14

1 x y+ z Q f ( x ) is continuous at x = 1.
1. Let A = 1 y z+ x ∴ lim f ( x ) = lim− f ( x ) = f (1)
x → 1+ x→1
1 z x+ y
⇒ 4 + 3a = 1
Applying C3 → C3 + C2, we get 1− 4
⇒ a= = −1
1 x x+ y+ z 3
A= 1 y x+ y+ z ∴For a = − 1, the given function is continuous at x = 1.
1 z x+ y+ z (1/2)
(1/2) 2
4. Let I = ∫ e x − [ x ]dx
Taking ( x + y + z ) common from C3, we get 0

1 2
1 x 1 = ∫ e x −[ x ] dx + ∫ e x −[ x ] dx
A= 1 y 1
0 1
1 2
1 z 1 = ∫ e xdx + ∫ e ( x − 1)dx
0 1

Here, two columns C1 and C3 are identical. [Q[ x ] = 0, 0 < x < 1 and [ x ] = 1, 1 < x < 2]
∴ A=0 (1/2) = [e x ]10 + [e x − 1 ]12 = [e − e ° ] + [e − e ° ]
2. We know that, = (e − 1) + (e − 1) = 2e − 2 = 2(e − 1) (1)
cos α + cos β + cos γ = 1
2 2 2

5. We have, x m y n = ( x + y )m + n
π π
Here, α = and β =
3 4 Taking log on both sides, we get
π π log( x m y n ) = log( x + y )m + n
So, cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 γ = 1
3 4 (1/2) ⇒ log x + log y n = (m + n ) log( x + y )
m

2 2
 1  1 ⇒ m log x + n log y = (m + n ) log( x + y )
⇒   +   + cos γ = 1
2
 2  2 Now, differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
3 m n dy 1  dy 
⇒ + cos 2 γ = 1 + = (m + n ) ⋅ ⋅ 1 + 
4 x y dx x+ y  dx 
3 1 1
⇒ cos 2 γ = 1 − = ⇒ cos γ = n dy  m + n  dy  m + n  m
4 4 2 ⇒ −  = −
y dx  x + y  dx  x + y  x
π
∴ γ= n m + n  dy x(m + n ) − m( x + y )
3 (1/2) ⇒  −  =
y x+ y  dx x( x + y )
3. We have,
 nx + ny − my − ny  dy xm + xn − mx − my
 5 x − 4, 0 < x ≤1 ⇒  = (1)
f( x) =  2  y( x + y )  dx x( x + y )
 4 x + 3 ax, 1 < x <2
dy y
Here, f(1) = 5 (1) − 4 = 1 ⇒ = … (i)
dx x
∴ lim f ( x ) = lim f (1 + h ) Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
x → 1+ h→ 0

