Example 3

An aluminum rod shown has a circular cross section and is subjected to an axial
load of 10 kN. If a portion of the stress-strain diagram for the material is shown,
determine the approximate elongation of the rod when the load is applied. If the
load is removed, does the rod return to its original length? Take Eal = 70 GPa.
20 mm
15 mm
A B C
10 kN 10 kN

600 mm 400 mm
σ (MPa)

60
50
40
30
20
10
ε (mm/mm)
O 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 26
• The Load is Applied
20 mm
15 mm
A B C
10 kN 10 kN

600 mm 400 mm

σ (MPa) σ AB =
P
=
10 kN
= 31.83 MPa
A π (0.01 m) 2
60
56.6 P 10 kN
50 σ BC = = = 56.6 MPa
A π (0.0075 m) 2
40
31.83 30
20
10 εBC = 0.045 mm/mm
ε (mm/mm)
O 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
σ AB 31.83 ×10 6 Pa
ε AB = = = 0.0004547 mm / mm
Eal 70 ×10 Pa
9

The elongation of the rod is

δ = Σ εL = εABLAB + εBCLBC = (0.0004547)(600 mm) + (0.045)(400 mm) = 18.3 mm 27
• The Load is Removed
20 mm
15 mm
A B C
10 kN 10 kN

600 mm 400 mm

σ (MPa) σ AB =
P
=
10 kN
= 31.83 MPa
A π (0.01 m) 2
60
56.6 P 10 kN
50 σ BC = = = 56.6 MPa
A π (0.0075 m) 2
σpl = 40
σ BC 56.6 ×106 Pa
31.83 30 ε rec = = = 0.000808 mm / mm
parallel Eal 70 ×109 Pa
20
10 εBC = 0.045 mm/mm
G
ε (mm/mm)
O 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
εOG

The permanent strain, εOG = 0.0450 - 0.000808 = 0.0442 mm/mm

The elongation of the rod is

δ´ = Σ εL = 0 + εOGLBC = 0.0442(400 mm) = 17.7 mm
28
Poisson’s Ratio
δ/2

P L
δ/2

Final Shape
Original Shape
r P
Tension
δ´
δ δ'
ε long = and ε lat =
L r
δ/2 L
P ε lat
ν =−
δ/2 ε long
Original Shape

Final Shape
r P
δ´
Compression
29
 y
P t
x
P
z
L b

εx εy
ν =− =−
εz εz

Assumption:

• Homogeneous
• Isotropic
• Elastic

30
Example 4

A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimensions shown. If an axial force of P = 80 kN
is applied to the bar, determine the change in its length and the change in the
dimensions of its cross section after applying the load. The material behaves
elastically. Take E = 200 GPa and νst = 0.32.

y
P = 80 kN 50 mm
x
P = 80 kN
z
1.5 m 100 mm

31
 δ)
• The change in the bar’s length (δ
y
P = 80 kN 50 mm
x
P = 80 kN
z
1.5 m 100 mm

- z direction - x and y direction

P 80 kN
σz = = = 16 MPa Poisson' s Ratio :
A (0.1 m)(0.05 m)
ε lat ε ε
σz ν st = − =− x =− y
Est = ε long εz εz
εz
16(106 ) Pa εx = εy = - νst εz = -0.32[(80(10-6)] = -25.6 µ
200(10 ) Pa =
9

εz
δx = -εxLx = -[25.6(10-6)(0.1 m) = -2.56 µm
ε z = 80(10 ) mm / mm = 80µ
−6

δz = εzLz = [80(10-6)(1.5 m)] = 120 µm δy = -εyLy = -[25.6(10-6)(0.05 m) = -1.28 µm

32