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UNIT PRESSURE or PRESSURE (p) - is the force per unit area exerted by a
liquid or gas on a body or surface, with the force acting perpendicular to the surface
uniformly in all directions.
F
p where:
A
F = force perpendicular to a surface
A = area
p
F p hg
A
W
A
p g
mg
m
A
But V
Vg
A
Ahg
Where:
A
p= pressure
ρ = mass density
h = height of a fluid
g = gravitational acceleration
VARIATIONS IN PRESSURE
𝐹2 − 𝐹1 = 𝑊 sin 𝜃
𝑝2 𝑎 − 𝑝1 𝑎 = 𝛾(𝑎𝐿) sin 𝜃
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = 𝛾𝐿 sin 𝜃
𝑊 = 𝛾𝑉
𝑊 = 𝛾𝑎𝐿 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ℎ
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
pbottom h p
1h1 2 h2 3h3 pa
𝑝
ℎ=
𝛾
𝑠𝑎 𝑝𝑎 𝛾𝑎
ℎ𝑏 = ℎ𝑎 = ℎ𝑎 = ℎ𝑎
𝑠𝑏 𝑝𝑏 𝛾𝑏
To convert pressure head (height) of any liquid to water, just multiply by its specific
gravity.
TYPES OF MANOMETER
1. Decide on the fluid in feet or meter, of which the heads are to be expressed, (water
is most advisable).
2. Starting from an end point, number in order, the interface of different fluids.
3. Identify points of equal pressure (taking into account that for a homogeneous fluid
at rest, the pressure along the same horizontal plane are equal).Label these points
with the same number.
4. Proceed from level to level, adding or subtracting pressure heads as the elevation
decreases or increases, respectively with due regard for the specific gravity of the
fluids.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
2. If the pressure at a point in the ocean is 60kPa, what is the pressure 27meters
below this point? (s=1.03)
3. The figure shown shows a setup with a vessel containing a plunger and a cyclinder.
What force F is required to balance the weight of the plunger is negligible?
4. The hydraulic press shown is filled with oil with s=0.82. Neglecting the weight of the
two pistons, what force F on the handle is required to support the 10kN weight?
5. A barometer reads 760mmHg and a pressure gage attached to a tank reads 850cm
of oil (s=0.80). What is the absolute pressure in the tank in kPa?
6. If atmospheric pressure is 95.7 kPa and the gage attached to a tank reads
188mmHg vacuum, find the absolute pressure within the tank.
7. Piston A has a cross-section of 1,200 sq. cm while that of piston B is 950 sq. cm.
with the latter higher than piston A by 1.75 m. if the intervening passages are filled
with oil whose specific gravity is 0.8, what is the difference in pressure between A and
B?
8. The figure shown shows a setup with a vessel containing a plunger and a cylinder.
What force F is required to balance the weight of the cylinder if the weight of the
plunger is neglible.
9. In the figure shown, if the atmospheric pressure is 101.03kPa and the absolute
pressure at the bottom of the tank is 231.3kPa, what is the specific gravity of olive oil?
10. The U-tube shown is 10mm in diameter and contains mercury. If 12ml of water is
poured into the right-hand leg, what are the ultimate heights in two legs?
11. For a gage reading of -17.1 kPa, determine the (a) elevations of the liquids in the
open piezometer columns E, F, and G and (b) the deflection of the mercury in the
U-tube manometer neglecting the weight of air.
12. For the manometer setup shown, determine the difference in pressure between A
and B.