= lim 4(1 + h ) + 3a(1 + h ) = 4 + 3 a

2 dy y
x − y x⋅ − y
h→ 0 d 2y dx x
Now, 2 = = [from Eq. (i)]
and lim f ( x ) = lim f (1 − h ) dx x2 x2
x → 1− h→ 0
y−y
= lim 5 (1 − h ) − 4 = 1 (1/2) = =0 Hence proved. (1)
h→ 0 x2
 → → → →
6. LHS = [ a + b + c a + b a + c ]
→ → → d 2y dy dy
⇒ x2 + 2x = y+ x [from Eq. (i)]
→ → → → → → →
dx 2 dx dx
= ( a + b + c )⋅ [( a + b) × ( a + c )] d 2y dy
→ → → → → → → → → → → ⇒ x2 +x −y=0
= ( a + b + c )⋅ [( a × a) + ( a × c ) + (b × a) + (b × c )] dx 2 dx (1)
[by using distributive law]
→ → → → → → → → →
9. Let x be the length of an edge of cube and V be the
= ( a + b + c )⋅ [0 − (c × a) − ( a × b) + (b × c )] volume of the cube.
→ → → → → → → → → →
[Q a × a = 0, a × c = − c × a, b × a = − a × b] (1) Then, V = x 3
→ → → → → → → → → ∴ Rate of change of volume w.r.t. time, we get
= − a ⋅ (c × a) − a ⋅ ( a + b) + a ⋅ (b × c )
dv d 3 dx
→ → → → →
− b ⋅ (c × a) − b ⋅ ( a × b) + b ⋅ (b × c )
→ → → →
= ( x ) = 3x 2
dt dt dt (1)
→ → → → → → → → →
− c ⋅ (c + a) − c ⋅ ( a × b) + c ⋅ (b × c ) It is given that edge of the cube is increasing at the rate of
→→→ →→→ →→→ 10 cm/s.
= − [ a c a] − [ a a b] + [ a bc ] dx
→→→ →→→ →→→ So, = 10 cm / s
− [bc a] − [b a b] + [b bc ] dt
dV
→→→ →→→
− [c c a] − [c a b] + [c bc ]
→→→
∴ = 3 x 2(10 ) = 30 x 2cm 3 / s
dt
→→→ →→→ →→→
= − 0 − 0 + [ a bc ] − [bc a] − 0 + 0 − 0 − [c a b] + 0 Thus, when x = 5 cm, then
[Q scalar triple product of two equal vector is zero] dV
= 30(5)2 = 750 cm 3 / s
→→→ →→→ →→→ →→→ →→→ →→→ dt (1)
= [ a bc ] − [ a bc ] − [ a bc ] [Q[bc a] = [c a b] = [ a bc ]]
→ → → Hence, the volume of the cube is increasing at the rate of
= − [a b c ] 750 cm 3 / s when the edge is 5 cm long.
= R.H.S Hence proved.(1)
10. We have, 25.2
7. Given, (4 A − 3B) = 4 A + (−3B) Consider f ( x ) = x
4 ⋅ 3 4 ⋅ 5  12 20  Let x = 25 and ∆x = 0.2
Now, 4A =  =  1
4 ⋅ 7 4 ⋅ (−9) 28 −36 ∴ f′ ( x) =
2 x (1)
(−3)⋅ 6 (−3)⋅ (−4)
and −3B = (−3)⋅ B =   Now, f ( x + ∆x ) ≈ f ( x ) + ∆xf ′ ( x )
(−3)⋅ 2 (−3)⋅ 3 
1
−18 12  ⇒ x + ∆x ≈ x + ⋅ ∆x
=  2 x
 −6 −9 (1) 0.2 0.2
⇒ 25.2 ≈ 25 + = 5+ = 5.02
∴ 4 A − 3B = 4 A + (−3B) 2 25 10
12 20  −18 12  ⇒ 25.2 = 5.02 (1)
= +  
28 −36  −6 −9
2
11. Let I = ∫− 1 (| x + 1| + | x | + | x − 1|) dx
12 + (−18) 20 + 12  −6 32 
= = 
0
= ∫ (| x + 1| + | x | + | x − 1|) dx
 28 + (−6) −36 + (−9) 22 −45 −1
1
−6 32  + ∫ (| x + 1| + | x | + | x − 1|) dx
Hence, (4 A − 3B) =   0
22 −45 2

∫ (| x + 1| + | x | + | x − 1|) dx (1)
(1) +
1
B
8. We have, y = Ax + 0
= ∫ [( x + 1) − x − ( x − 1)] dx +
1

x −1 ∫ [( x + 1) +
0
x − ( x − 1)] dx
2
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy B dy B
+ ∫
1
[( x + 1) + ( x ) + ( x − 1)] dx
= A− 2 ⇒ x = Ax − (1/2) 0 1 2
dx x dx x = ∫ (− x + 2 ) dx + ∫ ( x + 2 ) dx + ∫ (3 x ) dx
−1 0 1
dy B B
⇒ y+ x = Ax + + Ax − = 2 Ax
0 1 2
…(i)  − x2   x2   3x 2 
dx x x = + 2 x +  + 2 x +  
 2 − 1  2  0  2 1
Again differentiating, we get
d 2 y dy   1   1    3
dy
+x 2 + = 2A = (−0 + 0 ) −  − − 2  +  2 + 2 − (0 + 0 ) + 6 − 2 
(1/2)   2   
dx dx dx
5 5 9 19
d 2y dy = + + =
⇒ x2 + 2x = 2 Ax 2 2 2 2 (1)
dx 2 dx
12. Given, mean = 4, variance = 3 sin 2 2 h  sin 2 h 
2

