NAME: - ROHIT PANDEY

SECTION-C6903

ROLL NO.:-RC6903B58

REGN.NO:-10901824

TOPIC:- GLOBAL WARMING AND ITS EFFECTS.

SUBMITTED TO: - SIR. BHARPUR SINGH

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to present my votes of thanks to all those guidepost

who really acted as lightening pillars to enlighten our way throughout this
project that has led to successful and satisfactory completion of this study.

We are really grateful to our HOD for providing us with an opportunity to

undertake this project in this university and providing us with all the
facilities. We are highly thankful to SIR. BHARPUR SINGH for his active
support, valuable time and advice, whole-hearted guidance, sincere
cooperation and pains-taking involvement during the study and in
completing the assignment of preparing the said project within the time
stipulated.

Lastly, We are thankful to all those, particularly the various friends , who
have been instrumental in creating proper, healthy and conductive
environment and including new and fresh innovative ideas for us during the
project, their help, it would have been extremely difficult for us to prepare
the project in a time bound framework.
CONTENTS:-

• GLOBAL WARMING-AN INTRODUCTION

• CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING

• EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

• EFFECTS ON INDIA

• FIGHTING GLOBAL WARMING

GLOBAL WARMING: AN INTRODUCTION

The average facade temperature of the globe has augmented more than 1
degree Fahrenheit since 1900 and the speed of warming has been almost
three folds the century long average since 1970. This increase in earth’s
average temperature is called Global warming.

Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth's

near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected
continuation. Global surface temperature increased
0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) between the start and the end of the 20th
century.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that

most of the observed temperatures increase since the middle of the 20th
century was very likely caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse
gases resulting from human activity such as fossil fuel burning
and deforestation. The IPCC also concludes that variations in natural
phenomena such as solar radiation and volcanic eruptions had a small
cooling effect after 1950.These basic conclusions have been endorsed by
more than 40 scientific societies and academies of science, including all of
the national academies of science of the major industrialized countries.
The effects, or impacts, of climate change may be physical, ecological,
social or economic. Evidence of observed climate change includes the
instrumental temperature record, rising sea levels, and decreased snow cover
in the Northern Hemisphere.

More or less all specialists studying the climate record of the earth have the
same opinion now that human actions, mainly the discharge of green house
gases from smokestacks, vehicles, and burning forests, are perhaps the
leading power driving the fashion.

The gases append to the planet's normal greenhouse effect, permitting

sunlight in, but stopping some of the ensuing heat from radiating back to
space. Based on the study on past climate shifts, notes of current situations,
and computer simulations, many climate scientists say that lacking of big
curbs in greenhouse gas discharges, the 21st century might see temperatures
rise of about 3 to 8 degrees, climate patterns piercingly shift, ice sheets
contract and seas rise several feet. With the probable exemption of one more
world war, a huge asteroid, or a fatal plague, global warming may be the
only most danger to our planet earth.

Global Warming Causes :-

As said, the major cause of global warming is the emission of

greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide etc. into
the atmosphere. The major source of carbon dioxide is the power plants.
These power plants emit large amounts of carbon dioxide produced from
burning of fossil fuels for the purpose of electricity generation. About
twenty percent of carbon dioxide emitted in the atmosphere comes from
burning of gasoline in the engines of the vehicles. This is true for most of the
developed countries. Buildings, both commercial and residential represent a
larger source of global warming pollution than cars and trucks.

Building of these structures requires a lot of fuel to be burnt which emits a

large amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Methane is more than 20
times as effectual as CO2 at entrapping heat in the atmosphere. Methane is
obtained from resources such as rice paddies, bovine flatulence, bacteria in
bogs and fossil fuel manufacture. When fields are flooded, anaerobic
situation build up and the organic matter in the soil decays, releasing
methane to the atmosphere. The main sources of nitrous oxide include nylon
and nitric acid production, cars with catalytic converters, the use of
fertilizers in agriculture and the burning of organic matter. Another cause of
global warming is deforestation that is caused by cutting and burning of
forests for the purpose of residence and industrialization.
Global Warming effects:-

Green house gases stay can stay in the atmosphere for an amount of years
ranging from decades to hundreds and thousands of years. No matter what
we do, global warming is going to have some effect on Earth.
Here are the 5 deadliest effects of global warming:-

5. Spread of disease

As northern countries warm, disease carrying insects migrate north, bringing

plague and disease with them. Indeed some scientists believe that in some
countries thanks to global warming, malaria has not been fully eradicated.

4. Warmer waters and more hurricanes

As the temperature of oceans rises, so will the probability of more frequent

and stronger hurricanes. We saw in this in 2004 and 2005.

3. Increased probability and intensity of droughts and heat waves

Although some areas of Earth will become wetter due to global warming,
other areas will suffer serious droughts and heat waves. Africa will receive
the worst of it, with more severe droughts also expected in Europe. Water is
already a dangerously rare commodity in Africa, and according to the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, global warming will
exacerbate the conditions and could lead to conflicts and war.

