THERMODYNAMICS

Prof. Suman Ckakraborty

Prof. Suman
STEAM TABLES
 Steam Table – Saturated Water[1]

[1] BORGNAKKE, C., SONNTAG, R. E., SOM, Fundamental of Thermodynamics, Seventh Edition, Wiley Publication.
 Steam Table – Saturated Water (Pressure Table)[2]

[2] BORGNAKKE, C., SONNTAG, R. E., SOM, Fundamental of Thermodynamics, Seventh Edition, Wiley Publication.
 Steam Table – Superheated Water Vapor[3]

[3] BORGNAKKE, C., SONNTAG, R. E., SOM, Fundamental of Thermodynamics, Seventh Edition, Wiley Publication.
 Steam Table – Compressed Liquid Water[4]

[4] BORGNAKKE, C., SONNTAG, R. E., SOM, Fundamental of Thermodynamics, Seventh Edition, Wiley Publication.
 Example Problem
Water vapor initially at 3 MPa and 300 oC (state 1) is contained within a piston cylinder assembly.
The water is cooled at constant volume until its temperature reaches 200 oC (state 2).
2) The water is
compressed isothermally to a state when pressure is 2.5 MPa (state 3). Locate state 1, 2 and 3 on a
T-v and p-v diagram. Determine specific volume at state 1,2 and 3 and the quality at state 2.
Steam table data
Saturated water vapor table
Steam table data

Superheated water vapor

Saturated water vapor

Compressed liquid water
1. PROPERTIES OF PURE
SUBSTANCES
Problem 1.1: A cylinder has a thick piston initially held by a pin, as shown in
the
h figure
fi b l
below. Th cylinder
The li d contains
i carbon
b dioxide
di id at 150 kPakP andd ambient
bi
temperature of 290 K. The metal piston has a density of 8000 kg/m3 and the
atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa. The pin is now removed, allowing the piston to
move and after a while the gas returns to ambient temperature.
move, temperature Is the piston
against the stops?

Ans : p2<p(Co2) hence piston cannot hold against the stops

Problem 1.2: A cylinder is fitted with a 10-cm-diameter piston that is restrained
by a linear spring (force proportional to distance) as shown in figure below.
below The
spring force constant is 80 kN/m and the piston initially rests on the stops, with a
cylinder volume of 1 litre. The valve to the air line is opened and the piston
begins to rise when the cylinder pressure is 150 kPa.
kPa When the valve is closed,
closed
the cylinder volume is 1.5 litre and the temperature is 80°C. What mass of air is
inside the cylinder ?

Ans: m = 0.012 kg

Air

Air supply line

Problem 1.3: A cylinder/piston arrangement contains water at 105 oC, 85%
quality,
li with
i h a volume
l off 1 litre.
li Th system is
The i heated
h d causing
i the
h piston
i to rise
i
and encounter a linear spring as shown in the figure below. At this point the
volume is 1.5 litre, the piston diameter is 150 mm, and the spring constant is 100
N/
N/mm. Th heating
The h ti continues,
ti so the
th piston
i t compresses the
th spring.
i Wh t is
What i the
th
cylinder pressure when the temperature reaches 600 oC?

Ans: pressure = 193 kPa

Problem 1.4: A steel tank contains 6 kg of propane (liquid + vapor) at 20°C with
a volume
l 0 015 m3. The
off 0.015 Th tankk is
i now slowly
l l heated.
h d (a)
( ) Will the
h liquid
li id level
l l
inside eventually rise to the top or drop to the bottom of the tank? (b) What if the
initial mass is 1 kg instead of 6 kg?

Ans: (a) Liquid level will rise (b) Liquid level will fall
Problem 1.5: A piston/cylinder arrangement is loaded with a linear spring and
the outside atmosphere.
atmosphere It contains water at 5 MPa, MPa 400
400°C C with the volume
being 0.1 m3. If the piston is at the bottom, the spring exerts a force such that Plift
= 200 kPa. The system now cools until the pressure reaches 1200 kPa. Find the
mass of water and v1, the final state (T2, v2) and plot the P P–vv diagram for the
process.

g, T2 = 188 oC,, v2 = 0.01204 m3/kgg

Ans: m = 1.73 kg,
2. HEAT AND WORK
Problem 2.1: A piston/cylinder arrangement, shown in the figure below, initially
contains air at 150 kPa and 400◦C. The setupp is allowed to cool to the ambient
temperature of 20◦C.

a. Is the ppiston restingg on the stops

p in the final state? What is the final ppressure
in the cylinder?

b. What is the specific work done by the air during the process?