⇒ lim = lim   =1
We know that, h→ 0 4h 2 h→ 0  2 h 
(1)
mean = np and variance = npq
At x = 0, f (0 ) = k
∴ p+ q =1
Now, from Eq. (i), we get
and p = 1− q … (i)
LHL = f(0 ) ⇒ 1⋅ 1 = k ⇒ k = 1 (1)
According to the question,
Hence, for k = 1, the given function f ( x ) is continuous at
Mean = np x=0 (1)
4 = np … (ii) − 1 − 2 − 2 
and variance = npq 15. We have, A =  2 1 − 2 
⇒ 3 = npq  2 − 2 1 
⇒ 3 = 4q [from Eq. (ii)] −1 −2 −2
3
⇒ q= Now,| A| = 2 1 −2
4 (1)
2 −2 1 (1)
On putting the value of q in Eq. (i), we get
= − 11
( − 4) − (− 2 ) (2 + 4) + (− 2 ) (− 4 − 2 )
3 1
p = 1− = = 3 + 12 + 12 = 27
4 4
Cofactors of A are
Now, on putting the value of p in Eq. (ii), we get
1 −2
1 A11 = (− 1)1 + 1 = 1 (1 − 4) = − 3
n × = 4 ⇒ n = 16 −2 1
4
2 −2
Now, binomial distribution A12 = (− 1)1 + 2 = (− 1) (2 + 4) = − 6
r 16 − r 2 1
 1  3
= nCr ⋅ prq n − r = 16Cr     2 1
 4  4 (1) A13 = (− 1)1 + 3 = 1 (− 4 − 2 ) = − 6
2 −2
13. Given, f (a) = 4, f (b) = 10, g(a) = 1and g(b) = 3 −2 −2
A 21 = (− 1)2 + 1 = (− 1) (− 2 − 4) = 6
where, a<c < b −2 1 (1)
We know that from Lagrange’s mean value theorem, −1 −2
A 22 = (− 1)2 + 2 = 1 (− 1 + 4) = 3
if a function is continuous and differentiable in (a, b), then 2 1
there exist atleast pointc ∈(a, b)such that −1 −2
f (b) − f (a) A23 = (− 1)2 + 3 = (− 1) (2 + 4) = − 6
f ′ (c ) = 2 −2
b−a (2)
−2 −2
A 31 = (− 1)3 + 1 = 1 (4 + 2 ) = 6
∴ For the given question 1 −2
10 − 4 6
f ′ (c ) = = −1 −2
b−a b−a A 32 = (− 1)3 + 2 = (− 1) (2 + 4) = − 6
2 −2
3−1 2
and g′ (c ) = = −1 −2
b−a b−a A33 = (− 1)3 + 3 = 1 (− 1 + 4) = 3
2 1 (1)
Here f ′ (c ) = 3g′ (c ) Hence proved. (2)
T
− 3 − 6 − 6 − 3 6 6

∴ adj( A) = 6  
3 − 6 = − 6 3 − 6
 1 − cos 4 x     
14. Given function is f ( x ) =   , if x ≠ 0  6 − 6 3  − 6 − 6 3 
8x 2 
 k, if x = 0 − 1 − 2 − 2  − 3 6 6
Also, given f ( x ) is continuous at x = 0. Now, A(adj A) =  2 1 − 2  − 6 3 − 6
  
∴ (LHL)x=0 =(RHL)x=0 = f(0) … (i)  2 − 2 1  − 6 − 6 3 

Now, LHL = lim− f ( x )  3 + 12 + 12 − 6 − 6 + 12 − 6 + 12 − 6

= − 6 − 6 + 12 12 + 3 + 12 12 − 6 − 6 
x→ 0
1 − cos 4 x 1 − cos(−4h )  
= lim− = lim
x→ 0 8x 2 h → 0 8h 2 − 6 + 12 − 6 12 − 6 − 6 12 + 12 + 3 
[put x = 0 − h = − h, when x → 0, h → 0] (1) 27 0 0 
1 − cos 4h 2
2 sin 2 h =  0 27 0 
= lim = lim  
h→ 0 8h 2 h→ 0 8h 2  0 0 27 
  1 0 0  27 0 0  dy y x+2
17. We have, xy = ( x + 2 )( y + 2 ) ⇒ dy = dx
and | A| I3 = 27 0 1 0  =  0 27 0  dx y+2 x
   
0 0 1  0 0 27   2   2
⇒ 1 −  dy = 1 +  dx (1)
 y + 2 x
Hence, A (adj A) = | A| I3 Hence proved.(1)
On integrating, we get
16. We have, y − 2 log( y + 2 ) = x + 2 log x + C …(i) (1)
 a cos x − b sin x  Given, y = −1, when x = 1, then from Eq. (i),
−1  a cos x − b sin x  −1  b cos x  −1 − 2 log (−1 + 2 ) = 1 + 2 log 1 + C
LHS = tan   = tan 
 b cos x − a sin x  b cos x − a sin x  ⇒ C = −2, [Q log 1 = 0 ](1)
 
