Effects of Citrus Fruits As Fertilizers Using Photosynthetic Testing, Growth Rate and Leaf Area Ratio of Hedera Helix

Effects of Citrus Fruits as Fertilizers Using Photosynthetic Testing, Growth Rate and Leaf
Area Ratio of Hedera helix
By Zimin Zhao, Katrina Shedd, David Hartfield and Sonia Rahangdale
LBS145 Cell and Molecular Biology
Section 1 M2
Dan Gutteridge, James Hardie, Professor Luckie
3/3/05
Figure 1: Orange extract, orange peel extract, grapefruit peel extract, and grapefruit extract. These
are the four extracts that we ran our carbohydrate tests and protein test on. We also applied them
to our Hedera Ivy plants.
Abstract
(Authored by Katrina Shedd)
It is known that Citrus fruits contain sugars and proteins but not much is known about how
they differ in oranges, grapefruits, and their peels. The purpose of this study is to discover which
of these fruits, and which part, is most beneficial to plants. Using Benedict’s test, Barfoed’s test,
Selivanoff’s test, and Bial’s test on extracts of the inside of oranges and grapefruits, and peels of
the fruit we found that they all contain reducing sugars in the form of disaccharides and
polysaccharides, ketoses and aldoses, and hexose furanoses. The Bradford protein assay
determined the amount of protein in our orange extract to be the highest. Citrus fruit peels are
often used in fertilizers, it is important to find out how peels and fruit affect photosynthesis and
growth of plants. We first tested the pH of the four extracts, finding the grapefruit to be the most
acidic and the grapefruit peel the most basic. After five weeks, we measured the growth of
our Hedera helix, and found their leaf area ratios (LAR). Using a chi-squared goodness of fit test
we found that there was no significant difference in the growth of our plants or in the LAR, based
on a p-value of 0.05. Paper chromatography was performed and the Rf values we found did not
match any pigments. The Hill Reaction was also used and we found that most photosynthesis
occurred in the control plants and white light and the least occurred with the orange plant under
red light.
Discussion
(Written by Zimin Zhao, revised by Sonia Rahangdale, Kati Shedd, David Hartfield)
In this experiment we compared the kinds of carbohydrates, the protein concentrations, the
photosynthetic properties and the acidity of different citrus fruits and citrus fruit parts to help
determine which would be the best fertilizer for the Hedera Ivy, Hedera helix. The citrus fruits we
studied are oranges and grapefruits, and these fruits’ insides and peels were studied separately.
The average increase in height, the photosynthetic properties, and the leaf area ratio of the plants
applied with different extracts of the citrus fruits and citrus fruit parts were also examined. We
predicted that both oranges and grapefruits contain reducing sugars, disaccharides, ketoses,
aldoses, hexose furanoses (Spiegel-Roy and Goldschmidt, 1996) and proteins (Sinclair, 1972). We
hypothesized that the orange peel extract would be the best fertilizer for plants because studies
have shown that the juice of citrus fruits are much more acidic than their peels (Spiegel-Roy and
Goldschmidt, 1996), and we suspected that grapefruit extracts from both the peel and the fruit
would be too acidic for the plants (Sinclair, 1972). Furthermore, studies have shown that orange
peels contain potassium, which is necessary for plants to grow (James et al., 2004). From this, we
predicted that a chi-squared test on both the average height the plants grew and the leaf area ratio
would show that there is a significant difference between the control plants, the treatment with
orange extract, the treatment with orange peel extract, the treatment with grapefruit extract and the
treatment with grapefruit peel extract. We expect to find this because if the orange peel is the most
effective fertilizer then it should cause the most growth and thus producing the tallest plants and
plants with the highest leaf ratio (Spiegel-Roy and Goldschmidt, 1996). It was also predicted that
the plants applied with all four extracts would contain the photosynthetic pigments -- chlorophyll
a and chlorophyll b because both pigments are green and the color of the plants is green (Krha et
al., 2005). It is known that chlorophyll is “responsible for the green color of plants” (Freeman,
2002). The orange peel and grapefruit peel extracts are predicted to contain carotene, which is
orange-yellow, and xanthophylls, which is pale yellow because the peels are yellowish orange in
color. Finally, we predicted that the Hill Reaction would show that white light is the best for
photosynthesis of all the plants because white light consists of many different colors or
wavelengths of light, while blue and red light only consist of single wavelengths of light (Krha et
al., 2005).
In the Benedict’s test, which tests for the presence of a free aldehyde or ketone group, our
results showed that all four extracts: orange, orange peel, grapefruit, and grapefruit peel, produced
a red precipitate. This indicates that there is a free aldehyde or ketone group present in the sugars
in all four extracts. Since sugars that contain a free aldehyde or ketone are reducing sugars, it can
be concluded that all four extracts contain reducing sugars. Barfoed’s test, which distinguishes
monosaccharides from di- and polysaccharides showed a precipitate in all four extracts. This result
shows the presence of monosaccharides in all four extracts. Selivanoff’s test, which differentiates
ketoses and aldoses showed that all four extracts contain monosaccharide ketoses because all four
extracts turned red in less than one minute. Bial’s test, which is used to detect furanoses, showed
the presence of pentose-furanoses in all four extracts since all four extracts turned either
green/olive or green after heating. (Krha et al., 2005) For each extract in all four of the sugar tests
three replications were performed, the replications showed the same results most of the time, so
our results are reliable. Moreover, our results support the prediction that oranges and grapefruits
contain reducing sugars and ketoses, but contradict the prediction that they contain disaccharides,
aldoses, and hexose furanoses. Bradford protein assay was performed to find and compare the
protein concentration in each extract. The results supports our predictions and show that the orange
peel extract contains the highest concentration of protein, the next highest is the orange extract.
The grapefruit peel contains a slightly lower protein concentration than the orange extract, and the
grapefruit contains the lowest concentration of protein.
Paper chromatography of the orange peel extract and the grapefruit peel extract showed no
separation of pigments. This result indicates that the orange peels and grapefruit peels may not
have any photosynthetic pigments in them. Paper chromatography on the extracts of plants from
the control group and the orange fruit treatment showed the presence of a green pigment with
an Rf value of 0.087 and 0.065 respectively. Paper chromatography on the extracts of plants from
the orange peel treatment, the grapefruit treatment, the grapefruit peel treatment showed the
presence of a green pigment with an Rf value of 0.098, 0.100, and 0.103 respectively; and also
showed the presence of a yellow pigment with an Rf value of 0.523, 0.655, and 0.259 respectively.
The yellow pigment with an Rf value of 0.655 found in the plants from the grapefruit treatment is
close to the Rf value of carotene, which is about 0.622. Indicating that the plants applied with
grapefruit extract contain carotene. The results observed for the plants from the control group and
the orange, orange peel, grapefruit peel treatments contradicts our prediction because their Rf
values were not close to the previously found Rf values of carotene, xanthophylls (0.416),
chlorophyll a (0.326), or chlorophyll b (0.192). This indicates that these plants contain
photosynthetic pigments other than these four pigments, but the plants in the orange peel treatment,
grapefruit treatment and grapefruit peel treatment may have more photosynthetic pigments than
the plants in the control group and the orange fruit treatment.
The Hill Reaction on Hedera Ivy chloroplasts showed that plants applied with orange fruit
extract had the highest absorbance when exposed to no light, second highest absorbance when
exposed to red light, third highest absorbance when exposed to white light, and lowest absorbance
when exposed to blue light. This contradicts our prediction and indicates that in this plant extract,
indophenol was reduced the most when exposed to blue light. Indophenol turns clear from the
original blue color when it is reduced; the more reduced indophenol is the lower the absorbance
should be. Thus, the Hedera Ivy applied with orange fruit extract utilizes blue light the most for
photosynthesis. The result for the plants applied with orange peel extract showed the highest
absorbance when exposed to blue light, second highest absorbance when exposed to no light, third
highest absorbance when exposed to red light, and lowest absorbance when exposed to white light.
This supports our prediction and indicates that in this plant extract, indophenol was reduced the
most when exposed to white light. So white light is the best for photosynthesis for the Hedera Ivy
applied with orange peel extract. The results for the plants applied with grapefruit extract,
grapefruit peel extract and the control group all showed the highest absorbance when exposed to
no light, second highest absorbance when exposed to blue light, third highest absorbance when
exposed to red light, and lowest absorbance when exposed to white light. This also supports our
prediction and indicates that white light is the best for photosynthesis for these plants. From eye
observation, no difference was observed in the darkness of the color of the plant extracts and
indophenol solutions although the solutions with more reduced indophenol should appear light.
This may be due to the human eye’s inability to observe a slight color change.
Furthermore, pH tests on the extracts showed that the grapefruit has a lower pH value than
the orange fruit, but the grapefruit peel has a higher pH value than the orange peel. Overall, the
fruits had lower pH values than the peels. These results support our prediction that fruits are
generally more acidic than the peels and grapefruit extract might be too acidic for the plants, but
contradicts our prediction in that the grapefruit peel had the highest pH value of all the fruit parts.
The final examination of the growth of the Hedera Ivy due to the application of the extracts
included a chi-squared test on the average increase in height of the plants in each treatment, and a
comparison between the leaf area ratios of the plants in each treatment. Results indicate that the
plants in the grapefruit peel extract treatment had the most increase in height. Chi-squared test on
the increase in height of the plants in each treatment produced a p-value of 0.5330, indicating that
there is no significant difference in the height increase of the plants in the different treatments.
Comparison between the leaf area ratios of the plants in each treatment showed the highest leaf
area ratio for the plants in the grapefruit extract treatment. Chi-squared test on the leaf area ratios
produced a p-value of 0.93162, indicating there is no significant difference between the leaf area
ratios.
Since there is no significant difference in the increase in height and the leaf area ratios of
the plants in the different treatments, our experimental results do not support our hypothesis that
orange peels are the best fertilizer for plants. Using orange fruit, orange peels, grapefruit or
grapefruit peels as fertilizer for the Hedera Ivy will not cause a big difference in its growth.
There are many possible sources of error in this experiment. In the sugar tests, it is possible
that the original yellowish color of the extracts affected the color of the solutions after heating and
the concentration of extract we used might not be the best concentration for the sugar tests. More
accurate and reliable tests for sugar will reduce this error. Also, the spectrophotometer might not
be very accurate in reading the absorbance in the protein assay and for the Hill reaction because
there are a few instances when the machine altered the zero point. A more accurate
spectrophotometer will produce better results. Possible sources of error for paper chromatography
might be that the petroleum ether solution was not an effective enough solvent for the separation
of the pigments in our extracts. Other solvents can be used to run the paper chromatography or
other methods: such as thin layer chromatography and column chromatography may be performed
to improve the results (Lehman, 1999). In addition, since there were difficulties in obtaining pellets
through centrifugation of the peel extracts to run the paper chromatography, the solutions of
extracts used might not be effective for paper chromatography. For further experimentations, a
more high-powered centrifuge can be used to obtain the pellets.
Exposure to light while making and aliquoting the indophenol solutions, and inaccuracies
in the timing of the reaction are all possible sources of error in the Hill Reaction. And inefficiency
of the pH meter and contaminations of the pH meter probe many produce erroneous pH values of
the extracts. Other possible sources of error in our experiment include: not enough replications on
the tests we ran, the way in which our plants were fertilized, and how much fertilizer was used.
Our experiment had only 3 replications of each different treatment, which may not be an effective
sample size to yield reliable results. Perhaps more replications could improve the reliability of this
experiment. The probability of this being a source of error is low as the test results we obtained
from the 3 replications did not vary from one another. It was also difficult to determine how much
extract should be used for each of the controls to actually affect the results of the experiment.
Giving too little would not affect the plants’ growth and too much may actually do the plant harm
rather than aiding it in growth. In this experiment, we may have applied too small amounts of
extracts to each plant, causing there to be no significant difference in the overall growth of the
plants in the different treatments.
https://msu.edu/course/lb/145/luckie/inquiriesS2005/streamI/Eagles/eagles.html
1. Comparative study of the hypocholesterolemic, antidiabetic effects of four agro-

waste Citrus peels cultivars and their HPLC standardization
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Nesrin M. Fayek
Full Text Available ABSTRACT Citrus is an economically important fruit for Egypt, but its peel also is one
of the major sources of agricultural waste. Due to its fermentation, this waste causes many economic and
environmental problems. Therefore it is worthwhile to investigate ways to make use of
this citrus waste generated by the juice industry. This study was aimed to explore the
hypocholesterolemic, antidiabetic activities of four varieties of citrus peels agrowastes, to isolate the main
flavonoids in the active fractions and to quantify them by HPLC method for nutraceutical purposes. All the
tested samples of the agro-waste Citrus fruits peels showed significant decrease in cholesterol,
triacylglyceride and glucose. The most decrease in cholesterol level was observed by
mandarin peels aqueous homogenate and its hexane fraction (59.3% and 56.8%, respectively reaching
the same effect as the reference drug used (54.7%. Mostly, all samples decrease triacylglyceride (by
36%â€“80.6% better than the reference drug used (by 35%, while, glucose was decreased (by
71.1%â€“82.8 and 68.6%â€“79.6%, respectively mostly by the aqueous homogenates (except lime and
alcoholic extracts (except mandarin of Citrus fruits peelsbetter than the reference drug used (by 68.3%. All
the isolated pectin, from the four cultivars, has significant effect on the three parameters. The comparative
HPLC rapid quantification of nobiletin in the different by-product citrus varieties hexane fractions revealed
that nobiletin is present in higher concentration in mandarin (10.14% than the other species. Nobiletin and
4â€²,5,7,8-tetramethoxy flavone were isolated from mandarin peels hexane fraction by chromatographic
fractionation. This is the first report of the comparative HPLC quantification of nobiletin and biological
studies of different citrus peels species as agro-waste products. Based on these results, we suggest the
possibility that Citrus fruits peels may be considered as an antidiabetic and
2. A low-energy, cost-effective approach to fruit and citrus peel waste processing for bioethanol production
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Choi, In Seong; Lee, Yoon Gyo; Khanal, Sarmir Kumar; Park, Bok Jae; Bae, Hyeun-Jong
2015-01-01
Highlights: â€¢ Simple bioprocess of bioethanol production from fruit wastes containing D-limonene. â€¢
Two in-house enzymatic bioconversion rates were approximately 90%. â€¢ Limonene recovery column
(LRC) was designed for absorption of D-limonene. â€¢ Ethanol production by immobilized yeast
fermentation and LRC was 12-fold greater. - Abstract: Large quantities of fruit waste are generated from
agricultural processes worldwide. This waste is often simply dumped into landfills or the ocean.