2. Economic consequences

Most of the effects of anthropogenic global warming won’t be good. And

these effects spell one thing for the countries of the world: economic
consequences. Hurricanes cause do billions of dollars in damage, diseases
cost money to treat and control and conflicts exacerbate all of these.

1. Polar ice caps melting

The ice caps melting are a four-pronged danger.

First, it will raise sea levels. There are 5,773,000 cubic miles of water in ice
caps, glaciers, and permanent snow. According to the National Snow and Ice
Data Center, if all glaciers melted today the seas would rise about 230 feet.
Luckily, that’s not going to happen all in one go! But sea levels will rise.
Second, melting ice caps will throw the global ecosystem out of balance.
The ice caps are fresh water, and when they melt they will desalinate the
ocean, or in plain English - make it less salty. The desalinization of the gulf
current will "screw up" ocean currents, which regulate temperatures. The
stream shutdown or irregularity would cool the area around north-east
America and Western Europe. Luckily, that will slow some of the other
effects of global warming in that area!

Third, temperature rises and changing landscapes in the Arctic Circle will
endanger several species of animals. Only the most adaptable will survive.

Fourth, global warming could snowball with the ice caps gone. Ice caps are
white, and reflect sunlight, much of which is reflected back into space,
further cooling Earth. If the ice caps melt, the only reflector is the ocean.
Darker colors absorb sunlight, further warming the Earth.
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON INDIA

The effects of global warming on the Indian subcontinent vary from the
submergence of low-lying islands and coastal lands to the melting
of glaciers in the Indian Himalayas, threatening the volumetric flow rate of
many of the most important rivers of India and South Asia. In India, such
effects are projected to impact millions of lives. As a result of on-
going climate change, the climate of India has become increasingly volatile
over the past several decades; this trend is expected to continue.

Greenhouse gases in India

Elevated carbon dioxide emissions contributed to

the greenhouse effect, causing warmer weather that lasted
long after the atmospheric shroud of dust and aerosols had
cleared. Further climatic changes 20 million years ago, long
after India had crashed into the Laurasian landmass, were
severe enough to cause the extinction of many endemic
Indian forms. The formation of the Himalayas resulted in
blockage of frigid Central Asian air, preventing it from
reaching India; this made its climate significantly warmer
and more tropical in character than it would otherwise have
been.
Effects of global warming on India and Bangladesh

Several effects of global warming, including steady sea level rise, increased
cyclonic activity, and changes in ambient temperature and precipitation
patterns, have affected or are projected to affect India. Ongoing sea level
rises have submerged several low-lying islands in the Sundarbans,
displacing thousands of people. Temperature rises on the Tibetan Plateau,
which are causing Himalayan glaciers to retreat.

Environmental
Increased landslides and flooding are projected to have an impact upon
states such as Assam. Ecological disasters, such as a 1998 coral
bleaching event that killed off more than 70% of corals in the reef
ecosystems off Lakshadweep and the Andamans, and was brought on by
elevated ocean temperatures tied to global warming, are also projected to
become increasingly common.
The first among the countries to be affected by severe climate change is
Bangladesh. Its sea level, temperature and evaporation are increasing, and
the changes in precipitation and cross boundary river flows are already
beginning to cause drainage congestion. There is a reduction in fresh water
availability, disturbance of morphologic processes and a higher intensity of
flooding and other such disasters. Bangladesh only contributes 0.1% of the
world’s emissions yet it has 2.4% of the world’s population. In contrast, the
United States makes up about 5 percent of the world's population, yet they
produce approximately 25 percent of the pollution that causes global
warming.

Economic
The Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research has reported that, if
the predictions relating to global warming made by the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change come to fruition, climate-related factors could
cause India's GDP to decline by up to 9%; contributing to this would be
shifting growing seasons for major crops such as rice, production of which
could fall by 40%. Around seven million people are projected to be
displaced due to, among other factors, submersion of parts of Mumbai and
Chennai, if global temperatures were to rise by a mere 2 °C (3.6 °F).

Villagers in India's North Easter state of Meghalaya are also concerned that
rising sea levels will submerge neighbouring low-lying Bangladesh,
resulting in an influx of refugees into Meghalaya which has few resources to
handle such a situation.
If severe climate changes occur, Bangladesh will lose land along the coast
line. This will be highly damaging to Bangalies especially because nearly
two-thirds of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with rice
as the single-most-important product. The economy has grown 5-6% over
the past few years despite inefficient state-owned enterprises, delays in
exploiting natural gas resources insufficient power supplies, and slow
implementation of economic reforms. However, Bangladesh remains a poor,
overpopulated, and inefficiently-governed nation. If no further steps are
taken to improve the current conditions global warming will affect the
economy severely worsening the present issues further.

Social

Climate Change in India will have a disproportionate impact on the more

than 400 million that make up India's poor. This is because so many depend
on natural resources for their food, shelter and income. More than 56% of
people in India work in agriculture, while many others earn their living in
coastal areas.