 b cos x 
Then eq. (i) becomes
[on dividing numerator and denominator by b cos x] y − 2 log( y + 2 ) = x + 2 log x − 2
 a  ⇒ y = x − 2 + 2{log( y + 2 ) + log x}
− tan x
−1  b  −1  p − q  ⇒ y = x − 2 + 2 log{ x( y + 2 )} (1)
= tan   = tan  ,
a
1 + tan x   1 + pq  Which is the required particular solution.
 b 
Or
a
where = p and tan x = q (2) dy 1
b We have, x( x − 1) = 1 ⇒ dy =
2
dx
dx x( x 2 − 1)
a
= tan −1 p − tan −1 q = tan −1 − tan −1(tan x ) Put ( x 2 − 1) = t ⇒ 2 xdx = dt
b
1 dt
 a 
=  tan −1 − x = RHS
Now, ∫ dy = 2 ∫ t (t + 1) (1/2)
 b 
 a cos x − b sin x    Resolving into partial fractions, we get
−1 a
Hence, tan −1   =  tan − x . 1  1
 b cos x − a sin x    1  
b (2)
∫ dy = 2 ∫  t − t + 1 dt  (1)
Or
1
 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x  ⇒ y= [log t − log|t + 1|] + C
LHS = cot −1   2
 1 + sin x − 1 − sin x  1
⇒ y = [log t − log[t + 1]] + C (1/2)
Consider, 1 + sin x 2
x x x x 1 t
= cos 2 + sin 2 + 2 sin cos ⇒ y = log +C …(i)
2 2 2 2 2 t +1

 x x
2
x x 1 x2 − 1
= cos + sin  = cos + sin ⇒ y= log
 2 2  2 2 2 x2

x x x x When x = 2 then y = 0 (1)

