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Pipeline in nutshell (presentation for Structural

engineering students)

Presentation · April 2017

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27311.94883

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Mahdi Haghdoust
Urmia University
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 Pipeline
In nutshell!
Mahdi Haghdoust
Structural Engineering (M.Sc) student of Urmia university
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mahdi_Haghdoust m.haghdoust@outlook.com
st_m.haghdoust@urmia.ac.ir
What is Pipeline? Is it really that much different?

 Well the answer is no! it’s not that much different.

 Consider a cylindrical tubular member. This member can be used as a
column in an offshore structure or as a beam of a children swing or as a
system to transport fuel or water from one place to another. The only
thing that differs in these situations is members mechanical behavior. So,
when we talk about a pipe, – as a structural engineer of course – we talk
about a cylindrical tubular member that carries a fluid. This members –
which we will call it pipe hereafter – load bearing capacity, ductility,
stiffness degradation and energy dissipation will be discussed. The
scenario we define for member determines what kind of behavior is
expected.

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More about cylindrical tubular sections
The cylindrical tubular members are predominant in offshore
structures and Pipelines because of several reasons. They minimize
hydrodynamic forces, have great torsional rigidity, offer great local
strength against impact loading, and minimize the outside surface
subject to corrosion. Above all, they have the same large buckling
strength in all directions. However, a joint of tubular members tends
to have a complicated configuration which results in high stress
concentration. The high stress concentration causes cumulative
fatigue failure due to cyclic wave forces. For this reason, much of the
early offshore research was directed towards the study of tubular
joint.

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Cylindrical members design in offshore structures

The design of offshore structures is based on the so-called 'dual

design philosophy'. This design philosophy consists of two
requirements: strength requirements and ductility requirements. The
strength requirements are intended to prevent major structural
damage for the level of earthquake activity that has a reasonable
probability of occurring during the life of a structure. The ductility
requirements are intended to ensure that the structure has a
sufficient energy absorption and dissipation capacity through an
inelastic straining of its component members to prevent a total
collapse of the structural system.

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More about Pipes
Contents:
1- Strength of Material
2- Pipe Hydraulics (brief)
3- Design Strategies and Value

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Strength of Material
A pipe must have enough strength and/or stiffness to perform its
intended function. It must also be durable enough to last for its design
life. The term strength as used here is the ability to resist stress.
Stresses in a conduit may be caused by such loadings as internal
pressure, soil loads, live loads, differential settlement, and longitudinal
Bending.

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Strength of Material
The term stiffness refers to the material’s ability to resist
deflection. Stiffness is directly related to the modulus of
elasticity of the pipe material and the second moment of the
cross section of the pipe wall. Durability is a measure of the
pipe’s ability to withstand environmental effects with time. Such
terms as orrosion resistance and abrasion resistance are
durability factors.

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Strength of Material
Piping materials are generally placed in one of two classifications:
rigid or flexible. A flexible pipe has been defined as one that will
deflect at least 2 percent without structural distress. Materials that do
not meet this criterion are usually considered to be rigid. Claims that a
particular pipe is neither flexible nor rigid, but somewhere in between
have little importance since current design standards are based either
on the concept of a flexible conduit or on the concept of a rigid
conduit.

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Strength of Material

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Strength of Material
 Concrete and clay pipes are examples of materials which are
usually considered to be rigid. Steel and plastic pipes are
usually considered to be flexible. Each type of pipe may have
one or more performance limits which must be considered by
the design engineer. For rigid pipes, strength to resist wall
stresses due to the combined effects of internal pressure and
external load is usually critical. For flexible pipes, stiffness may
be important in resisting ring deflection and possible buckling.

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Pipe Hydraulics (brief)
 Flow in pipes is usually classified as pressure flow for systems
where pipes are flowing full or open-channel flow when pipes
are not flowing full. Water and Oil systems and are pressure
systems and are considered to be flowing full. On the other
hand, sewer systems, for the most part, are open-channel
systems. The exception to this is forced sewer mains where lift
pumps are used to pump sewage under pressure.

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Design
 The client and authorities in the country where a pipeline is to be
installed shall endorse the codes and standards used by the
designer. Pipeline design codes that are widely recognised include:
 • ASME B31.8-1999 Chapter VIII;
 • BS 8010 Part 3;
 • ISO 13623;
 • DNV OS-F101.
 • API

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Design
 ASME B31.8, BS 8010 Part 3 and ISO 13623 are all codes that belong
to the Allowable Stress Design (ASD) family of codes. DNV OS-F101
adopts the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) format.
 Traditionally the following different limit states are considered:
• Serviceability Limit States (SLS);
• Ultimate Limit States (ULS);
• Accidental Limit States (ALS).

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Design- Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
 For a marine pipeline it shall be ensured that during its installation and operation it will
not be unsuitable for its intended purpose. The SLS refers to a given load condition that,
if exceeded, can cause the pipeline to be unsuitable for continued operation. The SLS
are defined for all the relevant loading conditions that can be formulated. The following
issues are normally considered:
 • deformation and movements due to waves and currents (hydrodynamic stability);
 • longitudinal deformations due to temperature and pressure variations (pipeline
expansion);
 • lateral deformations due to restrained temperature and pressure expansion (upheaval
buckling or snaking);
 • blockage of the pipeline, due to hydrate formation or wax deposition (flow ssurance),
for example.

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Design- Serviceability Limit States (SLS)

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Design- Serviceability Limit States (SLS)

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Design- Serviceability Limit States (SLS)

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Design- Serviceability Limit States (SLS)

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Design- Serviceability Limit States (SLS)

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Design- Serviceability Limit States (SLS)

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Design- Serviceability Limit States (SLS)

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Design- Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
 It shall be ensured that the pipeline has the required safety
against failure in the ULS, defined in terms of:
 • plastic deformations (yielding);
 • local instability (buckling);
 • crack instability (bursting);
 • repeated loading (fatigue).
 Furthermore, it shall be ensured that the pipeline has the
required safety against accidental loads.

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Design- Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
 The design criteria for ULS should in general be formulated for the first
passage of the limit state, as the first passage in almost all cases is
equivalent to failure. Note, however, that yielding failure is defined in
terms of deformations, not stresses, implying that first time yield is
allowed, provided it does not lead to excessive strains or deformations.
 It should also be noted that fatigue or other time dependent deterioration
mechanisms reduce the strength of the structure, and may initiate ULS. In
this relation it is useful to distinguish between damage tolerant and
amage intolerant structures. For the latter, fatigue may be treated as an
ULS, whereas it may be considered as an SLS for a damage tolerant
structure.

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Design- Ultimate Limit States (ULS)

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Design- Ultimate Limit States (ULS)

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Design- Ultimate Limit States (ULS)

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Design- Ultimate Limit States (ULS)

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Design- Ultimate Limit States (ULS)

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Design- Ultimate Limit States (ULS)

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 Resources :
 A. Moser, Steve Folkman-Buried Pipe Design, 3rd
Edition (2008)
 M.W. Braestrup-Design And Installation Of Marine
Pipelines-Blackwell Science (2005)
 API-API RP 1111 4th Ed. Dec. 2009 - Design,
Construction, Operation, and Maintenance of Offshore
Hydrocarbon Pipelines
 WSAA 2003 Common Failure Modes in Pressurised
Pipeline Systems

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