Welcome to

Human Anatomy and

Physiology
Tricia Lucas

Guidelines for lectures

What will I need?

n Essentials of Human Anatomy &

Physiology 11 th Edition by EN Marieb
at University bookshop
n Access to Blackboard
n Lecture slides – Blackboard
n HAP1 paper handbook – Blackboard

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 How does HAP1 work?
n 2 hour FOCUS session.

n 2 hour TUTORIAL session.

n Blackboard
• Communication
• Learning resources

What can I do?

n Attend
classes
n Language n Support and
• Read guidance
• Flash cards from us.
• Marieb CD
n Study for
exams

Can I answer these questions?

1. What is it?
2. Where is it?
3. What is it made from?
4. What does it do?
5. How does it do it?

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 Human Anatomy and Physiology 1

Chapter 1
The Human Body:
An Orientation

Objective Checklist

1.1 Define anatomy and physiology.

1.2 Identify the different levels of structural

organization that make up the human body

1.3 List and locate the 4 types of tissue in the

body.

1.4 Explain the terms homeostasis, negative and

positive feedback.

1.5 List the 11 organ systems and their major

functions.

1.6 Identify terminology related to planes and

anatomical terms.

TERMINOLOGY

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1.1 Define anatomy and physiology

• Anatomy – study of the structure and

shape of the body and its parts

• Physiology – study of how the body and

its parts work or function

Anatomy – Levels of Study

• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable

Figure 14.1

Anatomy – Levels of Study

• Microscopic Anatomy
• Very small
structures
• Can only be
viewed with
a microscope

Figure 14.4

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 STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION and
TISSUES

1.2 The Levels of Structural

Organization (Marieb fig 1.1)

• From simplest to most complex.

• Example
• Chemical level - atoms, molecules
• Cellular level - types of cells (eg. smooth muscle
cell)
• Tissue level - tissues consist of similar types of
cells (eg smooth muscle tissue)

The Levels of Structural

Organization (Marieb fig 1.1)
• Organ level - 2 or more tissues grouped to do
common functions (e.g. blood vessel made
up of Epithelial, Smooth muscle, Connective
tissues)
• Organ System level - consists of different
organs working together ( e.g. cardiovascular
system)
• Organismal level – YOU J (made up of
many organ systems)

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 Levels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.1
Fig 1.1 Page 27

1.3 List and locate the 4 types of tissue

in the body.

The body is made of only 4 tissues

- groups of similar cells with a
common function that enable the
body to work as a sophisticated
machine
Tissues are organised into organs.

The 4 types of tissue in the body.

Epithelial
Connective

Nervous
Muscular

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 HOMEOSTASIS

1.4 Homeostasis, negative and

positive feedback
• Maintenance of a stable internal
environment = a dynamic state of
equilibrium
• Homeostasis must be maintained for
normal body functioning and to sustain
life
• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance
in homeostasis resulting in disease

Homeostatic Control Mechanism fig 1.4

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Maintaining Homeostasis

• The body communicates through neural

and hormonal control systems
• Receptor
• Responds to changes in the environment
(stimuli)
• Sends information to control center

Maintaining Homeostasis

• Control center
• Determines set point
• Analyzes information
• Determines appropriate response
• Effector
• Provides a means for response to the
stimulus

Negative feedback

Most controls use negative feedback

Reverses the change, returning it to normal.
(Maintains internal balance).
E.g. Maintaining body temperature
• Too cold (stimulus)
• Noticed by thermoreceptors (receptor)
• Brain (control centre) triggers
• Shivering & skin blood vessels to constrict
(effect)

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 Negative feedback

Stimulus

Too much

Response
Reduce
Result = balance

Negative feedback

Stimulus

Not enough

Response
Reduce
Result = balance

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Positive feedback

• Amplifies the change by acting in the same

direction as the change
• Very few homeostatic mechanisms are
positive.
E.g. Childbirth, blood clotting

Mostly positive feedback is undesirable &

can lead to pathology & death

Positive feedback

Stimulus
Result = no balance

Positive feedback

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 1.5 List the 11 organ systems and
their major functions
Organ systems are where organs work together for a
common function. Pages 29 & 30 in your text (objective 1.5)
Integumentary Skeletal

Muscular Nervous
Cardiovascular Endocrine
Respiratory Digestive

Urinary Immune/Lymphatic
Reproductive

SUMMARY

Body system
inter-
relationships.
(figure 1.3)

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 For you do at home 1.6 J

•Terminology related to planes and

anatomical terms.

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