Fruit waste has high levels of sugars, including sucrose, glucose, and fructose, that can be fermented for
bioethanol production. However, some fruit wastes, such as citrus peel waste (CPW), contain compounds
that can inhibit fermentation and should be removed for efficient bioethanol production. We developed a
novel approach for converting single-source CPW (i.e., orange, mandarin, grapefruit, lemon, or lime) or
CPW in combination with other fruit waste (i.e., banana peel, apple pomace, and pear waste) to produce
bioethanol. Two in-house enzymes were produced from Avicel and CPW and were tested with
fruit waste at 12â€“15% (w/v) solid loading. The rates of enzymatic conversion of fruit waste to
fermentable sugars were approximately 90% for all feedstocks after 48 h. We also designed a D-limonene
removal column (LRC) that successfully removed this inhibitor from the fruit waste. When the LRC was
coupled with an immobilized cell reactor (ICR), yeast fermentation resulted in ethanol concentrations
(14.4â€“29.5 g/L) and yields (90.2â€“93.1%) that were 12-fold greater than products from ICR
fermentation alone
3. Bioprocessing of citrus waste peel for induced pectinase production by Aspergillus niger; its purification
and characterization
OpenAIRE
Ahmed, Ishtiaq; Zia, Muhammad Anjum; Hussain, Muhammad Azhar; Akram, Zain; Naveed, Muhammad
Tahir; Nowrouzi, Azin
2016-01-01
Agro-industrial residues are primarily composed of complex polysaccharides that strengthen microbial
growth for the production of industrially important enzymes. Pectinases are one of the most widely
disseminated enzymes in bacteria, fungi and plants. Czapeck media supplemented with
orange waste peel as carbon source under submerged fermentation process Aspergillus niger presenting
the preeminent enzymatic production. On partial optimization culture showed the maximum enzyme yield
(117.1Â Â±Â 3....
4. Bioprocessing of citrus waste peel for induced pectinase production by Aspergillus niger; its purification
and characterization
Ishtiaq Ahmed
2016-04-01
Full Text Available Agro-industrial residues are primarily composed of complex polysaccharides that
strengthen microbial growth for the production of industrially important enzymes. Pectinases are one of
the most widely disseminated enzymes in bacteria, fungi and plants. Czapeck media supplemented with
orange waste peel as carbon source under submerged fermentation process Aspergillus niger presenting
the preeminent enzymatic production. On partial optimization culture showed the maximum enzyme yield
(117.1Â Â±Â 3.4Â Î¼M/mL/min at 30Â Â°C in an orange waste peel medium having pH 5.5 and substrate
concentration (4% after 5th day of fermentation. The produced enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate
precipitation and ion exchange chromatography. A purification fold of 5.59 with specific activity and %
recovery of 97.2Â U/mg and 12.96% was achieved respectively after gel filtration chromatographic
technique. The molecular weight of purified pectinase from A. niger was 30Â kDa evidenced by SDS-
PAGE. Pectinase activity profile showed purified enzyme was optimally active at pHÂ =Â 7 and 55Â Â°C.
The maximum production of pectinase in the presence of cheaper substrate at low concentration makes
the enzyme useful in industrial sectors especially for textile and juice industry.
5. Citrus Waste Biomass Program
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Karel Grohman; Scott Stevenson
2007-01-30
Renewable Spirits is developing an innovative pilot plant bio-refinery to establish the commercial viability
of ehtanol production utilizing a processing waste from citrus juice production. A novel process based on
enzymatic hydrolysis of citrus processing waste and fermentation of resulting sugars to ethanol by yeasts
was successfully developed in collaboration with a CRADA partner, USDA/ARS Citrus and Subtropical
Products Laboratory. The process was also successfully scaled up from laboratory scale to 10,000 gal
fermentor level.
6. Studies on the development of functional powder from citrus peel.

Science.gov (United States)
Kang, H J; Chawla, S P; Jo, C; Kwon, J H; Byun, M W
2006-03-01
The suitability of citrus peels, generated as a by-product of the juice industry, as a source of antioxidants
was investigated. Citrus peel powder was prepared by lyophilizing 70% ethanol extract from citrus peels.
Extraction was carried out at room temperature (20 degrees C) for 72 h. The extract was subjected to
gamma-irradiation treatment (20 kGy). The aqueous solutions of citrus peel powder were examined for
color characteristics and antioxidant potential in terms of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical
scavenging, beta-carotene bleaching and nitrite scavenging activities. There were significant changes in
Hunter color values due to irradiation. The a*- and b*-values decreased due to radiation treatment. DPPH
radical scavenging, beta-carotene bleaching and nitrite scavenging activities were not affected by
irradiation treatment. Nitrite scavenging activity was the highest in the extract at pH 1.2 followed by pH 4.2
and 6.0. These functional properties of the aqueous solution were found to be stable in heat treatment. It
could significantly improve oxidative stability of lipids in fish meat system. Based on these results there
may be opportunities to use citrus peel powder as a functional component in the food processing industry
with gamma irradiation treatment improving its color characteristics without adversely influencing the
functional properties.
7. Pre-Harvest Dropped Kinnow ( Citrus reticulata Blanco) Waste Management through the Extraction of
Naringin and Pectin from their Peels using Indigenous Resin
Laxmi Deepak Bhatlu, M.; Katiyar, Prashant; Singh, Satya Vir; Verma, Ashok Kumar
2016-09-01
About 10-20 % kinnow fruits are dropped in preharvest stage which are waste and are problem to farmer
as these create nuisance by rotting and insect rearing ground. The peels of these dropped fruits as well
as peels from kinnow processing may be good source of naringin and pectin. Naringin is used in
pharmaseutics while pectin is used in food industry. For recovery of naringin and pectn, peels of
preharvest dropped kinnow fruits were boiled in water. The extract was passed through macroporus
polymeric adsorbent resin Indion PA 800, naringin was adsorbed on it. The adsorbed naringin was
desorbed with ethanol. This solution was passed through membrane filter and filtrate was evaporated to
obtain naringin. The extract remaining after adsorption of naringin was used to recover pectin using acid
extraction method. The recovery of naringin and pectin was about 52 and 58 % respectively. The naringin
finally obtained had 91-93 % purity.
8. Antioxidant activity and antiaging gel formulation grapefruit peel (Citrus maxima Merr.) ethanolic extract
OpenAIRE
Nazliniwaty; Karsono; Zebua, Nilsya Febrika; Febrika, Nilsya
2017-01-01
This study aims to conduct the antioxidant activity test of grapefruit peel ethanolic extracts and gel
formulation. Grapefruit (Citrus maxima Merr.) is a plant of the Rutaceae family, which has been known to
contain ph enolic compounds (flavonoids and tannins). Grapefruit skin was very thick (>30% of the total
weight of the fr uit) and always considered as waste that has not been utiliz ed properly....
9. In Vitro Studies on Phytochemical Content, Antioxidant, Anticancer, Immunomodulatory, and

Antigenotoxic Activities of Lemon, Grapefruit, and Mandarin Citrus Peels.
Diab, Kawthar Ae
2016-01-01
In recent years, there has been considerable research on recycling of agroindustrial waste for production
of bioactive compounds. The food processing industry produces large amounts of citrus peels that may be
an inexpensive source of useful agents. The present work aimed to explore the phytochemical content,
antioxidant, anticancer, antiproliferation, and antigenotxic activities of lemon, grapefruit, and
mandarin peels. Peels were extracted using 98% ethanol and the three crude extracts were assessed for
their total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity using DPPH (1,
1diphenyl2picrylhydrazyl). Their cytotoxic and mitogenic proliferation activities were also studied in human
leukemia HL60 cells and mouse splenocytes by CCK8 assay. In addition, genotoxic/ antigenotoxic activity
was explored in mouse splenocytes using chromosomal aberrations (CAs) assay. Lemon peels had the
highest of TPC followed by grapefruit and mandarin. In contrast, mandarin peels contained the highest of
TFC followed by lemon and grapefruit peels. Among the extracts, lemon peel possessed the strongest
antioxidant activity as indicated by the highest DPPH radical scavenging, the lowest effective
concentration 50% (EC50= 42.97 ?g extract/ mL), and the highest Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
(TEAC=0.157). Mandarin peel exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 77.8 ?g/mL) against HL60
cells, whereas grapefruit and lemon peels were ineffective antileukemia. Further, citrus peels possessed
immunostimulation activity via augmentation of proliferation of mouse splenocytes
(Tlymphocytes). Citrus extracts exerted noncytotoxic, and antigenotoxic activities through remarkable
reduction of CAs induced by cisplatin in mouse splenocytes for 24 h. The phytochemical constituents of
the citrus peels may exert biological activities including anticancer, immunostimulation and antigenotoxic
potential.
10. Study of some macronutrients composition in peels of different citrus fruits grown in NWFP
Ali, J.; Abid, H.; Hussain, A.
2010-01-01
The study was undertaken to evaluate the nutritional significance of four varieties of citrus fruits peel such
as sour orange, sweet orange, lemon and grapefruit. The peels were dehydrated, grinded by using
hammer mill machine and analyzed comparatively. The selected parameters were total ash, crude fat,
crude fiber, crude protein, total sugar, reducing sugar, nonreducing, lignin and pectin ranged from 1.7-7.3
%,1.2-2.1 %, 5.7-8.6 %, 2.2-4.2 %,10.2-16.5 %, 12.4-10.2 %, 2.5-4.2 %, 1.3-6.4 % and 4.4-12.8 %,
respectively. The quantity of p-carotene and vitamin C determined by spectrophotometer were in the
range of 0.13-2.10 l1g/g and 42.5-65.0 mg/100g respectively. The overall result showed considerable
variation among the peels of citrus fruits for different quality parameters. The varieties were characterized
on the basis of nutrient contents. Due to lack of information available on some macronutrients composition
of these citrus fruits waste (Peels) and their role in contemporary diet, the assessment was carried out on
the basis of nutritional quality. (author)
11. Quantification of Transfer of Salmonella from Citrus Fruits to Peel, Edible Portion, and Gloved Hands
during Hand Peeling.
Jung, Jiin; Friedrich, Loretta M; Danyluk, Michelle D; Schaffner, Donald W
2017-06-01
Although studies have quantified bacterial transfer between hands and various materials, cross-
contamination between the surface of fresh citrus fruit and the edible portions during hand peeling has not
been reported. This study quantifies transfer of Salmonella to the edible portion of citrus fruit from a
contaminated peel during hand peeling. Citrusfruits used for this study were Citrus sinensis (sweet
orange) cultivars 'Valencia' and 'Navel', Citrus unshiu (Satsuma mandarins), Citrus reticulata
Ã— Citrus paradisi ('Minneola' tangelo or 'Honeybell'), and C. paradisi (grapefruit) cultivar 'Marsh'. An
avirulent Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 (ATCC 700720) resistant to rifampin was used for all experiments.
The inoculum containing approximately 9 log CFU/mL (50 Î¼L) was spot inoculated onto the equator,
stem, or styler of each fruit and allowed to dry for 24 h. Six volunteers put on single-use latex gloves
and peeled inoculated fruit. Peel, edible fruit portion, and gloves were collected and enumerated
separately. Three replicates of the study were performed in which each volunteer peeled two inoculated
fruit of each variety (n = 36 fruit per variety). Cross-contamination from contaminated surface
of citrus fruits to edible portion or gloved hands during peeling was affected by inoculation sites. Average
Salmonella transfer to the edible portion ranged from 0.16% (Valencia inoculated at the equator) to 5.41%
(navel inoculated at the stem). Average Salmonella transfer to gloved hands ranged from 0.41%
(grapefruit inoculated at the stem) to 8.97% (navel inoculated at the stem). Most Salmonella remained on
the peel of citrus fruits. The average level of Salmonella remaining on the peel ranged from 5.37%
(Minneola inoculated at the equator) to 66.3% (Satsuma inoculated at the styler). When grapefruit was
inoculated, the Salmonella that remained on the peel showed a bimodal pattern in which some individuals
left almost all Salmonella on the peel, while others left
12. Citrus peel extract and powder attenuate hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia using rodent
experimental modeling
Humaira Ashraf
2017-10-01
Conclusions: Conclusively, inclusion of citrus peel bioflavonoids in dietary therapies is a promising

strategy to modulate lipidemic and glycemic attributes without imparting any deleterious effect on
hematological parameters.