Similarly, 1 − sin x = cos 2 + sin 2 − 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2 1 3
∴ C = − log
2 2 4
 x x x x
= cos − sin  = cos − sin 1  1 1 3
 2 2 2 2 From Eq. (i), y = log 1 − 2  − log
2  x  2 4
  π  x x
2
x x
Q x ∈ 0, , cos − sin  = cos − sin  which is the required particular solution. (1)
  4  2 2 2 2
 dx
18. Let I = ∫
 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x  sin 4 x + cos 4 x
−1
∴ LHS = cot  
 1 + sin x − 1 − sin x  On dividing numerator and denominator by cos 4 x,
we get
 x x  x x 
 cos 2 + sin 2  + cos − sin   sec 4 x sec 2 x(1 + tan 2 x )
2 2 I=∫ dx = ∫ dx
= cot −1   tan x + 1
4
1 + tan 4 x
 cos x + sin x  − cos x x
− sin   [Q sec 2 x = 1 + tan 2 x ](1)
  2 2  2 2  
Put t = tan x ⇒ dt = sec 2 x dx
 x
1
2 cos 
−1  2 = cot −1  x x 1+ 2
= cot  1+ t2
x  cot 2  = 2 = RHS ∴ I=∫ dt = ∫ t dt
 2 sin  1+ t4 1
 2  2
+ t2
t
Hence proved. [dividing numerator and denominator by t 2] (1)
 1 1 → → → 2 → → →
1+ = (| a + b + c | − | a|2 − | b|2 − | c |2 )
=∫ t2 dt 2
2
 1 1
t −  + 2 = − [(5)2 + (12 )2 + (13)2 ]
 t 2
1
1  1 = − (25 + 144 + 169)
Put u = t − ⇒ du = 1 + 2  dt 2
t  t 
1
du = − (2 × 169) = − 169
∴ I=∫ (1) 2 (2)
u2 + 2
21. Since, the plane passes through the point A(2, 0, − 1).
1 u  dx 1 x
 ∫ x + a
= tan − 1 +C Q = tan − 1  →
2 2 2 2
a a ∴Position vector of point A, a = 2 i$ − k$ (1)
 1 Q The given plane is perpendicular to the line joining the
t −  points (1, 2, 3) and (3, − 1, 6).
1  t  1
= tan − 1 +C Q u = t − t 
2 2 Whose DR’s is (3 − 1), (− 1 − 2 ), (6 − 3) i.e. 2, − 3, 3. (1)
→
1 (t − 1) 2
Now, normal vector n perpendicular to the plane is
= tan − 1
2 2t →
(1) n = 2 i$ − 3 $j + 3 k$
1  tan 2 x − 1 ∴The vector equation of the plane is
= tan − 1   +C [Q t = tan x ]
2  2 tan x  → → → →
r ⋅ n = a⋅ n (1)
π dx →
19. Let I = ∫0 ⇒ r ⋅ (2 i − 3 j + 3 k$ ) = (2 i$ − k$ )⋅ (2 i$ − 3 $j + 3 k$ )
$ $
3 + 2 sin x + cos x
= (2 ) (2 ) + (0 ) (− 3) + (− 1) (3) = 1
π dx
=∫ Hence, the required vector equation of the plane
0 x x
2 tan 1 − tan 2 →
r ⋅ (2 i$ − 3 $j + 3k$ ) = 1.
3+ 2 2 + 2 (1)
x x
1 + tan 2 1 + tan 2 Or
2 2
Given lines are
 x x
 2 tan 1 − tan 2  x −1 y + 1 z −2
2 2 = = … (i)
Q sin x = x
, cos x =
x 1 2 3
 1 + tan 2 1 + tan 2  x − 4 y + 1 z −1
 2 2 and = = … (ii) (1)
π
−3 2 5
dx
=∫
0 x x x Let a, b, c be the direction ratios of the required line.
3 + 3 tan 2 + 4 tan + 1 − tan 2
2 2 2 Q Required line is perpendicular to line (i) and (ii)
x
1 + tan 2 ∴ (1) a + 2 b + 3 c = 0 … (iii)
2 (2)
 and (− 3) a + 2 b + 5 c = 0 … (iv) (1)
2 x x
1 + tan  dx sec 2
π  2 π
[Q these two lines with direction ratios a1, b1, c1
=∫ =∫ 2 dx
0 2 x x 0 2 x x and a2, b2, c 2 are perpendicular]
2 tan + 4 tan + 4 2 tan + 4 tan + 4
2 2 2 2 ∴ a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c 2 = 0
x x On solving Eqs. (iii) and (iv), by cross-multiplication, we
Put tan = t ⇒ sec 2 dx = 2dt
2 2 get
Also when x = 0, then t = 0 and, when x = π, then t = ∞ a
=
b
=
c
∞ 2dt ∞ dt 2 −7 4
∴ I=∫ =∫ 2
0 2t 2 + 4 t + 4 0 t + 2t + 2
∴The desired line has direction ratios 2, − 7, 4. (1)
∞
dt
=∫ = [tan − 1(t + 1 ) 0∞ ] Now, required equation of the line which passes through
0 (t + 1)2 + 1
the point (2, 1, 3) and − 2, 7, − 4 as its direction ratios, will
π π π be
= tan − 1 ∞ − tan − 1 1 = − =
2 4 4 (2) x −2 y −1 z − 3
= = .
→ →
20. We have,| a| = 5,| b| = 12 and| c | = 13
→ 2 −7 4 (1)
→ →
Also, a + b + c = 0
→ 22. Given in a box containing n = 100 bulbs, 10 are defective.
→ → → → → → Let the number of non-defective bulbs. In this sample
Now, a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a (2) be X.
 P (getting a defective bulb) 4 50
×
10 1 = 100 100
⇒ P= = 3 30 4 50 1 20
100 10 × + × + ×
100 100 100 100 100 100
1 9
q = 1− p = 1− = (1) 200 200 20
10 10 = = =
90 + 200 + 20 310 31
Since X has a binomial distribution, the probability of
X success in n-Bernoulli trials. ∴Probability that the selected was not manufactured by
p( X = x ) = Cx ⋅ p ⋅ q
n x n− x E  20 11
, where machine B = 1 − P  2  = 1 − =
 E 31 31 (1)
x = 0, 1, 2, ... n and (q = 1 − p)
p(none of bulbs are defective) (1) 24. We have x ∗ y = x + y + xy, X = R − { −1}
0 5− 0
 1  9
= p( X = 0 ) = 5C0 ⋅     Commutative law
 10   10 
Let x, y ∈ R − {1}. Then, (1)
0 5 5
 1  9  9 x ∗ y = x + y + xy = y + x + yx
= C0 ⋅     =  
5
 10   10   10  (1)
[Q (+) and (⋅) are commutative on R − { −1}]
Advantages Hence, ‘∗’ is commutative. (1)
(i) Uses energy more efficiently (saves energy) Associative law
(ii) Lower price Let x, y, z ∈ R − { −1}, Then,
(iii) Releases lesser amount of heat. (1) ( x ∗ y ) ∗ z = ( x + y + xy ) ∗ z
23. Let E1: the event that the item is produced by machine A. = ( x + y + xy ) + z + ( x + y + xy )z
= ( x + y + z ) + ( xy + yz + zx ) + xyz
E2 : the event that the item is produced by machine B.
and x ∗ ( y ∗ z ) = x ∗ ( y + z + yz )
and E3 : the event that the item is produced by machineC.
= x + ( y + z + yz ) + x( y + z + yz )
30
∴ P(E1 ) = 30% = , = ( x + y + z ) + ( xy + yz + zx ) + xyz
100 (1)
50 ∴ ( x ∗ y) ∗ z = x ∗ ( y ∗ z) (1)
P(E2 ) = 50% = Hence, ‘∗’ is associative.
100
Existence of identity element
20
and P(E3 ) = 20% = Let e be the identity element
100
Then, for all x ∈ R − { −1}, we have
Let E : the event that the item chosen is defective x ∗ e = x ⇒ x + e + xe = x (1)
 E ⇒ e (1 + x ) = 0 ⇒ e = 0 ∈ R − {1} (1½)
∴ P   = P(machine A produced defective items)
 E1  Now, x ∗0= x + 0+ x ×0= x
3 0∗ x =0+ x+ 0× x = x
= 3% = and
100 (1)
Thus, 0 is the identity element in R − { −1}.
 E
P   = P(machine B produced defective items) Existance of inverse
 E2 
Let x ∈ R − {1} and let x −1 = y. Then,
4
= 4% = x * y = 0 ⇒ x + y + xy = 0
100
 E ⇒ x = − xy − y = − y( x + 1)
and P   = P(machine C produced defective items)
 E3  −x −x
⇒ y= ∈ R − { −1} ⇒ x −1 = ∈ R − { −1}
1 x+1 x+1
= 1% =
100 ∴Each x ∈ R − { −1} has its inverse in R − { −1}. (1½)
The probability that the selected item was from machine
Or
E 
B, given that it is defective, is given by P  2  . We have, ad (b + c ) = bc (a + d )
 E (1)
By using Baye’s theorem, we get Reflexive Let (a, b) ∈ N × N such that
 E ab(a + b) = ab(a + b) ∀ a, b ∈ N
P   P(E2 )
E   E2  ⇒ ab(b + a) = ba(a + b) ⇒ R is reflexive. (1)
P 2 =
 E  E  E  E Symmetric
P   P(E1 ) + P   + P(E2 ) + P   P(E3 )
 E1   E2   E3  For (a, b), (c , d ) ∈ N × N such that (a, b) R (c , d )
⇒ ad (b + c ) = bc (a + d ) ⇒ bc (a + d ) = ad (b + c )
 ⇒ cb(d + a) = da(c + b) ⇒ (c , d ) R (a, b) Value The manufactures consider man and women
⇒ R is symmetric. (1) equally efficient which helps the growht of women in the
society.
Transitive For (a, b), (c , d ), (e , f ) ∈ N × N such that x2 y2
ad (b + c ) = bc (a + d ) 26. Let the equation of an ellipse be 2 + 2 = 1, then any
a b
and cf (d + e ) = de (c + f ) point P on the ellipse is (a cos θ, b sin θ ).
⇒ adb + adc = bca + bcd …(i)
From P, draw PM ⊥ OX and produce it to meet the ellipse
and cfd + cfe = dec + def …(ii) atQ, then APQ is an isosceles triangle, letS be its area,
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii) by ef and ab respectively, 1
and then adding, we get (2) then S = 2 × × AM × MP = (OA − OM ) × MP
2
adbef + adcef + cfdab + cfeab
= bcaef + bcdef + decab + defab = (a − a cos θ ) ⋅ b sin θ
 1 
⇒ adcef + adcfb = bcdea + bcdef ⇒ S = ab (sin θ − sin θ cos θ ) = ab sin θ − sin 2θ
 2 
⇒ adcf (e + b) = bcde (a + f ) (1)
⇒ af (b + e ) = be (a + f ) ⇒ (a, b)R(e , f ) Y
So, R is transitive.
P(a cos θ, b sin θ)
Hence, R is an equivalence relation. Hence proved.(2)
X′ X
25. Let x units of A and y units of B are produced. O M A(a, 0)
Q(a cos θ, – b sin θ)
Then LPP is
Maximise Z = 100 x + 120 y subject to the constraints
Y′ (1)
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 On differentiating w.r.t. θ, we get
2 x + 3 y ≤ 30 dS
= ab (cos θ − cos 2θ )
and 3 x + y ≤ 17 dθ
Again differentiating w.r.t. θ, we get
d 2S
= ab (− sin θ + 2 sin 2θ )
dθ 2
dS
For maxima or minima, put =0
dθ
⇒ cos θ = cos 2θ ⇒ 2θ = 2 π − θ (1)
2π
⇒ θ=
3
2π  d S 
2
 2π  2π  
At θ = ,  = ab − sin + 2 sin 2 × 
3  dθ 2  θ = 2π  3  3  
3