Ans : (a) The piston rests on the stops. final pressure = 130.7 kPa
(b) Work done = 96.6 kJ/kg
Problem 2.2: The refrigerant R-22 is contained in a piston/cylinder, as shown in
the figure below, where the volume is 11 litres when the piston hits the stops.
The initial state is −30◦C, 150 kPa, with a volume of 10 litres. This system is
brought indoors and warms up to 15◦C.

a. Is the
h piston
i at the
h stops in
i the
h final
fi l state??

b. Find the work done by the R-22 during this process.

Ans: (a) Piston hits the stops in the final state

(b) Work done = 0.15 kJ

R-22
Problem 2.3: Two kilograms of water is contained in a piston/cylinder (Figure
b l ) with
below) i h a massless
l piston
i l d d with
loaded i h a linear
li spring
i andd the
h outside
id
atmosphere. Initially the spring force is zero and P1 = P0 =100 kPa with a
volume of 0.2 m3. If the piston just hits the upper stops, the volume is 0.8 m3 and
T = 600◦C.
C Heat
H t isi now added
dd d until
til the
th pressure reaches
h 1.21 2 MPa.
MP Find
Fi d the
th final
fi l
temperature, show the P–V diagram, and find the work done during the process.

Ans: (a) Final temperature = 770 oC

(b) Work done = 330 kJ
Problem 2.4: A piston/cylinder (figure below) with Acyl=0.01m2 and mp=101 kg
contains k off water at 20 oC with
i 1 kg i h a volume
l 0 1 m3. Initially
off 0.1 I i i ll the
h piston
i rests
on some stops with the top surface open to the atmosphere, Po. (a) To what
temperature should the water be heated to lift the piston? (b) If it is heated to
saturated
t t d vapor find
fi d the
th final
fi l temperature,
t t volume
l andd work,
k 1W2?

Ans : (a) Temperature = 120.2 oC

120 2 oC,
(b) temperature = 120.2 0 8857 m3, 1W2 = 157.45
C Volume = 0.8857 157 45 kJ
Problem 2.5: Two springs with the same spring constant are installed in a
massless piston/cylinder arrangement with the outside air at 100 kPa. If the
piston is at the bottom, both springs are relaxed, and the second spring comes in
contact with the piston at V =2 m3. The cylinder (figure below) contains
ammonia initially at −2◦C, x = 0.13, V = 1 m3, which is then heated until the
pressure reaches
h 1200 kPa.
k ( ) At
(a) A what
h pressure will ill the
h piston
i touchh the
h secondd
spring? (b) Find the final temperature and the total work done by the ammonia.

A (a)
Ans: ( ) pressure = 694.875
694 875 kPa
kP
(b) Final temperature = 51 oC, Total work done = 1342.6 kJ
Problem 2.6: A cylinder, Acyl = 7.012 cm2 has two pistons mounted, the upper
one, mpp1=100 kg, initially resting on the stops. The lower piston, mpp2 = 0 kg, has
2 kg water below it, with a spring in vacuum connecting the two pistons. The
spring force fore is zero when the lower piston stands at the bottom, and when
the lower piston hits the stops the volume is 0.3 m3. The water initially at 50 kPa,
0 00206 m3 is
V= 0.00206 i then
h heated
h d to saturatedd vapor.

a. Find the initial temperature and pressure that will lift the upper piston.
b Find
b. Fi d th
the final
fi l T,
T p, v andd the
th workk done
d b the
by th water.
t

Ans : (a) Initial temperature = 81.33 oC, pressure = 1500 kPa

0 15 m3/kg,
(b) v = 0.15 /kg Work done = 348.91
348 91 kJ

mp1

mp2