13. Evaluation of antioxidant potential of citrus peel extracts
Chatha, S.A.S.; Hussain, A.I.; Asi, M.R.
2011-01-01
The antioxidant potential of different solvent extracts of three different locally grown citrus varieties; grape
fruit, lemon and mussambi, was assessed using some antioxidant assays like estimation of total phenolic
contents (TPC), total flavonoids contents (TFC), percentage inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation and DPPH
free radical scavenging capacity. The yield of extracts was found in the range of 17.92-30.8%. TPC, TFC,
percent inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation and DPPH radical scavenging capacity of
different citrus peelextracts were found in range of 2.72 - 3.77 g/100g as Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE),
2.20-2.98 g/100g as Catechine Equivalent (CE), 68.20 - 91.78% and 19.53 - 41.88 mg/mL, respectively.
Statistical analysis showed significant (p < 0.05) variations in the yield and antioxidant potentials of the
extracts with respect to different species and solvent systems. From the results it is reasonable to say that
methanolic extracts of citrus peels have exhibited varying degree of antioxidant potentials. (author)
14. Extraction, Modelling and Purification of Flavonoids from Citrus Medica Peel
OpenAIRE
M. Parvathi Nandan; Vangalapati Meena
2015-01-01
Soxhlet extraction technique is widely employed for the extraction and separation of chemical constituents
in the medicinal plants. Citrus medica L commonly called as Citron belongs to family Rutaceae, is a slow-
growing shrub. It is mainly cultivated for the production of edible fruits which are sour in taste like lime and
lemon and the main content of a citron fruit is the thick rind, which is very adherent to the segments. From
the phytochemical analysis the peel extract is rich source of p...
15. Nutrient, phytochemical, and antinutrient composition of Citrus maxima fruit juice and peel extract.
Ani, Peace Nwanneka; Abel, Happiness Chiamaka
2018-05-01
Nutrient, phytochemical, and antinutrient composition of Citrus maxima fruit juice and peel extract were
determined. The fruit was procured from a garden in Trans-Ekulu, Enugu East Local Government Area,
Enugu State, Nigeria. Mature undamaged Citrus maxima fruits were thoroughly washed with distilled
water to remove contamination, dirt, and air-dried. The peel was separated from the pulp. The pulp
(100Â g) was blended and filtered through a muslin cloth to obtain a clear juice. The peel (50Â g) was
macerated with 200Â ml of ethanol for 20Â min. The peel extract was filtered through filter paper. The
supernatant was concentrated by rotary evaporation. The peel extract was weighed and stored in a plastic
container until needed. Proximate, mineral, vitamins, antinutrient, and phytochemical composition of the
juice and peel extract were determined using standard procedures. Citrus maxima peel extract contains
significantly ( p Â maxima juice. Alkaloid, phenolics, and flavonoids were also significantly ( p
Â Â NaÂ >Â PhÂ >Â FeÂ >Â MgÂ >Â K in the juice and CaÂ >Â PhÂ >Â NaÂ >Â FeÂ >Â KÂ >Â Mg in
the peel extract. Vitamin C content of the juice and peel extract were 26.36Â mg/100Â g and
19.34Â mg/100Â g, respectively. Citrus maxima peel is highly nutritive and rich in phytochemicals, further
research is recommended to investigate its therapeutic effect.
16. Evaluation of Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Citrus pseudolimon

and Citrus grandis Peel Essential Oils
Sajid, A.; Hanif, M.A.; Shahid, M.
2016-01-01
Essential oils and their volatile constituents are used extensively to prevent and treat human diseases. In
the past decades, worldwide demand for citrus essential oils has greatly increased. Citrus essential oils
containing 85-99 percent volatile and 1-15 percent non-volatile components. Essential oils
from Citrus pseudolimon and Citrus grandis peels were extracted through steam distillation and
characterized by GC-MS. C. pseudolimon has thirty six and C. grandis has thirty three total components;
limonene 47.07 percent and 71.48 percent was the major component in both oils respectively. Antioxidant
activity was checked by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical assay and Î²-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching
test. Both oils have modest activity. The antimicrobial potential was assessed against different bacterial
and fungus strains. C. pseudolimon oil possessed strong activity against all tested strains while C. grandis
has moderate activity. The antitumor activity was evaluated by potato disc assay, C. pseudolimon showed
81.25 inhibition. Hence the essential oils could have a great potential in pharmaceutical industry. (author)
17. Laguna Madre Water Purification using Biochar from Citrus Peels
Lopez, C.; Al-Qudah, O. M.
2017-12-01
Laguna Madre is an important lagoon in the coast of Texas. It is one of the seven hypersaline lagoons in
the world. Due to inflow of water with extreme amounts of phosphorus and nitrates and the low inflow of
freshwater, the lagoon has high amount of phosphorus and nitrates which can be harmful for fish and
plants situated in the lagoon. The goal is to be able to perform a filtration method with citrus peels biochar,
and then to evaluate and compare the produced biochar, zeolite, and activated carbon as an infiltration
filter by assessing reductions of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, as well as sum selected trace
elements. Furthermore, the current research will investigate how long the cleaning capacity of biochar
lasts and how the performance of the filter changes under an increased load of contaminants. The
performance of biochar from different parent materials and recycling options for the used filter materials
are also included in this research.
18. Volatile constituents of the peel and leaf oils of Citrus limon L. Burm. f. from Benin
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Ayedoun, M.A.; Sossou, P.V.; Mardarowicz, M.; Leclercq, P.A.
1996-01-01
The peel and leaf oils ofCitrus limon L. from Benin were analyzed by capillary GC on two columns of
different polarity, and by GCIMS. In these oils 42 and 27 components were identified, representing over
99.7% ofthe oils. The main constituents of the lemon peel oil were limonene (70.4%), y-terpinene
19. Bioactive Flavonoids, Antioxidant Behaviour, and Cytoprotective Effects of Dried

Grapefruit Peels (Citrus paradisi Macf.)
Castro-Vazquez, Lucia; AlaÃ±Ã³n, MarÃa Elena; RodrÃguez-Robledo, Virginia; PÃ©rez-Coello, MarÃa

Soledad; HermosÃn-Gutierrez, Isidro; DÃaz-Maroto, MarÃa Consuelo; JordÃ¡n, JoaquÃn; Galindo, MarÃa
Francisca; Arroyo-JimÃ©nez, MarÃa del Mar
2016-01-01
Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) is an important cultivar of the Citrus genus which contains a number of
nutrients beneficial to human health. The objective of the present study was to evaluate changes in
bioactive flavonoids, antioxidant behaviour, and in vitro cytoprotective effect of processed white and
pink peels after oven-drying (45Â°Câ€“60Â°C) and freeze-drying treatments. Comparison with fresh
grapefruit peels was also assessed. Significant increases in DPPH, FRAPS, and ABTS values were
observed in dried grapefruit peel samples in comparison with fresh peels, indicating the suitability of the
treatments for use as tools to greatly enhance the antioxidant potential of these natural byproducts. A total
of thirteen flavonoids were quantified in grapefruit peel extracts by HPLC-MS/MS. It was found that
naringin, followed by isonaringin, was the main flavonoid occurring in fresh, oven-dried, and freeze-dried
grapefruit peels. In vivo assay revealed that fresh and oven-dried grapefruit peel extracts (45Â°C) exerted
a strong cytoprotective effect on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines at concentrations ranging within
0.1â€“0.25â€‰mg/mL. Our data suggest that grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) peel has considerable
potential as a source of natural bioactive flavonoids with outstanding antioxidant activity which can be
used as agents in several therapeutic strategies. PMID:26904169
20. Bio-Diesel Production from Oil of Orange ( Citrus Sinensis ) Peels as ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Although, in Nigeria orange peels are considered as a waste, this study is intended to convert
the waste into wealth by establishing the production of biodiesel with oil obtained from orange peels; using
transeterification process. Oil from sun-dried/ ground orange peels were extractedusing n-hexane.
TransesterificationÂ ...
21. Biomethanization of citrus waste: Effect of waste characteristics and of storage on treatability and
evaluation of limonene degradation.
Lotito, Adriana Maria; De Sanctis, Marco; Pastore, Carlo; Di Iaconi, Claudio
2018-06-01
This study proposes the evaluation of the suitability of mesophilic anaerobic digestion as a simple
technology for the treatment of the citrus waste produced by small-medium agro-industrial enterprises
involved in the transformation of Citrus fruits. Two different stocks of citrus peel waste were used (i.e.,
fresh and stored citrus peel waste), to evaluate the influence of waste composition (variability in the type
of processed Citrus fruits) and of storage (potentially necessary to operate the anaerobic digester
continuously over the whole year due to the seasonality of the production) on anaerobic degradation
treatability. A thorough characterization of the two waste types has been performed, showing that the
fresh one has a higher solid and organic content, and that, in spite of the similar values of oil fraction
amounts, the two stocks are significantly different in the composition of essential oils (43% of limonene
and 34% of linalyl acetate in the fresh citrus waste and 20% of limonene and 74% of linalyl acetate in
the stored citrus waste). Contrarily to what observed in previous studies, anaerobic digestion was
successful and no reactor acidification occurred. No inhibition by limonene and linalyl acetate even at
the maximum applied organic load value (i.e., 2.72 gCOD waste /gVS inoculum ) was observed in the
treatment of the stored waste, with limonene and linalyl acetate concentrations of 104â€¯mg/l and
385â€¯mg/l, respectively. On the contrary, some inhibition was detected with
fresh citrus peel waste when the organic load increased from 2.21 to 2.88 gCOD waste /gVS inoculum ,
ascribable to limonene at initial concentration higher than 150â€¯mg/l. A good conversion into methane
was observed with fresh peel waste, up to 0.33â€¯ [Formula: see text] at the highest organic load, very
close to the maximum theoretical value of 0.35 [Formula: see text] , while a lower efficiency was
achieved with stored peel waste, with a reduction down to 0.24â€¯ [Formula: see
22. Changes in Peroxidase Activity in the Peel of Unshiub Mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) Fruit with
Different Storage Treatments
OpenAIRE
LepeduÅ¡, Hrvoje; JoziÄ‡, Marko; Å tolfa, Ivna; PaviÄiÄ‡, Nikola; Hackenberger, Branimir K.; Cesar,
Vera
2005-01-01
The Unshiu mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) is the major Citrus crop in Croatia. Limiting factors for
longer consumption of Unshiu mandarin are low storage performance and the appearance of chilling
injuries during storage. Previous studies indicated that oxidative stress might be involved in cold-
induced peel damage of harvested Citrus fruit. The aim of the present study was to investigate
peroxidase distribution, isoenzyme pattern and activity in the peel of Unshiu mandarin fruit. Special
goa...
23. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Citrus maxima peel extract and their catalytic/antibacterial
activities.
Yuan, Chun-Gang; Huo, Can; Gui, Bing; Cao, Wei-Ping
2017-08-01
The peel of Citrus maxima ( C. maxima ) is the primary byproducts during the process of fruit or juice in
food industries, and it was always considered as biomass waste for further treatments. In this study, the
authors reported a simple and eco-friendly method to synthesise gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using C.
maxima peel extract as reducing and capping agents. The synthesised AuNPs were characterised by
UV-visible spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Fourier-
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The UV-visible spectrum of the AuNPs colloid showed a
characteristic peak at 540â€…nm. The peaks of XRD analysis at (2 Î¸ ) 38.30Â°, 44.28Â°, 64.62Â°,
77.57Â° and 81.75Â° were assigned to (111), (200), (220), (311) and (222) planes of the face-centered
cubic (fcc) lattice of gold. The TEM images showed that AuNPs were nearly spherical in shape with the
size of 8-25â€…nm. The FTIR spectrum revealed that some bioactive compounds capped the surface
of synthesised AuNPs. The biosynthesised AuNPs performed strong catalytic activity in degradation of
4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol and good antibacterial activity against both gram negative ( Escherichia
coli ) and gram positive ( Staphylococcus aureus ) bacterium. The synthesis procedure was proved
simple, cost effective and environment friendly.
24. Biomethanation of banana peel and pineapple waste
Bardiya, N.; Somayaji, D.; Khanna, S. [Tata Energy Research Inst., New Delhi (India)
1997-10-01
Biomethanation of banana peel and pineapple wastes studied at various HRTs showed a higher rate of
gas production at lower retention time. The lowest possible HRT for banana peel was 25 days, resulting
in a maximum rate of gas production of 0.76 vol/vol/day with 36% substrate utilization, while pineapple-
processing waste digesters could be operated at 10 days HRT, with a maximum rate of gas production
of 0.93 vol/vol/day and 58% substrate utilization. For pineapple-processing waste lowering of retention
time did not affect the methane content significantly; however, with banana peel an HRT below 25 days
showed a drastic reduction in methane content. (author)
25. Volatile constituents of the fruit peel oil of Citrus maxima (J. Burman) Merrill. from Northeast India
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Bordoloi, A.K.; Pathak, M.G.; Sperkova, S.; Leclercq, P.A.