  π  π 
= ab − sin  π −  + 2 sin  π +  
  3   3 
(2)   π π 
 π π Q sin  π − 3  = sin 3 ,
Plotting the graph of inequations we notice, shaded = ab  − sin − 2 sin   
portion represents the optimum solution.  3 3  sin  π + π  = − sin π 
 17    3 3 
Feasible points for maximum revenue are A , 0 ,
 3   3 2 3  −3 3  −3 3ab
= ab  − −  = ab   = <0
B(3, 8) and C(0, 10 ). (1)  2 2   2  2
2π
Corner points Z = 100 x + 120 y ∴ S is maximum, when θ = .
3 (1)
 17  1700
+ 0 = 566.67 and maximum value of
A  , 0
 3  3  2π 1 2π 2π 
S = ab sin − ⋅ 2 sin cos 
B(3, 8) 300 + 960 =1260 (Maximum)  3 2 3 3
C (0, 10 ) 0 + 1200 = 1200 [Qsin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ]
  π  π  π 
(2) = ab sin  π −  − sin  π −  cos  π −  
  3   3   3 
Revenue is maximum at B (3, 8), i.e. x = 3, y = 8.
 π π  π 
Hence, 3 units of A and 8 units of B must be produced to = ab sin − sin  − cos 
get maximum revenue of ` 1260. (1)  3 3 3   (1)
  π π π  3 3 1 Eliminating y, we get| x − 1| = 5 − x 2
= absin + sin cos  = ab  + × 
 3 3 3  2 2 2 ⇒ x 2 + 1 − 2 x = 5 − x 2 ⇒ x = 2, − 1
 2 3 + 3 3 3 2 1 2
= ab   = ab sq units ∴ Area = ∫ 5 − x 2dx − ∫ − ( x − 1)dx − ∫ ( x − 1)dx
−1 −1
 4  4 1