Indian journalist, Praful Bidwai, argues that the Indian Government's climate
policy does not address the interests of the majority of these peoples for
whom climate change will mean hunger, food insecurity, and destruction of
livelihoods but is instead focused on maximising Indian elite’s freedom to
consume by maintaining high emissions-intensive GDP growth.

Past climate change

Thick haze and smoke along the Ganges River in northern India.

However, such shifts are not new: for example, earlier in the
current Holocene epoch (4,800–6,300 years ago), parts of what is now the
Thar Desert were wet enough to support perennial lakes; researchers have
proposed that this was due to much higher winter precipitation, which
coincided with stronger monsoons. Similarly, Kashmir, which once had a
warm subtropical climate, shifted to a substantially colder temperate climate
2.6–3.7 mya; it was then repeatedly subjected to extended cold spells
starting 1 years ago.
Pollution

Thick haze and smoke, originating from burning biomass in northwestern

India and air pollution from large industrial cities in northern India, often
concentrate inside the Ganges Basin. Prevailing westerlies carry aerosols
along the southern margins of the steep-faced Tibetan Plateau to eastern
India and the Bay of Bengal. Dust and black carbon, which are blown
towards higher altitudes by winds at the southern faces of the Himalayas,
can absorb shortwave radiation and heat the air over the Tibetan Plateau.
The net atmospheric heating due to aerosol absorption causes the air to
warm and convect upwards,
increasing the concentration of
moisture in the mid-
troposphere and providing positive
feedback that stimulates further
heating of aerosols.
Global Warming is Inspiring Scientists to Fight for Awareness
Scientists all over the world are making predictions about the ill effects of
Global warming and connecting some of the events that have taken place in
the pat few decades as an alarm of global warming. The effect of global
warming is increasing the average temperature of the earth. A rise in earth’s
temperatures can in turn root to other alterations in the ecology, including an
increasing sea level and modifying the quantity and pattern of rainfall. These
modifications may boost the occurrence and concentration of severe climate
events, such as floods, famines, heat waves, tornados, and twisters. Other
consequences may comprise of higher or lower agricultural outputs, glacier
melting, lesser summer stream flows, genus extinctions and rise in the
ranges of disease vectors. As an effect of global warming species like golden
toad, harlequin frog of Costa Rica has already become extinct. There are
number of species that have a threat of disappearing soon as an effect of
global warming. As an effect of global warming various new diseases have
emerged lately. These diseases are occurring frequently due to the increase
in earths average temperature since the bacteria can survive better in
elevated temperatures and even multiplies faster when the conditions are
favorable. The global warming is extending the distribution of mosquitoes
due to the increase in humidity levels and their frequent growth in warmer
atmosphere. Various diseases due to ebola, hanta and machupo virus are
expected due to warmer climates. The marine life is also very sensitive to
the increase in temperatures. The effect of global warming will definitely be
seen on some species in the water. A survey was made in which the marine
life reacted significantly to the changes in water temperatures. It is expected
that many species will die off or become extinct due to the increase in the
temperatures of the water, whereas various other species, which prefer
warmer waters, will increase tremendously. Perhaps the most disturbing
changes are expected in the coral reefs that are expected to die off as an
effect of global warming. The global warming is expected to cause
irreversible changes in the ecosystem and the behavior of animals.
 You Can Help Fight Global Warming
Many efforts are being made by various
nations to cut down the rate of global
warming. One such effort is the Kyoto
agreement that has been made between
various nations to reduce the emissions of
various green house gases. Also many non profit organizations are working
for the cause. Al Gore was one of the foremost U.S. politicians to heave an
alarm about the hazards of global warming. He has produced a significantly
acclaimed documentary movie called "An Inconvenient Truth," and written
a book that archives his advice that Earth is dashing toward an immensely
warmer future. Al Gore, the former vice president of United States has given
various speeches to raise an awareness of global warming. He has warned
people about the ill effects of Global warming and its remedies.

But an interesting side of the global warming episode is that there are people
who do not consider global warming as something that is creating a
problem. Skeptics of global warming think that global warming is not an
ecological trouble. According to the global warming skeptics, the recent
enhancement in the earth's average temperature is no reason for alarm.
According to them earth's coastlines and polar ice caps are not at a risk of
vanishing. Global warming skeptics consider that the weather models used
to establish global warming and to forecast its impacts are distorted.
According to the models, if calculations are made the last few decades must
have been much worse as compared to actually happened to be. Most of the
global warming skeptics believe that the global warming is not actually
occurring. They stress on the fact the climatic conditions vary because of
volcanism, the obliquity cycle, changes in solar output, and internal
variability. Also the warming can be due to the variation in cloud cover,
which in turn is responsible for the temperatures on the earth. The variations
are also a result of cosmic ray flux that is modulated by the solar magnetic
cycles.
REFERNCES:-
• www.wikipedia.org

• www.global-warming.org

• India today magazine