1999-01-01
The oil obtained by steam distillation of the fruit peels of cultivated Citrus maxima (T. Burman) Merrill
[syn. C. decumana Linn.; syn. C. grandts (1.) Osbeck] was investigated by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-five
compounds were identified accounting for 98.90/0 of the oil. The major constituent was
26. AND Citrus senensis PEEL EXTRACTS ON Aeromonas hydrophila ...
DR. AMINU
peel contains calcium, phosphorus, potassium, ascorbic acid, and vitamin A, as well as volatile oil and
..... A. comosus peel and C. senensis peel at 1:1 ratio against the isolates. Test organism. MIC value
(mg/ml). MBC value (mg/ml). S. paratyphi B1. 0.25. 1.00. S. paratyphi B2. 0.25. 0.50. S. paratyphi B3.
0.25. -. S. paratyphiÂ ...
27. Chemical Composition and Î±-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Vietnamese Citrus Peels Essential Oils
Nguyen Hai Dang
2016-01-01
Full Text Available Background. Inhibition of Î±-glucosidase is an important factor to control postprandial
hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Citrus essential oils (CEO are among the most widely used
essential oils, and some of them exhibited promising antidiabetic effect. However, the Î±-glucosidase
inhibition of CEO has not been investigated so far. The present work aims to evaluate the Î±-
glucosidase inhibition of essential oils from six Vietnamese Citrus peels. Methods. The chemical
composition of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from six Citrus peels was analyzed by GC-MS.
All essential oils were tested for their inhibitory activity on Î±-glucosidase using p-nitrophenyl-Î±-D-
glucopyranoside as substrate. Results. In Buddhaâ€™s hand and lime peels, the major components
were limonene (59.0â€“61.31% and Î³-terpinene (13.98â€“23.84% while limonene (90.95â€“95.74%
was most abundant in pomelo, orange, tangerine, and calamondin peels. Among the essential oils, the
Buddhaâ€™s hand oil showed the most significant Î±-glucosidase inhibitory effect with the IC50 value
of 412.2â€‰Î¼g/mL. The combination of the Buddhaâ€™s hand essential oil and the antidiabetic drug
acarbose increased the inhibitory effect. Conclusions. The results suggested the potential use of
Buddhaâ€™s hand essential oil as an alternative in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
28. Supplementation of Citrus maxima Peel Powder Prevented Oxidative Stress, Fibrosis, and Hepatic
Damage in Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Treated Rats.
Chowdhury, Mohammed Riaz Hasan; Sagor, Md Abu Taher; Tabassum, Nabila; Potol, Md Abdullah;
Hossain, Hemayet; Alam, Md Ashraful
2015-01-01
Citrus maxima peel is rich in natural phenolic compounds and has a long use in the traditional medicine.
HPLC-DAD analysis on Citrus maxima peel powder exhibited the presence of various phenolic
compounds such as caffeic acid and (-)-epicatechin. To determine the plausible hepatoprotective
activity of Citrus maxima peel powder, we used carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treated rat model. Liver
damage in rats was confirmed by measuring the AST, ALT, and ALP enzyme activities. In addition, lipid
peroxidation products (MDA), nitric oxide, advanced protein oxidation products level (APOP), and
catalase activities were also analyzed along with the histological profiling for the inflammatory cell
infiltration, collagen, and iron deposition in liver. Dietary supplementation of Citrus maxima peel powder
exhibited significant reduction of serum AST, ALT, and ALP activities in carbon tetrachloride treated
rats. Moreover, Citrus maxima peel powder also showed a significant reduction of the oxidative stress
markers (MDA, NO, and APOP level) and restored the catalase activity in CCl4 treated rats. Histological
examination of the liver section revealed reduced inflammatory cells infiltration, collagen, and iron
deposition in CCl4 treated rats. The results from this study demonstrated
that Citrus maxima peel powder produced significant hepatoprotective action in CCl4 administered rats.
29. Supplementation of Citrus maxima Peel Powder Prevented Oxidative Stress, Fibrosis, and Hepatic
Damage in Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4 Treated Rats
Mohammed Riaz Hasan Chowdhury
2015-01-01
Full Text Available Citrus maxima peel is rich in natural phenolic compounds and has a long use in the
traditional medicine. HPLC-DAD analysis on Citrus maxima peel powder exhibited the presence of
various phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid and (âˆ’-epicatechin. To determine the plausible
hepatoprotective activity of Citrus maxima peelpowder, we used carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 treated rat
model. Liver damage in rats was confirmed by measuring the AST, ALT, and ALP enzyme activities. In
addition, lipid peroxidation products (MDA, nitric oxide, advanced protein oxidation products level
(APOP, and catalase activities were also analyzed along with the histological profiling for the
inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen, and iron deposition in liver. Dietary supplementation
of Citrus maxima peel powder exhibited significant reduction of serum AST, ALT, and ALP activities in
carbon tetrachloride treated rats. Moreover, Citrus maxima peel powder also showed a significant
reduction of the oxidative stress markers (MDA, NO, and APOP level and restored the catalase activity
in CCl4 treated rats. Histological examination of the liver section revealed reduced inflammatory cells
infiltration, collagen, and iron deposition in CCl4 treated rats. The results from this study demonstrated
that Citrus maxima peel powder produced significant hepatoprotective action in CCl4 administered rats.
30. Efficacy and safety of Citrus sudachi peel in obese adults: A randomized, double-blind, pilot study
Masashi Akaike
2014-07-01
Full Text Available Objective: This study was undertaken to explore the efficacy and safety
of Citrus sudachi peel for metabolic risk factors in obese male and female adults.
Background: Citrus sudachi Hort. ex Shirai (Rutaceae, called â€œsudachiâ€•, is a small, round,
green citrus fruit that is mainly cultivated in Tokushima Prefecture in Japan. Our group reported
that Citrus sudachi peel powder improved glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia in Zucher-fatty rats and
reduced hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia in GK diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: We
conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 40 participants with abdominal obesity
and metabolic risk factors including hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance and elevated triglyceride
levels. Participants were randomized to receive either tablets that contained 1.3 g
dried Citrussudachi peel powder or placebo tablets for 12 weeks. The sudachi peel group included 14
males and 5 females with a mean age of 54.5 years, and the placebo group included 18 males and 2
females with a mean age of 51.9 years. Results: Physical status including body weight, waist
circumference and blood pressure and laboratory markers including metabolic parameters were not
different at any observation point between the two groups. However, among participants with serum
triglyceride levels of more than 120 mg/dl, body weight, waist circumference and serum triglyceride
levels were significantly decreased at several observation points after the start of treatment in the
sudachi peel group but not in the placebo group. No serious adverse events were observed in the
sudachi peel group. Conclusions: Citrus sudachi peel has the potential effect to safely improve
abdominal obesity and lower serum levels of TG in obese individuals with hypertriglyceridemia. A large-
scale randomized, double-blind clinical study targeting subjects with both abdominal obesity and high
TG levels is needed to confirm the metabolic effects of
31. Modeling the effect of pH on biosorption of heavy metals by citrus peels
Schiewer, Silke; Patil, Santosh B.
2008-01-01
Biosorption by materials such as citrus peels could be a cost effective technique for removing toxic
heavy metals from wastewater. Orange peels, lemon peels and lemon-based protonated
pectin peels (PPP) had Langmuir sorption capacities of 0.7-1.2 mequiv./g (39-67 mg/g) of Cd per
biosorbent dry weight. A potentiometric titration was interpreted using a continuous pK a spectrum
approach. It revealed four acidic sites with pK a values of 3.8, 6.4, 8.4 and 10.7, and a total site quantity
of 1.14 mequiv./g. Sorption isotherms of untreated citrus peels showed an unusual shape with two
plateau values. Protonated pectin peels on the other hand showed a typical Langmuir behavior with a
higher sorption capacity than untreated peels. At lower pH, metal binding was reduced due to increased
competition by protons. This was modeled using pH-sensitive isotherm equations. It was not necessary
to assume four binding sites; using one site with pK a 3.8 and a quantity of 1.14 mequiv./g was
sufficient. It was possible to accurately predict metal uptake at one pH using the metal binding constant
determined at a different pH. A 1:1 stoichiometry model fit the sorption isotherms shape better than a
1:2 stoichiometry. For constant pH, the 1:1 stoichiometry reduces to the Langmuir model
32. Modeling the effect of pH on biosorption of heavy metals by citrus peels
Schiewer, Silke [Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks,
PO Box 755900, Fairbanks, AK 99775 (United States)], E-mail: ffsos@uaf.edu; Patil, Santosh B.
[Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 755900,
Fairbanks, AK 99775 (United States)
2008-08-30
Biosorption by materials such as citrus peels could be a cost effective technique for removing toxic
heavy metals from wastewater. Orange peels, lemon peels and lemon-based protonated
pectin peels (PPP) had Langmuir sorption capacities of 0.7-1.2 mequiv./g (39-67 mg/g) of Cd per
biosorbent dry weight. A potentiometric titration was interpreted using a continuous pK{sub a} spectrum
approach. It revealed four acidic sites with pK{sub a} values of 3.8, 6.4, 8.4 and 10.7, and a total site
quantity of 1.14 mequiv./g. Sorption isotherms of untreated citrus peels showed an unusual shape with
two plateau values. Protonated pectin peels on the other hand showed a typical Langmuir behavior with
a higher sorption capacity than untreated peels. At lower pH, metal binding was reduced due to
increased competition by protons. This was modeled using pH-sensitive isotherm equations. It was not
necessary to assume four binding sites; using one site with pK{sub a} 3.8 and a quantity of 1.14
mequiv./g was sufficient. It was possible to accurately predict metal uptake at one pH using the metal
binding constant determined at a different pH. A 1:1 stoichiometry model fit the sorption isotherms
shape better than a 1:2 stoichiometry. For constant pH, the 1:1 stoichiometry reduces to the Langmuir
model.
33. In vivo anti-carcinogenic property of a formulated citrus peel extract
Michiko Suzawa
2014-03-01
Full Text Available Background: Cancer is one of the two leading fatal diseases humans face.
Synthesized drugs available for cancer intervention have many limitations in applications and
effectiveness and are often associated with serious of side effects, which can further damage the
patientsâ€™ quality of life. Recently, the development of natural-product-based and therapeutically
sound anti-cancer agents have gained popularity in the fields of functional and medical foods, which
may exhibit advantages of minimal toxicity and multiple active molecular components. Citrus peel or its
extract has been reported to have potent pharmacological activities and health benefits because of
abundant flavonoids present in citrus fruits, particularly in the peels. Results: The results of these
studies demonstrated the efficacy of Gold Lotion (GL, an extract of multiple varieties of citrus peels that
contains abundant flavonoids, including a high percentage of polymethoxylflavones (PMFs, which can
protect against skin cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer in mice. These results are clearly
promising and warrant a human trial with GL in future studies. Summary: Briefly, these data have
demonstrated that GL is efficacious in preventing and treating cancer in several model systems. This
review summarizes the results of currently available data regarding the in vivo anti-cancer activity of GL,
and identifies opportunities for subsequent human clinical trials to assess preventive and therapeutic
effects in the near future.
34. ( Citrus maxima ) peel powder on lipid oxidation of
The presence of phenolic compounds in Shaddock peel powder (SPP) and its effect on lipid oxidation in
cooked and raw semimembranosus (SM) muscle in goats were examined. The SPP was applied to
cooked and raw minced SM at the rate of 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of the weight of the meat and compared
with 0.01%Â ...
35. Utilization of chemically modified citrus reticulata peels for biosorptive removal of acid yellow-73 dye
from water
Rehman, R.; Salman, M.; Mahmud, T.; Kanwal, F.; Zaman, W.
2013-01-01
Textile effluents contain several varieties of natural and synthetic dyes, which are non-biodegradable.
Acid Yellow-73 is one of them. In this research work, adsorptive removal of this dye was investigated
using chemically modified Citrus reticulata peels, in batch mode. It was noted that adsorption of dye
on Citrus reticulata peels increased by increasing contact time and decreased in basic pH conditions.
Langmuir and Freundlich isothermal models were followed by equilibrium data, but the first isotherm
fitted the data better, showing that chemisorption occurred more as compared to physiosorption,
showing maximum adsorption capacity 96.46 mg.g-1.L-1. The thermodynamic study showed that
adsorption of Acid Yellow-73 on chemically modified Citrus reticulata peels was favorable in nature,
following pseudo-second order kinetics. (author)
36. Studies on the flavour and aroma of peel oil from citrus unshu irradiated with cathode ray
Nagashima, Toshio; Asari, Takayasu; Obara, Tetsujiro
1975-01-01
The flavor of peel oil from citrus unshu irradiated with 150 krad cathode ray were investigated by gas
chromatography. The sample irradiated and stored for 30 days showed browning and unfavorable odor
although the degree of the browning was not same as the report of Ojima et al. The yield of essential oil
showed only a slight difference in all samples. Some changes were found in the carbohydrate
components immediately after irradiation, whereas some changes were detected in hydrocarbon
components, especially d-linonen and pinene after storage of irradiated samples. Unfavorable odor
might be caused by the changes of quantitative ratio of the components. (auth.)