2 1 2
Thus, maximum area of isosceles triangle is x 5 −1 x   x  2
 x2 
= 5 − x2 + sin  − − + x −  − x
3 3 2 2 5  −1  2  −1  2 1 (1)
ab sq units.
4 (1)
 5 2   5 −1  1    1 
= 1 + sin −1  − −1 + sin  −  − − +1
27. Given vertices of triangular region are P(1, 0 ), Q(2, 2 )  2 5   2  5    2 
and R(3, 1.)
 1  1 
Q Equation of the line joining points ( x1, y1 ) and ( x2, y2 ) is + − − 1 − [2 − 2 ] +  − 1
y − y1  2  2 
( y − y1 ) = 2 ( x − x1 )
x2 − x1 (1) 5 −1 2 5 1 1 3 1
= 1 + sin + 1 + sin −1 − − − (1)
2−0 2 5 2 5 2 2 2
Equation of line PQ is y − 0 = ( x − 1)
2 −1 5 −1  2 1 1 4 1
Y = sin  1− + 1−  − (2)
2  5 5 5 5 2
Q (2, 2)
5 −1  4 1  1 5 π 1 1
= sin  +  − = ⋅ − = (5π − 2 )sq units (1)
R (3, 1) 2  5 5 2 2 2 2 4
X′ X
O P (1, 0) M N 28. Equation of the plane passing through the three points
with position vector i$ + $j − 2 k$, 2 i$ − $j + k$ and i$ + 2 $j + k$
Y′ (1) is (1)
⇒ y = 2( x − 1) x −1 y −1 z+2
Equation of line QR is 2 − 1 − 1− 1 1+ 2 = 0
1− 2
y −2 = ( x − 2) ⇒ y = 2 − ( x − 2) = 4 − x 1− 1 2 − 1 1+ 2
3−2
x −1 y −1 z + 2
Equation of line PR is (1)
⇒ 1 −2 3 =0
1− 0 1 1
y−0 = ( x − 1) ⇒ y = 0 + ( x − 1) = ( x − 1) 0 1 3
3−1 2 2
Area of ∆PQR = Area(PMQ ) + Area(QMNR ) − Area(PNR ) ⇒ ( x − 1) (− 6 − 3) − ( y − 1) (3 − 0 ) + ( z + 2 ) (1 + 0 ) = 0
2 3 3 1 ⇒ ( x − 1) (− 9) − ( y − 1) (3) + ( z + 2 ) (1) = 0
= ∫ 2( x − 1) dx + ∫ (4 − x ) dx − ∫ ( x − 1)
1 2 1 2 (1) ⇒ − 9x + 9 − 3y + 3 + z + 2 = 0
2 3 3
x 2
  x  1x  2 2
⇒ 9 x + 3 y − z = 14 … (i)
= 2  − x  + 4 x −  −  − x 
2 1  2 2 2  2 1 Now, equation of the plane in vector form is (2)
→
 1   9  r ⋅ (9i$ + 3 $j − k$ ) = 14
= 2 (2 − 2 ) −  − 1  + 12 − 2  − (8 − 2 )
 2     Vector equation of given line is
1  9  1  →
−  − 3 −  − 1  r = (3i$ − $j − k$ ) + λ (2 i$ − 2 $j + k$ )

2 2  2  
3 3 Equation of line in cartesian form is
= 1+ − 1= sq units x−3 y+1 z+1
2 2 (2) = = =λ
Or 2 −2 1 (1)
Corresponding equations are y =| x − 1|and y = 5 − x 2 and any point on the given line is
(2 λ + 3, − 2 λ − 1, λ − 1)
Y
For point of intersection, this point must satisfy the
plane (i).
(–1,2)
(2,1) ∴ 9 (2 λ + 3) + 3 (− 2 λ − 1) − (λ − 1) = 14
y=√5–x
2

