic waves which are pulses of infrared light Infrared waves
are used for short range communication, unobstructed (e.g. remote control for a TV set), Infrared waves
though they can reflect on hard surfaces
INFRARED WAVES: factors affecting communication: 1. bright sunlight
2. hard obstacles
(e.g. walls, doors)
3. smoke
4. dust
5. fog
there are 2 infrared system configurations 1. point-to-point
communication
2. diffuse
communication
transmitter and receiver are placed in the LoS, directed toward each other, free of obstacles point-to-point
communication
transmitter and receiver are placed in the vicinity, but not necessary in a straight line; diffuse
communication
Point-to-point communication is also called as _______________ directed LoS
systems
Diffuse communication is also called as _______________ non-directed non-
LoS systems
Infrared devices 1. LED (Light
Emitting Diode)
2. LD (Laser Diode)
3. many infrared
devices (e.g. remote
control, laptop, pda)
follows the rules
from IrDA (InfRared
Data Association)
wider transmission beam LED (Light Emitting
suitable for diffuse configuration Diode)
more widely used
have more focused beam LD (Laser Diode)
are more efficient
IrDA InfRared Data
Association
short range communication (30 feet) between various devices like laptops, PDAs, PCs, gaming Bluetooth
consoles etc.
creates a WPAN
max 8 devices can be connected to each other (piconet)
bluetooth devices operate at low power levels (1miliWatt)
Bluetooth data and voice is exchanged at ______ 2.4 GHz

max 8 devices can be connected to each other piconet

bluetooth devices operate at low power levels 1milliWatt
Bluetooth security 1. is wireless, so
susceptible to
interception
2. Bluetooth offers
authentication and
authorization
3. Bluetooth offers
non-discoverable
mode
Bluetooth devices 1. laptops
2. personal
computers
3. printers
4. GPS receivers
5. cellular phones
6. gaming consoles
7. head phones
Technical challenges on Microwave Communications 1. Multipath
Propagation
2. Spectrum
Limitations
3. Energy
Limitations
4. User Mobility
The signal can get from the TX to the RX via a number of different propagation paths. Multipath
Propagation
In some cases, a Line Of Sight (LOS) connection might exist between TX and RX. Multipath
Propagation
Furthermore, the signal can get from the TX to the RX by being reflected at or diffracted by Multipath
different Interacting Objects (IOs) in the environment: houses, mountains (for outdoor Propagation
environments), windows, walls, etc.
Draw the Multipath Propagation
2 Kinds of Multipath Propagation 1. Fading
2. Intersymbol
Interference
A simple RX cannot distinguish between the different Multi Path Components (MPCs); it just Fading
adds them up, so that they interfere with each other. The interference between them can be
constructive or destructive, depending on the phases of the MPCs

MPCs Multi Path

Components
Fading - A simple RX cannot distinguish between the different Multi Path Components (MPCs); Constructive,
it just adds them up, so that they interfere with each other. The interference between them destructive
can be ________ or __________, depending on the phases of the MPCs

Draw the constructive and destructive Fading.

The runtimes for different MPCs are different Intersymbol
Interference

The impulse response of the channel is not a single delta pulse but rather a sequence of pulses Intersymbol
(corresponding to different MPCs), each of which has a distinct arrival time in addition to Interference
having a different amplitude and phase
Draw the Intersymbol Interference
The spectrum available for wireless communications services is limited, and regulated by Spectrum
international agreements. Limitations
Two approaches are used in Spectrum Limitations 1. regulated
spectrum usage
2. unregulated
spectrum
___________ is where a single network operator has control over the usage of the spectrum regulated spectrum
usage
___________ is where each user can transmit without additional control, as long as (s)he unregulated
complies with certain restrictions on the emission power and bandwidth spectrum
suborganization of the United Nations which regulates the frequency assignment for different International
wireless services Telecommunications
Union (ITU)
Further regulations are issued by the frequency regulators of individual countries 1. Federal
Communications
Commission (FCC) in
the USA
2. Association of
Radio Industries and
Businesses (ARIB) in
Japan
3. European
Conference of Postal
and
Telecommunications
Administrations
(CEPT) in Europe
Since spectrum is limited, the same spectrum has to be used for different wireless connections Frequency Reuse in
in different locations. Regulated Spectrum
In contrast to regulated spectrum, several services use frequency bands that are available to Frequency Reuse in
the general public Unregulated
Spectrum
the requirement to build an RX with high sensitivity is in contrast to the requirement of having Limited Energy
energy-saving signal processing
___________ is an inherent feature of most wireless systems, and has important Mobility
consequences for system design.
If there is an incoming call for a certain MS (user), the network has to know in which cell the User Mobility
user is located. The first requirement is that an MS emits a signal at regular intervals, informing
nearby BSs that it is “in the neighborhood.”
Two databanks then employ this information: 1. Home Location
Register (HLR)
2. Visitor Location
Register (VLR)
____________ is a central database that keeps track of the location a user is currently at Home Location
Register (HLR)
____________ is a database associated with a certain BS that notes all the users who are Visitor Location
currently within the coverage area of this specific BS. Register (VLR)

Microwave communications requires the line-of-sight or space wave propagation method. repeaters
There are some instances where barriers are inevitable which cause obstructions between the
transmitter and receiver. This kind of problem is best resolved by ___________.
Microwave Devices 1. Gunn Diode
2. Impatt Diode
3. Schottky Diode
4. Tunnel Diode
5. Varactor Diode
6. Transistors
7. Integrated
Circuits (IC)
A microwave semiconductor device which is used as an oscillator Gunn Diode
In some cases, it can be used as an amplifier
4GHz to 100GHz
Used for oscillation and amplification of the microwave length of frequency Impatt Diode
200 GHz
Used for rectification for microwave length of frequencies Schottky Diode
In some cases, it is used for switching and mixing purposes
3MHz to 10GHz
Which is used for oscillation, amplification, mixing and switching purposes Tunnel Diode
100GHz

Used in television and GM receiver circuits Varactor Diode

Can also be used un FM transmitter circuits
105GHz

The conventional transistor cannot be used for microwave frequencies because of its low Field Effect
efficiency and high distortion Transistor (FET)
__________ is used for microwave due to its efficient energy bands for very high frequency
__________ can be easily manufactured for the purpose of microwave frequencies Integrated Circuits
(IC)

Microwave Tubes 1. Inductive Output

Tube (IOT)
2. Klystron tube
3. Reflex Klystron
tube
4. Magnetron tube
Draw and cite the uses of the 4 Microwave Tubes