37. (Pleurotus pulmonarius) grown on cotton waste and cassava peel
This work evaluated the yield of Pleurotus pulmonarius on different mixtures of cotton waste and
cassava peel. P. pulmonarius demonstrated significantly higher colonization rate on
cotton waste substrate (100 g cotton waste) 3 weeks after inoculation of spawn than any other substrate
mixtures. Cotton waste had theÂ ...
38. Molecular characterization and enzymatic hydrolysis of naringin extracted from kinnow peel waste.
Puri, Munish; Kaur, Aneet; Schwarz, Wolfgang H; Singh, Satbir; Kennedy, J F
2011-01-01
Kinnow peel, a waste rich in glycosylated phenolic substances, is the principal by-product of
the citrus fruit processing industry and its disposal is becoming a major problem. This peel is rich in
naringin and may be used for rhamnose production by utilizing Î±-L-rhamnosidase (EC 3.2.1.40), an
enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of terminal rhamnosyl groups from naringin to yield prunin and
rhamnose. In this work, infrared (IR) spectroscopy confirmed molecular characteristics of naringin
extracted from kinnow peel waste. Further, recombinant Î±-L-rhamnosidase purified from Escherichia
coli cells using immobilized metal-chelate affinity chromatography (IMAC) was used for naringin
hydrolysis. The purified enzyme was inhibited by Hg2+ (1 mM), 4-hydroxymercuribenzoate (0.1 mM)
and cyanamide (0.1 mM). The purified enzyme established hydrolysis of naringin extracted from
kinnow peel and thus endorses its industrial applicability for producing rhamnose. Copyright Â© 2010
Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
39. Anointing chemicals and ectoparasites: responses by ticks and mosquitoes

to Citrus (Rutaceae) peel exudates and monoterpene constituents
Some birds and mammals rub their feathers or fur with the fruits or leaves of Citrus spp. or other
Rutaceae, presumably to deter ectoparasites. We measured avoidance and other responses by the
lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) and the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) to
lemon peel exudate a...
41. Extraction and quantification of polyphenols from kinnow (Citrus reticulate L. peel using ultrasound and
maceration techniques
Muhammad N. Safdar
2017-07-01
Full Text Available An investigation was carried out to extract polyphenols from the peel of kinnow
(Citrus reticulate L. by maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE techniques. The antioxidant
potential of these polyphenols was evaluated using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP, 2,2-
diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, and superoxide radical scavenging assays; and their antimicrobial
activity was assessed against bacterial strains Staphyloccoccus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and
Salmonella typhimurium. The highest extraction yield was obtained through the solvent ethanol at 80%
concentration level, whereas UAE was a more efficient technique and yielded comparatively higher
polyphenol contents than maceration. Maximum polyphenols were extracted with 80% methanol
[32.48Â mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE/g extract] using UAE, whereas minimum phenolics (8.64Â mg
GAE/g extract were obtained with 80% ethyl acetate through the maceration technique. Elevated
antioxidant activity of kinnow peel extracts was exhibited in three antioxidant assays, where 80%
methanolic extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity (27.67Â±1.11mM/100Â g for FRAP and the
highest scavenging activity, 72.83Â±0.65% and 64.80Â±0.91% for DPPH and superoxide anion radical
assays, respectively. Strong correlations between total polyphenols and antioxidant activity were
recorded. Eleven phenolic compoundsâ€”including five phenolic acids and six flavonoidsâ€”were
identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. Ferulic acid and hesperidin were
the most abundant compounds whereas caffeic acid was the least abundant phenolic compound in
kinnow peel extracts. Maximum inhibition zone was recorded against S. aureus (16.00Â±0.58Â mm
whereas minimum inhibition zone was noted against S. typhimurium (9.00Â±1.16Â mm. It was
concluded that kinnow mandarin peels, being a potential source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant
and antimicrobial properties, may be used as an ingredient for
42. Investigation of peel and leaf essential oils of Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan. growing in the south of
Vietnam
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Nguyen, Thao-Tran Thi; Thi Tran, Thanh-Tram; Hua, Tra-My
2016-01-01
The essential oils from peels and leaves of Citrus clementine Hort. ex Tan. were extracted via two
methods: conventional hydrodistillation (CHD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD). Their
physicochemical properties were investigated. Their chemical compositions of the oils were......
determined by GC/FID and GC/MS. A total of forty-one and seventy-seven compounds of the total
essential oil composition of the peels and leaves respectively were identified. The peel oils were
dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons in which limonene was the main component (95.48% [CHD],
and 95.03% [MAHD......-selinene (4.76% [CHD], and 8.02% [MAHD]) as major components. The oil
contents of peels were obtained with 5.31% and 5.67% by CHD method and MAHD method,
respectively. The oil contents of the leaves were obtained with 0.33% and 0.20% by CHD method and
MAHD method, respectively. The antimicrobial activity...
43. Changes in Peroxidase Activity in the Peel of Unshiub Mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. Fruit with Different
Storage Treatments
Hrvoje LepeduÅ¡
2005-01-01
Full Text Available The Unshiu mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. is the major Citrus crop in Croatia.
Limiting factors for longer consumption of Unshiu mandarin are low storage performance and the
appearance of chilling injuries during storage. Previous studies indicated that oxidative stress might be
involved in cold-induced peel damage of harvested Citrus fruit. The aim of the present study was to
investigate peroxidase distribution, isoenzyme pattern and activity in the peel of Unshiu mandarin fruit.
Special goal of our study was to investigate the changes of peroxidase activity in respect to two different
hot water dipping (HWD treatments (3 min at 48 and 52 Â°C and two different storage temperatures (1
and 3 Â°C combined. Peroxidase activity was detected at the border of oil glands, in the peel surface
and in the conducting elements positioned in the inner part of the peel. Electrophoretic analysis
revealed the presence of two peroxidase isoenzymes. There were no differences in the electrophoretic
pattern after the HWD treatments and cold storage. Lowering of both total and specific peroxidase
activity was measured in HWD-treated samples in comparison with the control ones. However, it
appeared that significant decrease in total peroxidase activity was influenced by the storage
temperatures, while the increase in total soluble protein content was influenced by the HWD
pretreatment.
44. Protective effects of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel and their bioactive compounds on oxidative
stress.
Chen, Zong-Tsi; Chu, Heuy-Ling; Chyau, Charng-Cherng; Chu, Chin-Chen; Duh, Pin-Der
2012-12-15
Protective effects of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel and their bioactive compounds on oxidative
stress were investigated. According to HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS/MS analysis, hesperidin (HD),
hesperetin (HT), nobiletin (NT), and tangeretin (TT) were present in water extracts of sweet
orange peel (WESP). The cytotoxic effect in 0.2mM t-BHP-induced HepG2 cells was inhibited by WESP
and their bioactive compounds. The protective effect of WESP and their bioactive compounds in 0.2mM
t-BHP-induced HepG2 cells may be associated with positive regulation of GSH levels and antioxidant
enzymes, decrease in ROS formation and TBARS generation, increase in the mitochondria membrane
potential and Bcl-2/Bax ratio, as well as decrease in caspase-3 activation. Overall, WESP displayed a
significant cytoprotective effect against oxidative stress, which may be most likely because of the
phenolics-related bioactive compounds in WESP, leading to maintenance of the normal redox status of
cells. Copyright Â© 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
45. Distillation of Essential Oils from Pontianak Orange Peel Wastes and Its Utilization for Aromatherapy
Soap
Hidayati Hidayati
2012-12-01
Full Text Available Orange (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa is the main commodities in Pontianak.
Production of essential oils from orange peel wastes and its use for soap aromatherapy substance
could improve its economic value. This study is aimed to produce the essential oils from
orange peel wastes with the highest limonene content by distillation. Its application for aromatherapy
soap substance also evaluated. Distillation of essential oils from orange peels was performed at 1000C
and 1100C for 4, 5, 6 and 7 hours. The results showed that at 1000C for 7 hours produced the highest
limonene content, reach 97.69%. The essential oils color was pale yellow, specific gravity 0.84,
refractive index 1.47, solubility in 90% ethanol 1:1 (transparent, acid value 0.143% and ester number
5.37. The aromatherapy soap produced with addition of 3.6% of limonene oils is in accordance with SNI
06-3532-1994 except for water content parameter.
46. Metal Analysis in Citrus Sinensis Fruit Peel and Psidium Guajava Leaf
Dhiman, Anju; Nanda, Arun; Ahmad, Sayeed
2011-01-01
The determination of metal traces is very important because they are involved in biological cycles and
indicate high toxicity. The objective of the present study is to measure the levels of heavy metals and
mineral ions in medicinally important plant species, Citrus sinensis and Psidium guajava. This study
investigates the accumulation of Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), Aluminum (Al), Mercury (Hg),
Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se) and inorganic minerals like Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) in C.
sinensis (sweet orange) fruit peel and P. guajava (guava) leaf, to measure the levels of heavy metal
contamination. Dried powdered samples of the plants were digested using wet digestion method and
elemental determination was done by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results are expressed as
mean Â± standard deviation and analysed by student's â€˜tâ€™ test. Values are considered significant
at P guajava leaves were within the acceptable limits for human consumption. The order of
concentration of elements in both the samples showed the following trend: Mg > Ca > Al > Zn > Cu >
Cd > Hg = As = Se. The content of Hg, As and Se in C. sinensis fruit peel and P. guajava leaves was
significantly low and below detection limit. The content of toxic metals in tested plant samples was
found to be low when compared with the limits prescribed by various authorities (World Health
Organization, WHO; International Centre for Materials Research, ICMR; American Public Health
Association, APHA). The content of Hg, As and Se in C. sinensis fruit peel and P. guajava leaves was
not detectable and met the appropriate safety standards. In conclusion, the tested plant parts taken in
the present study were found to be safe. PMID:21976824
47. Evaluation of the Inhibition of Carbohydrate Hydrolyzing Enzymes, the Antioxidant Activity, and the
Polyphenolic Content of Citrus limetta Peel Extract
Eduardo Padilla-Camberos
2014-01-01
Full Text Available Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most frequent causes of death in Mexico,
characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. One alternative strategy for this metabolic abnormality is
inhibiting the enzymes responsible for the metabolism of carbohydrates. We evaluated whether the
aqueous Citrus limetta peel extract could inhibit the metabolism of carbohydrates. We found that this
extract inhibited primarily the enzyme Î±-amylase by 49.6% at a concentration of 20â€‰mg/mL and to a
lesser extent the enzyme Î±-glucosidase with an inhibition of 28.2% at the same concentration. This
inhibition is likely due to the high polyphenol content in the Citrus limetta peel (19.1â€‰mgâ€‰GAE/g.
Antioxidant activity of the Citrus limetta peel demonstrated dose-dependent antioxidant activity, varying
from 6.5% at 1.125â€‰mg/mL to 42.5% at 20â€‰mg/mL. The study of these polyphenolic compounds
having both antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities may provide a new approach to the
management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
48. Histochemical evidence for the relationship between peel damage and the accumulation of phenolic
compounds in gamma-irradiated citrus fruit
Riov, J.
1975-01-01
The first symptoms of radiation damage to citrus fruit were noted 24 to 48 hr after irradiation with 240
krad of gamma rays. At about the same time, radiation-damaged cells were observed in peel cross
sections in the flavedo, the outer colored peel layers. The damaged cells were deformed and their
protoplasts stained much darker with haematoxylin-safranin than protoplasts of intact cells. The
cytoplasm in damaged cells either thickened at one side of the cell, sometimes filling up most of the cell
space, or contracted into a small mass. Using several histochemical reagents, a considerable
accumulation of phenolic compounds was found to occur in the damaged cells shortly after irradiation.
No accumulation of phenolic compounds was observed in intact cells of irradiated fruit. It is suggested
that the phenolic compounds which accumulate in flavedo cells following irradiation cause cell death
and consequent peel necrosis (pitting). (author)
49. A Pontential Agriculture Waste Material as Coagulant Aid: Cassava Peel
Othman, N.; Abd-Rahim, N.-S.; Tuan-Besar, S.-N.-F.; Mohd-Asharuddin, S.; Kumar, V.
2018-02-01
All A large amount of cassava peel waste is generated annually by small and medium scale industries.
This has led to a new policy of complete utilization of raw materials so that there will be little or no
residue left that could pose pollution problems. Conversion of these by-products into a material that
poses an ability to remove toxic pollutant would increase the market value and ultimately benefits the
producers. This study investigated the characteristics of cassava peel as a coagulant aid material and
optimization process using the cassava peel was explored through coagulation and flocculation. This
research had highlighted that the Cassava peels contain sugars in the form of polysaccharides such as
starch and holocellulose. The FTIR results revealed that amino acids containing abundant of carboxyl,
hydroxyl and amino groups which has significant capabilities in removing pollutants. Whereas analysis
by XRF spectrometry indicated that the CP samples contain Fe2O3 and Al2O3 which might contribute
to its coagulation ability. The optimum condition allowed Cassava peel and alum removed high turbidity
up to 90. This natural coagulant from cassava peel is found to be an alternative coagulant aid to reduce
the usage of chemical coagulants
50. Effect of dried Citrus sinensis peel on gastrointestinal microbiota and immune system traits of broiler
chickens
Abbas Ebrahimi
2015-12-01
Full Text Available Two hundred broiler chickens (Ross-308 were used in a completely randomised
study to evaluate the effects of supplementing the feed with different levels of
dried Citrus sinensis peel (DCSP on the gasrointestinal microbial population and immune system traits.