⇒ 18λ + 27 − 6λ − 3 − λ + 1 = 14
y=

1–
–x+

y=x

⇒ 11λ + 25 = 14 ⇒ 11λ = − 11 ⇒ λ = − 1
1

X′ X
–√5 –1 0 1 2 √5 ∴ Point of intersection is
Y′ (1)
(2(− 1) + 3, − 2(− 1) − 1, − 1 − 1) ≡ (1, 1, − 2 ) (2)
 Or a a3 −1
General equation of a plane passing through the point + (b − a)(c − a) 1 b + a2 + ab 0 
 2

 
(2, 1, − 1)is a( x − 2 ) + b( y − 1) + c ( z + 1) = 0 …(i) (1)  1 a + c + ac 0 
2 2

If this plane passes through the point (−1, 3, 4), then Now, expand first determinant along C1 and expand
a (−3) + b(2 ) + c (5) = 0 …(ii) (1) second determinant along C3, we get
 b + a b2 + a2 + ab
Plane (i) is perpendicular to the plane ∆= abc (b − a)(c − a) 
c + a a + c + ac 
2 2
(1)
x − 2 y + 4 z = 10.
1 b2 + a2 + ab 
∴ a (1) + b(−2 ) + c (4) = 0 …(iii) (1) − (b − a)(c − a) 
1 a + c + ac 
2 2

Eliminating a, b, c from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

x −2 y −1 z + 1 Applying R2 → R2 − R1 in both the determinant, we get
−3 2 5 =0 b + a b2 + a2 + ab 
∆ = abc (b − a)(c − a) 
c − b c − b + a(c − b
2 2
1 −2 4
⇒ ( x − 2 )(18) − ( y − 1)(−17 ) + ( z + 1)(4) = 0 1 b2 + a2 + ab 
−(b − a)(c − a) 
⇒ 18 x − 36 + 17 y − 17 + 4 z + 4 = 0  0 c − b + a(c − b)
2 2

⇒ 18 x + 17 y + 4 z − 49 = 0 is the equation of the plane.

Taking (c − b) common from R2 in both the determinant,
(2) we get
r
or r ⋅ (18i$ + 17 $j + 4k$ ) − 49 = 0 is vector equation of the  b + a b2 + a2 + ab
∆ = abc (b − a)(c − a)(c − b) 
plane. (1) a+ b+c 
 1
 a a3 a4 − 1  a a a   a a −1
3 4 3

 1 b2 + a2 + ab
29. Let ∆ =  b b3 b4 − 1 =  b b3 b4  +  b b3 −1 − (b − a)(c − a)(c − b) 
      0 a + b + c  (1)
c c c − 1 c c 3 c 4  c c 3 −1
3 4

= abc (b − a)(c − a)(c − b)

1 a2 a3   a a3 −1 [(a + b)(a + b + c ) − (b2 + a2 + ab)]
= abc1 b2 b3  +  b b3 −1 − (b − a)(c − a)(c − b)[a + b + c ]
   
2 3
1 c c  c c
3
−1 (1) = abc (a − b)(b − c )(c − a)[a2 + ab + ac + ab
[taking common a, b and c from R1, R2 and R3 + b2 + bc − (b2 + a2 + ab)]
respectively in first determinant] − (a − b)(b − c )(c − a)(a + b + c )
Applying R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1, we get = abc (a − b)(b − c )(c − a)(ab + bc + ca)
1 a2 a3   a a3 −1 − (a − b)(b − c )(c − a)(a + b + c )
∆ = abc0 b − a b − a  + b − a b − a3
2 2 3 3 3
0 = (a − b)(b − c )(c − a)[abc (ab + bc + ca)
   
0 c − a c − a  c − a c − a
2 2 3 3 3 3
0 − (a + b + c )] (1)
Taking (b − a) and (c − a) common from R2 and R3 Now, ∆ = 0 ⇒ (a − b)(b − c )(c − a)[abc (ab + bc + ca
respectively in first and second determinant, we get − (a + b + c )] = 0
1 a2 a3  ⇒ abc (ab + bc + ca) − (a + b + c ) = 0
∆ = abc (b − a)(c − a) 0 b + a b + a2 + ab
 2
[Q a ≠ b, b ≠ c , c ≠ a ∴a − b ≠ 0, b − c ≠ 0, c − a ≠ 0]
 
0 c + a a + c + ac (1)
2 2
⇒ abc (ab + bc + ca) = a + b + c (1)