Feed was supplemented with different DCSP amounts: 0.25% w/w (DCSP-0.25, 0.5% w/w (DCSP-0.50,
0.75% w/w (DCSP-0.75, and 1% w/w (DCSP-1. Control diet (DCSP-0, with no feed additition was used
as reference. The study involved five treatments in a time frame of six weeks (four replicates per
treatment and each replicate had 10 chickens. Data analysis was performed using SAS software and
mean comparison was performed using the Duncan test. The results allowed to observe that the mean
of Escherichia coli in caecum on day 42 was significantly different (P>0.05 but did not affect other
gastrointestinal microbial population traits (P>0.05. The mean of total sheep red blood cells and
immunoglobulin G and M (IgG and IgM on day 28 (P>0.05 were also determined. Total sheep red blood
cells on day 42 were significantly different (P<0.05. The IgG and IgM mean titers on days 28 and 42
was of no significant difference (P>0.05. Supplementing the feed with Citrus sinensis had no significant
effect on Newcastle disease on day 42 (P>0.05. The mean value for hemagglutination inhibition on day
42 was significantly different (P<0.05. It can be then concluded that DCSP feed supplemention
ameliorated the gastrointestinal microbiota and immune system traits.
51. Life cycle assessment of orange peel waste management
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Negro, Viviana; Ruggeri, Bernardo; Fino, Debora
2017-01-01
on-land digestate use. Orange peel waste use for animal feeding, while appearing interesting from an
environmental perspective (for example to reduce meal imports), presents practical challenges as far as
the nutritional aspects and costs are concerned, and these eventually hinder its market...
52. Investigation of waste banana peels and radish leaves for their ...
This article is mainly based on the production of biodiesel and bioethanol from waste banana peels and
radish leaves. The oily content from both the samples were converted to biodiesel by acid catalyzed
and base catalyzed transesterification using methanol and ethanol. The biodiesel so obtained was
subjected toÂ ...
53. Optimization and kinetic modeling of cadmium desorption from citrus peels: A process for biosorbent
regeneration
Njikam, Eloh; Schiewer, Silke
2012-01-01
Graphical abstract: Cadmium was completely and quickly desorbed from grapefruit peels using 0.01 M
HNO 3 . The kinetics followed a novel 1st or 2nd order kinetic model, related to the remaining metal
bound as the rate-determining reactant concentration. For 0.001 M HNO 3 , desorption was incomplete
and the model fit less perfect. Highlights: â–º Metal desorption was over 90% complete within 50 min for
most desorbents. â–º Models for biosorbent desorption kinetics were developed. â–º Desorption kinetics
best fit a novel first-order model related to remaining metal bound. â–º Cd uptake after desorption by
HNO 3 was similar to the original uptake. â–º The optimal desorbent was 0.1 or 0.01 M acid, being fast,
efficient and cheap. - Abstract: Citrus peel biosorbents are efficient in removing heavy metals from
wastewater. Heavy metal recovery and sorbent regeneration are important for the financial
competitiveness of biosorption with other processes. The desorbing agents HNO 3 , NaNO 3 , Ca(NO 3
) 2 , EDTA, S, S-EDDS, and Na-Citrate were studied at different concentrations to optimize cadmium
elution from orange or grapefruit peels. In most cases, desorption was fast, being over 90% complete
within 50 min. However sodium nitrate and 0.001 M nitric acid were less efficient. Several new models
for desorption kinetics were developed. While zero-, first- and second-order kinetics are commonly
applied for modeling adsorption kinetics, the present study adapts these models to describe desorption
kinetics. The proposed models relate to the number of metal-filled binding sites as the rate-determining
reactant concentration. A model based on first order kinetics with respect to the remaining metal bound
performed best. Cd bound in subsequent adsorption after desorption was similar to the original amount
bound for desorption by nitric acid, but considerably lower for calcium nitrate as the desorbent. While
complexing agents were effective desorbents, their cost is higher than that
54. OPTIMIZATION OF STIRRING SPEED AND STIRRING TIME TOWARD NANOPARTICLE SIZE OF
CHITOSAN-SIAM CITRUS PEEL (Citrus nobilis L.var Microcarpa 70% ETHANOL EXTRACT
Wintari Taurina
2017-04-01
Full Text Available Siam citrus peel (Citrus nobilis L. var. Microcarpa is a plant derived from Sambas
Regency, West Kalimantan Province. Bioavailability of herbal active compounds can be enhanced by
formulating extract into nanoparticle. The polymer used was chitosan with crosslinker Na-TPP. Stirring
speed and stirring time play an important role to produce small particle size in forming nanoparticle
using ionic gelation method. Enhancement of stirring speed and stirring time could reduce particle size.
Nanoparticles were prepared using ionic gelation method by mixing Na-TPP, extract and chitosan (1:1:6
with varying the stirring speed 500 rpm, 1000 rpm, 1500 rpm and stirring time 1 hrs, 2 hrs, 3 hrs. The
particle size of nanoparticle was found to be 85.3 nm at 1000 rpm of stirring speed and 3 hrs of stirring
times, with polidispersity index 0.287, zeta potential +32.37 mV and entrapment efficiency 87.12 %.
55. Cadmium ion removal using biosorbents derived from fruit peel wastes
Wanna Saikaew
2009-11-01
Full Text Available The ability of fruit peel wastes, corn, durian, pummelo, and banana, to remove
cadmium ions from aqueous solution by biosorption were investigated. The experiments were carried
out by batch method at 25oC. The influence of particle sizes, solution pH, and initial cadmium ion
concentrations were evaluated on the biosorption studies. The result showed that banana peel had the
highest cadmium ions removal followed by durian, pummelo, and corn peels at cadmium ions removal
of 73.15, 72.17, 70.56, and 51.22%, respectively. There was a minimal effect when using different
particle sizes of corn peel as biosorbent, while the particle size of the others had no influence on the
removal of cadmium ions. The cadmium ions removal increased significantly as the pH of the solution
increased rapidly from 1 to 5. At pH 5, the cadmium ions removal reached a maximum value. The
equilibrium process was best described by the Langmuir isotherms, with maximum biosorption
capacities of durian, pummelo, and banana peel of 18.55, 21.83, and 20.88 mg/g respectively. Fourier
Transform Infrared Spectroscopy revealed that carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amide groups on the fruit
peelsâ€™ surface and these groups were involved in the adsorption of the cadmium ions.
56. Chemical Compositions of the Peel Essential Oil of Citrus aurantium and its Natural Larvicidal Activity
against the Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae in Comparison with Citrus paradisi
Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi
2016-10-01
Full Text Available Background: Recently, essential oils and extracts derived from plants have received
much interest as potential bioactive agents against mosquito vectors.Methods: The essential oils extract
from fresh peel of ripe fruit of Citrus aurantium and Citrus paradisi were tested against mosquito vector
Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae under laboratory condition. Then chemical comÂposition of the
essential oil of C. aurantium was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GCâ€“MS.Results: The essential oils obtained from C. aurantium, and C. paradisi showed good
larviciding effect against An. stephensi with LC50 values 31.20 ppm and 35.71 ppm respectively. Clear
dose response relationships were established with the highest dose of 80 ppm plant extract evoking
almost 100% mortality. Twenty-one (98.62% constituents in the leaf oil were identified. The main
constituent of the leaf oil was Dl-limonene (94.81.Conclusion: The results obtained from this study
suggest that the limonene of peel essential oil of C. aurantium is promising as larvicide against An.
stephensi larvae and could be useful in the search for new natural larvicidal compounds.
57. Effect of limonene on anaerobic digestion of citrus waste and pretreatments for its improvement
OpenAIRE
RUIZ FUERTES, BEGOÃ‘A
2016-01-01
[EN] Anaerobic digestion is a sustainable and technically sound way to valorise citrus waste if the
inhibitory effect of the citrus essential oil (CEO) is controlled. Several strategies have been proposed to
overcome these difficulties: keeping the organic loading rate (OLR) in low values to avoid excess
dosage of inhibitor, supplementing the citrus waste with nutrient and buffering solutions or pre-treating
the citrus waste in order to reduce the CEO concentration, either by recovery or by d...
58. Antioxidant Protection of Nobiletin, 5-Demethylnobiletin, Tangeretin, and 5-Demethyltangeretin

from Citrus Peel in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Wang, Meiyan; Meng, Dan; Zhang, Peng; Wang, Xiangxing; Du, Gang; Brennan, Charles; Li, Shiming;
Ho, Chi-Tang; Zhao, Hui
2018-03-28
Aging and oxidative-related events are closely associated with the oxidative damages induced by
excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). The phytochemicals nobiletin (NBT) and tangeretin (TAN) and
their 5-demethylated derivatives 5-demethylnobiletin (5-DN) and 5-demethyltangeretin (5-DT) are the
representative polymethoxyflavone (PMF) compounds found in aged citrus peels. Although the health
benefits from PMFs due to their antioxidant activities have been well documented, a systematic
assessment regarding the antioxidation process of PMFs is still lacking attention. Herein, we
investigated the effects of the four PMFs subjected to oxidative stress including hydrogen peroxide,
carbon tetrachloride, and cadmium sulfate using an emerging model organism Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. As expected, all four of the PMFs exhibited improved cellular tolerance with decreasing lipid
peroxidation and ROS. Furthermore, by using the mutant strains deficient in catalase, superoxide
dismutase, or glutathione synthase, NBT, 5-DN, and TAN appear to contribute to the increased
tolerance by activating cytosolic catalase under CCl 4 , while the antioxidant protection conferred by 5-
DT against H 2 O 2 and CdSO 4 seems to require cytosolic catalase and glutathione, respectively.
However, the involvement of Ctt1 and Sod1 is achieved neither by decreasing lipid peroxidation nor by
scavenging intracellular ROS according to our results. In addition, a comparison of antioxidant capability
of the four PMFs was conducted in this study. In general, this research tries to explore the antioxidant
mechanism of PMFs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, hoping to provide an example for developing more
efficacious dietary antioxidants to battle against oxidative- or age-related illness.
59. Antioxidant capacity of hesperidin from citrus peel using electron spin resonance and cytotoxic activity
against human carcinoma cell lines.
Al-Ashaal, Hanan A; El-Sheltawy, Shakinaz T
2011-03-01
Hesperidin is a flavonoid that has various pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory,

antimicrobial and antiviral activities. The aim of the study is the isolation of hesperidin from
the peel of Citrus sinensis L. (Rutaceae), and the evaluation of its antioxidant capacity and cytotoxicity
against different human carcinoma cell lines. In the present work, hesperidin is identified and confirmed
using chromatographic and spectral analysis. To correlate between hesperidin concentration and
antioxidant capacity of peel extracts, extraction was carried out using 1% HCl-MeOH, MeOH, alkaline
solution, the concentration of hesperidin determined qualitatively and quantitatively using high
performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
analysis, in vitro antioxidant capacity of hesperidin and the extracts against free radical
diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPHâ€¢) performed using an electron spin resonance spectrophotometer
(ESR). Cytotoxic assay against larynx, cervix, breast and liver carcinoma cell lines was performed.
Hesperidin was found to be moderately active as an antioxidant agent; its capacity reached 36%. In
addition, the results revealed that hesperidin exhibited pronounced anticancer activity against the
selected cell lines. ICâ‚…â‚€ were 1.67, 3.33, 4.17, 4.58 Âµg/mL, respectively. Orange peels are
considered to be a cheap source for hesperidin which may be used in the pharmaceutical industry as a
natural chemopreventive agent. Hesperidin and orange peel extract could possess antioxidant
properties with a wide range of therapeutic applications.
61. Citrus peel extract incorporated ice cubes to protect the quality of common pandora: Fish storage in ice
with citrus.
Yerlikaya, Pinar; Ucak, Ilknur; Gumus, Bahar; Gokoglu, Nalan
2015-12-01
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ice with albedo and flavedo fragments
of Citrus (Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) and Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.)) extracts on the quality of
common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus). Concentrated citrus extracts were diluted with distilled water
(1/100â€‰w/v) before making of ice. The ice cubes were spread on each layer of fishes and stored at
0Â Â°C for 15Â days. The pH value showed a regular increase in all samples. TVB-N levels of bitter
orange treatment groups were recorded lower than the other groups reaching to
25.11â€‰Â±â€‰0.02Â mg/100Â g at the end of the storage. The TMA-N values of bitter orange
treatment groups were lower than that of control and grapefruit treatment groups. In terms of TBARS
value, alteration was observed in the control samples and this value significantly (pâ€‰extracts treatment
groups at the end of storage since their antioxidant capacity. The oxidation was suppressed
in citrus extracts treatment groups, especially in bitter orange flavedo treatment. The results showed the
bitter orange albedo and bitter orange flavedo extracts in combination with ice storage have more
effectiveness in controlling the biochemical indices in common pandora.
62. Citrus waste as feedstock for bio-based products recovery: Review on limonene case study and energy
valorization.
Negro, Viviana; Mancini, Giuseppe; Ruggeri, Bernardo; Fino, Debora
2016-08-01
The citrus peels and residue of fruit juices production are rich in d-limonene, a cyclic terpene
characterized by antimicrobial activity, which could hamper energy valorization bioprocess. Considering
that limonene is used in nutritional, pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields, citrus by-products processing
appear to be a suitable feedstock either for high value product recovery or energy bio-processes.
This waste stream, more than 10MTon at 2013 in European Union (AIJN, 2014), can be considered
appealing, from the view point of conducting a key study on limonene recovery, as its content of about
1%w/w of high value-added molecule. Different processes are currently being studied to recover or
remove limonene from citrus peel to both prevent pollution and energy resources recovery. The present
review is aimed to highlight pros and contras of different approaches suggesting an energy sustainability
criterion to select the most effective one for materials and energy valorization. Copyright Â© 2016 Elsevier
Ltd. All rights reserved.
63. Recovery of phytase produced by solid-state fermentation on citrus peel
Daniel Ernesto RodrÃguez-FernÃ¡ndez
2010-12-01
Full Text Available The extraction of phytase produced by solid-state fermentation of citrus peel was
studied employing a multistage leaching process. It was observed that the extracts containing EDTA
retained over 90% of phytase activity at room temperature after 24 h after the leaching. A fractional design
2Â² (with 4 replicates at the central point was carried out for testing the pH and agitation as process
independent factors. Only the interaction between the pH and agitation showed a significant influence.
These factors were optimized with a central composite design. Agitation at 300 rpm and pH at 5.0 were
the best conditions to extract the enzyme from solid matrix. The modeling of the process indicated that
diffusivity of the enzyme in the solvent was the controlling mechanism. The corresponding kinetic constant
and saturation concentration in this process were 0.89 min-1 and 4.0 IU/mL, respectively. The multistage
process indicated that after two steps, it was possible to recover 85% of total enzyme produced.A
extraÃ§Ã£o de fitases produzidas por fermentaÃ§Ã£o em estado sÃ³lido de polpa cÃtrica foi estudada
utilizando um processo de extraÃ§Ã£o sÃ³lido-lÃquido em varias etapas. A adiÃ§Ã£o de EDTA permite
manter durante 24 horas a temperatura ambiente 90% da atividade inicial do caldo com a enzima extraÃ-
da. Um planejamento fatorial 2Â², com 4 replicas no ponto central, foi desenvolvido para testar os valores
de ph e agitaÃ§Ã£o convenientes para a extraÃ§Ã£o das enzimas. A interaÃ§Ã£o entre ambos os fatores
foi estadisticamente significativa. A atividade da enzima foi otimizada nos valores onde o pH (5.0 e a
agitaÃ§Ã£o (350 rpm resultaram ser as melhores condiÃ§Ãµes para extrair a enzima da matriz sÃ³lida. O
ajuste do modelo matemÃ¡tico obtido mostra que Ã© possÃvel considerar a difusividade como o
mecanismo que controla o processo de transferÃªncia de massa. A constante cinÃ©tica que descreve
este processo e a concentraÃ§Ã£o de saturaÃ§Ã£o foram 0.039 min
64. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Flavonoids from Pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) Peel and
Their Antioxidant Activity
He, Jin-Zhe; Shao, Ping; Liu, Jian-Hua; Ru, Qiao-Mei
2012-01-01
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction of flavonoids from pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.)
Osbeck) peel and their antioxidant activity were investigated. Box-Behnken design combined with
response surface methodology was employed to maximize the extraction yield of flavonoids. Correlation
analysis of the mathematical-regression model indicated that a quadratic polynomial model could be used
to optimize the SC-CO2 extraction of flavonoids. The optimal conditions for obtaining the highest
extraction yield of flavonoids from pomelo peel were a temperature of 80 Â°C, a pressure of 39 MPa and a
static extraction time of 49 min in the presence of 85% ethanol as modifier. Under these conditions, the
experimental yield was 2.37%, which matched positively with the value predicted by the model.
Furthermore, flavonoids obtained by SC-CO2 extraction showed a higher scavenging activity on hydroxyl,
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2â€²-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS)
radicals than those obtained by conventional solvent extraction (CSE). Therefore, SC-CO2 extraction can
be considered as a suitable technique for the obtainment of flavonoids from pomelo peel. PMID:23202938
65. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Flavonoids from Pomelo (Citrus grandis (L. Osbeck Peel and
Their Antioxidant Activity
Qiao-Mei Ru
2012-10-01
Full Text Available Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2 extraction of flavonoids from pomelo
(Citrus grandis (L. Osbeck peel and their antioxidant activity were investigated. Box-Behnken design
combined with response surface methodology was employed to maximize the extraction yield of
flavonoids. Correlation analysis of the mathematical-regression model indicated that a quadratic
polynomial model could be used to optimize the SC-CO2 extraction of flavonoids. The optimal conditions
for obtaining the highest extraction yield of flavonoids from pomelo peel were a temperature of 80 Â°C, a
pressure of 39 MPa and a static extraction time of 49 min in the presence of 85% ethanol as modifier.
Under these conditions, the experimental yield was 2.37%, which matched positively with the value
predicted by the model. Furthermore, flavonoids obtained by SC-CO2 extraction showed a higher
scavenging activity on hydroxyl, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-
ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS radicals than those obtained by conventional solvent
extraction (CSE. Therefore, SC-CO2 extraction can be considered as a suitable technique for the
obtainment of flavonoids from pomelo peel.
66. Pineapple peel wastes as a potential source of antioxidant compounds
Saraswaty, V.; Risdian, C.; Primadona, I.; Andriyani, R.; Andayani, D. G. S.; Mozef, T.
2017-03-01
Indonesia is a large pineapple (Ananas comosus) producing country. Food industries in Indonesia
processed this fruit for new products and further resulted wastes of which cause an environmental
problems. Approximately, one pineapple fruit total weight is 400 gr of which 60 g is of peel wastes. In
order to reduce such pineapple peel wastes (PPW), processing to a valuable product using an
environmentally friendly technique is indispensable. PPW contained phenolic compound, ferulic acid, and
vitamin A and C as antioxidant. This study aimed to PPW using ethanol and water as well as to analyze its
chemical properties. Both dried and fresh PPW were extracted using mixtures of ethanol and water with
various concentrations ranging from 15 to 95% (v/v) at room temperature for 24 h. The chemical
properties, such as antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (Gallic acid equivalent/GAE), and total sugar
content were determined. The results showed that the range of Inhibition Concentration (IC)50 value as
antioxidant activity of extracts from dried and fresh PPW were in the range of 0.8Â±0.05 to 1.3Â±0.09
mg.mL-1 and 0.25Â±0.01 to 0.59Â±0.01 mg.mL-1, respectively, with the highest antioxidant activity was in
water extract. The highest of total phenolic content of 0.9 mg.g-1 GAE, was also found in water extract.
67. Two of a kind but different: Luminescent carbon quantum dots from Citrus peels for iron and tartrazine
sensing and cell imaging.
Chatzimitakos, Theodoros; Kasouni, Athanasia; Sygellou, Lamprini; Avgeropoulos, Apostolos; Troganis,

Anastasios; Stalikas, Constantine
2017-12-01
Citrus sinensis and Citrus limon peels were used to synthesize two different kinds of carbon quantum dots
(CQDs) via an unsophisticated and inexpensive carbonization procedure. The proposed synthesis is
straightforward and adheres to the principles of green chemistry since no organic solvents are used and
no toxic by-products are formed, while the residual resources employed facilitate the large scale synthesis
of dots. The Citrus sinensis and Citrus limon peels are proved to be excellent precursors for the synthesis
of CQDs with highly practical applications. The CQDs display strong excitation-independent, blue
fluorescence, which is stable over time. Splendid water dispersibility, photostability and stability over a
wide range of pH are some of the main advantages of the CQDs, which enable them to be used as a
fluorescent probes. Although many of their features are alike, our findings demonstrate that each kind of
the CQDs lend itself to quite distinct analytical applications. The developed fluorescent probes possess
high potential for sensitive and selective detection of Fe 3+ (Citrus sinensis CQDs) and tartrazine
(Citrus limon CQDs) via a quenching mechanism. The decrease in fluorescence intensity is in linear
relationship with the concentrations of Fe 3+ and tartrazine in the ranges of 0.01-1.0Î¼M and 0.6-
23.5Î¼Îœ, respectively. Moreover, their low cytotoxicity reinforces their applicability towards cell
bioimaging and intracellular detection of Fe 3+ , which were further studied. Copyright Â© 2017 Elsevier
B.V. All rights reserved.
68. Improvement of Biogas Production from Orange Peel Waste by Leaching of Limonene
Rachma Wikandari
2015-01-01
Full Text Available Limonene is present in orange peel wastes and is known as an antimicrobial agent,
which impedes biogas production when digesting the peels. In this work, pretreatment of the peels to
remove limonene under mild condition was proposed by leaching of limonene using hexane as solvent.
The pretreatments were carried out with homogenized or chopped orange peel at 20â€“40Â°C with
orange peel waste and hexane ratio (w/v ranging from 1â€‰:â€‰2 to 1â€‰:â€‰12 for 10 to
300â€‰min. The pretreated peels were then digested in batch reactors for 33 days. The highest biogas
production was achieved by treating chopped orange peel waste and hexane ratio of 12â€‰:â€‰1 at
20Â°C for 10â€‰min corresponding to more than threefold increase of biogas production from 0.061 to
0.217â€‰m3 methane/kgâ€‰VS. The solvent recovery was 90% using vacuum filtration and needs
further separation using evaporation. The hexane residue in the peel had a negative impact on biogas
production as shown by 28.6% reduction of methane and lower methane production of pretreated
orange peel waste in semicontinuous digestion system compared to that of untreated peel.
69. Improvement of biogas production from orange peel waste by leaching of limonene.
Wikandari, Rachma; Nguyen, Huong; Millati, Ria; Niklasson, Claes; Taherzadeh, Mohammad J
2015-01-01
Limonene is present in orange peel wastes and is known as an antimicrobial agent, which impedes biogas
production when digesting the peels. In this work, pretreatment of the peels to remove limonene under
mild condition was proposed by leaching of limonene using hexane as solvent. The pretreatments were
carried out with homogenized or chopped orange peel at 20-40Â°C with orange peel waste and hexane
ratio (w/v) ranging from 1 : 2 to 1 : 12 for 10 to 300 min. The pretreated peels were then digested in batch
reactors for 33 days. The highest biogas production was achieved by treating chopped
orange peel waste and hexane ratio of 12 : 1 at 20Â°C for 10 min corresponding to more than threefold
increase of biogas production from 0.061 to 0.217 m(3) methane/kg VS. The solvent recovery was 90%
using vacuum filtration and needs further separation using evaporation. The hexane residue in
the peel had a negative impact on biogas production as shown by 28.6% reduction of methane and lower
methane production of pretreated orange peel waste in semicontinuous digestion system compared to that
of untreated peel.
70. Improvement of Biogas Production from Orange Peel Waste by Leaching of Limonene
Wikandari, Rachma; Nguyen, Huong; Millati, Ria; Niklasson, Claes; Taherzadeh, Mohammad J.
2015-01-01
Limonene is present in orange peel wastes and is known as an antimicrobial agent, which impedes biogas
production when digesting the peels. In this work, pretreatment of the peels to remove limonene under
mild condition was proposed by leaching of limonene using hexane as solvent. The pretreatments were
carried out with homogenized or chopped orange peel at 20â€“40Â°C with orange peel waste and hexane
ratio (w/v) ranging from 1â€‰:â€‰2 to 1â€‰:â€‰12 for 10 to 300â€‰min. The pretreated peels were
then digested in batch reactors for 33 days. The highest biogas production was achieved by treating
chopped orange peel waste and hexane ratio of 12â€‰:â€‰1 at 20Â°C for 10â€‰min corresponding to
more than threefold increase of biogas production from 0.061 to 0.217â€‰m3 methane/kgâ€‰VS. The
solvent recovery was 90% using vacuum filtration and needs further separation using evaporation. The
hexane residue in the peel had a negative impact on biogas production as shown by 28.6% reduction of
methane and lower methane production of pretreated orange peel waste in semicontinuous digestion
system compared to that of untreated peel. PMID:25866787
71. Effect of cultivation line and peeling on food composition, taste characteristic, aroma profile, and
antioxidant activity of Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) juice.
Asikin, Yonathan; Fukunaga, Hibiki; Yamano, Yoshimasa; Hou, De-Xing; Maeda, Goki; Wada, Koji
2014-09-01
Shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa Hayata) juice from four main cultivation lines subjected to
two peeling practices (with or without peeling) were discriminated in terms of quality attributes,
represented by sugar and organic acid composition, taste characteristic, aroma profile, and antioxidant
activity. Shiikuwasha juice from these lines had diverse food compositions; 'Izumi kugani' juice had lower
acidity but contained more ascorbic acid than that of other cultivation lines. The composition of volatile
aroma components was influenced by fruit cultivation line, whereas its content was affected
by peeling process (20.26-53.73 mg L(-1) in whole juice versus 0.82-1.58 mg L(-1) in flesh
juice). Peeling also caused Shiikuwasha juice to be less astringent and acidic bitter and to lose its
antioxidant activity. Moreover, the total phenolic and ascorbic acid content of Shiikuwasha juice positively
influenced its antioxidant activity. Each fruit cultivation line had a distinct food composition, taste
characteristic, and aroma profile. Peeling in Shiikuwasha juice production might reduce aftertaste, and
thus might improve its palatability. Comprehensive information on the effect of cultivation line
and peeling on quality attributes will be useful for Shiikuwasha juice production, and can be applied to
juice production of similar small citrus fruits. Â© 2014 Society of Chemical Industry.
72. Inhibitory effect of a formulated extract from multiple citrus peels on LPS-induced inflammation in RAW
246.7 macrophages
Tadahiro Etoh
2013-06-01
Full Text Available ABSTRACTBackground: Formulated Citrus Peel Extract (GL made from the peels of
six citrus fruits available in Japan, namely navel
oranges, citrus hassaku, citrus limon, citrus natsudaidai, citrus miyauchi and satsuma, was initially
developed as a cosmetic product to protect skin from UV irradiation. Anecdotal evidences of anti-cancer
property of GL have been reported by consumers based on the cases such as topical application for
melanoma, and oral ingestion for prostate, lung and liver cancers.Those anecdotal reports stimulated us
to investigate anti-tumorigenesis activity of GL. In the previous study, we reported that the topical
application of GL inhibited DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumor formation by decreasing inflammatory gene
parameters.Objective: In this study, we mainly investigated the effect of GL on translocation of NF-kB
together with production of nitric-oxide and TNF-Î± induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells.Results: This
investigation showed that GL decreased the release of TNF-Î± and nitric oxide from macrophage
RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, GL suppressed the
expression of iNOS and nuclear translocation of NF-kB in RAW264.7 cells, inhibited the degradation of
IÎºB-Î±, and scavenged hydroxyl radicals (DMPO/OH adduct in vitro.Conclusions: Our findings suggest
that GL suppresses the inflammation in vitro, and exerts chemopreventive activity through the inhibition of
production of TNF-Î± and iNOS proteins due to the inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-kB and
oxidative stress. GL appears to be a novel functional natural product capable of preventing inflammation
and inflammation-associated tumorigenesis.Keywords: GL, Citrus peel extract, anti-inflammation, Nitric
oxide, iNOS, NF-kB, TNF-Î±
73. Citric acid production from orange peel wastes by solid-state fermentation
Ana MarÃa Torrado
2011-03-01
Full Text Available Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis peel was employed in this work as raw material for
the production of citric acid (CA by solid-state fermentation (SSF of Aspergillus niger CECT-2090 (ATCC
9142, NRRL 599 in Erlenmeyer flasks. To investigate the effects of the main operating variables, the
inoculum concentration was varied in the range 0.5Â·10Â³ to 0.7Â·10(8 spores/g dry orange peel, the bed
loading from 1.0 to 4.8 g of dry orange peel (corresponding to 35-80 % of the total volume, and the
moisture content between 50 and 100 % of the maximum water retention capacity (MWRC of the material.
Moreover, additional experiments were done adding methanol or water in different proportions and ways.
The optimal conditions for CA production revealed to be an inoculum of 0.5Â·10(6 spores/g dry
orange peel, a bed loading of 1.0 g of dry orange peel, and a humidification pattern of 70 % MWRC at the
beginning of the incubation with posterior addition of 0.12 mL H2O/g dry orange peel (corresponding to
3.3 % of the MWRC every 12 h starting from 62 h. The addition of methanol was detrimental for the CA
production. Under these conditions, the SSF ensured an effective specific production of CA (193 mg CA/g
dry orange peel, corresponding to yields of product on total initial and consumed sugars (glucose, fructose
and sucrose of 376 and 383 mg CA/g, respectively. These results, which demonstrate the viability of the
CA production by SSF from orange peel without addition of other nutrients, could be of interest to
possible, future industrial applications.
74. Biogas Production from Citrus Waste by Membrane Bioreactor
Rachma Wikandari
2014-08-01
Full Text Available Rapid acidification and inhibition by d-limonene are major challenges of biogas
production from citrus waste. As limonene is a hydrophobic chemical, this challenge was encountered
using hydrophilic polyvinylidine difluoride (PVDF membranes in a biogas reactor. The more sensitive
methane-producing archaea were encapsulated in the membranes, while freely suspended digesting
bacteria were present in the culture as well. In this membrane bioreactor (MBR, the free digesting bacteria
digested the citruswastes and produced soluble compounds, which could pass through the membrane and
converted to biogas by the encapsulated cell. As a control experiment, similar digestions were carried out
in bioreactors containing the identical amount of just free cells. The experiments were carried out in
thermophilic conditions at 55 Â°C, and hydraulic retention time of 30 days. The organic loading rate (OLR
was started with 0.3 kg VS/m3/day and gradually increased to 3 kg VS/m3/day. The results show that at
the highest OLR, MBR was successful to produce methane at 0.33 Nm3/kg VS, while the traditional free
cell reactor reduced its methane production to 0.05 Nm3/kg VS. Approximately 73% of the theoretical
methane yield was achieved using the membrane bioreactor.
75. Biogas Production from Citrus Wastes and Chicken Feather: Pretreatment and Codigestion
Forgacs, Gergely
2012-07-01
Anaerobic digestion is a sustainable and economically feasible waste management technology, which
lowers the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), decreases the soil and water pollution, and reduces
the dependence on fossil fuels. The present thesis investigates the anaerobic digestion of waste from
food-processing industries, including citruswastes (CWs) from juice processing and chicken feather from
poultry slaughterhouses. Juice processing industries generate 15-25 million tons of citrus wastes every
year. Utilization of CWs is not yet resolved, since drying or incineration processes are costly, due to the
high moisture content; and biological processes are hindered by its peel oil content, primarily the D-
limonene. Anaerobic digestion of untreated CWs consequently results in process failure because of the
inhibiting effect of the produced and accumulated VFAs. The current thesis involves the development of a
steam explosion pretreatment step. The methane yield increased by 426 % to 0.537 Nm{sup 3}/kg VS by
employing the steam explosion treatment at 150 deg C for 20 min, which opened up the compact structure
of the CWs and removed 94 % of the D-limonene. The developed process enables a production of 104
m{sup 3} methane and 8.4 L limonene from one ton of fresh CWs. Poultry slaughterhouses generate a
significant amount of feather every year. Feathers are basically composed of keratin, an extremely strong
and resistible structural protein. Methane yield from feather is low, around 0.18 Nm{sup 3}/kg VS, which
corresponds to only one third of the theoretical yield. In the present study, chemical, enzymatic and
biological pretreatment methods were investigated to improve the biogas yield of feather waste. Chemical
pretreatment with Ca(OH){sub 2} under relatively mild conditions (0.1 g Ca(OH){sub 2}/g TS{sub feather},
100 deg C, 30 min) improved the methane yield to 0.40 Nm{sup 3}/kg VS, corresponding to 80 % of the
theoretical yield. However, prior to digestion, the
76. Structureâ€“function relationship of the foam-like pomelo peel (Citrus maxima)â€”an inspiration for the
development of biomimetic damping materials with high energy dissipation
Thielen, M; Schmitt, C N Z; Eckert, S; Speck, T; Seidel, R
2013-01-01
The mechanical properties of artificial foams are mainly determined by the choice of bulk materials and
relative density. In natural foams, in contrast, variation to optimize properties is achieved by structural
optimization rather than by conscious substitution of bulk materials. Pomelos (Citrus maxima) have a thick
foam-like peel which is capable of dissipating considerable amounts of kinetic energy and thus this fruit
represents an ideal role model for the development of biomimetic impact damping structures. This paper
focuses on the analysis of the biomechanics of the pomelo peel and on its structureâ€“function
relationship. It deals with the determination of the onset strain of densification of this foam-like tissue and
on how this property is influenced by the arrangement of vascular bundles. It was found here that the
vascular bundles branch in a very regular mannerâ€”every 16.5% of the radial peel thicknessâ€”and that
the surrounding peel tissue (pericarp) attains its exceptional thickness mainly by the expansion of existing
interconnected cells causing an increasing volume of the intercellular space, rather than by cell division.
These findings lead to the discussion of the pomelo peel as an inspiration for fibre-reinforced cast metallic
foams with the capacity for excellent energy dissipation. (paper)
77. Pectin extraction from Citron peel (Citrus medica Linn. and its use in food system
Rojanakorn, T.
2006-11-01
Full Text Available Screening experiments using 25-1 fractional factorial design showed that pH,
temperature, and extracting time were the main factors affecting the amount and quality of extracted
pectin from Citrus medica Linn. Optimum condition of pectin extraction was studied using central
composite design (CCD. Mathematical models relating pH, temperature and extracted time to amount of
extracted pectin, equivalent weight, methyl content and anhydrogalacturonic acid content were
established. Based on the mathematics models, the condition of pH 2, 100ÂºC and 105 min was found to
be the optimum conditions for pectin extraction from Citrus medica Linn. Mathematical and experimental
results were verified. The use of extracted pectin as a gelling agent in pineapple jam revealed no
significant difference in gel consistency compared to that of commercial pectin grade 150 (p>0.05.
However, the commercial pectin had a higher liking score on the spreadability, texture and overall liking.
As a stabilizer in chocolate pasteurised milk, 0.2% of the extracted pectin was required to prevent
precipitation of chocolate powder with the similar viscosity obtained from 0.06% Îº-carageenan
78. Quantitation of Rotundone in Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) Peel and Juice by Stable Isotope Dilution Assay.
Nakanishi, Akira; Fukushima, Yusuke; Miyazawa, Norio; Yoshikawa, Keisuke; Maeda, Tomoko;
Kurobayashi, Yoshiko
2017-06-21
Aroma extract dilution analyses of the aromas of peels and juices of white and pink grapefruits revealed
that rotundone, responsible for peppery, spicy, and woody odors, was detected for the first time at high
flavor dilution factors of 256-1024. In both juices, rotundone was detected at the highest flavor dilution
factor of 1024. Rotundone in grapefruits was quantitated by a stable isotope dilution assay with a newly
synthesized deuterium-labeled internal standard, rotundone-d 2,3 : its levels were 2180 and 1920 ng/kg in
white and pink grapefruit peels and 29.6 and 49.8 ng/kg in white and pink grapefruit juices, respectively.
On the basis of these results, sensory analysis was performed to assess the effects of rotundone on a
white grapefruit juice aroma reconstitute. This sensory analysis revealed that rotundone does not impart a
woody odor or affect any of the existing attributes, but increases various attributes, thus confirming that
rotundone is indispensable for the aroma of grapefruit juice.
79. Unavoidable food supply chain waste: acid-free pectin extraction from mango peel via subcritical water.
Xia, H; Matharu, A S
2017-09-21
Mango peel is the major by-product of mango processing, and compromises 7-24% of the total mango
weight. In this study, pectin was extracted from mango peel waste by using subcritical water extraction
(SWE) in the absence of mineral acid. A highest yield of 18.34% was achieved from the Kesar variety and
the pectin was characterised using ATR-IR spectroscopy, TGA and 13 C solid-state NMR spectroscopy to
confirm the structure. The degree of esterification (DE) of the pectin was analysed with both titrimetry and
13 C solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and a high DE (>70%) was observed for all three varieties (Keitt,
Sindhri and Kesar). This is the first report on acid-free subcritical water extraction of pectin from
mango peel, which provides a green route for the valorisation of mango peel waste and contributes to a
source of biobased materials and chemicals for a sustainable 21 st century.
80. Enhanced Materials from Nature: Nanocellulose from Citrus Waste
Mayra MariÃ±o
2015-04-01
Full Text Available Nanocellulose is a relatively inexpensive, highly versatile bio-based renewable material
with advantageous properties, including biodegradability and nontoxicity. Numerous potential applications
of nanocellulose, such as its use for the preparation of high-performance composites, have attracted much
attention from industry. Owing to the low energy consumption and the addition of significant value,
nanocellulose extraction from agricultural waste is one of the best alternatives for waste treatment.
Different techniques for the isolation and purification of nanocellulose have been reported, and combining
these techniques influences the morphology of the resultant fibers. Herein, some of the extraction routes
for obtaining nanocellulose from citrus waste are addressed. The morphology of nanocellulose was
determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
(FESEM, while cellulose crystallinity indexes (CI from lyophilized samples were determined using solid-
state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD measurements. The resultant
nanofibers had 55% crystallinity, an average diameter of 10 nm and a length of 458 nm.
https://www.science.gov/topicpages/c/citrus+peel+waste
Volatile Compounds in Citrus Essential Oils: A

Comprehensive Review
Article (PDF Available) in Frontiers in Plant Science 10 · February 2019 with 102 Reads
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00012
Cite this publication
M. Carmen González-Mas
Jose Luis Rambla
o 31.31
o Universitat Jaume I
 +1
M.Pilar López-Gresa
o 32.34
o Universitat Politècnica de València
M. Amparo Blázquez
Show more authors

Abstract
The essential oil fraction obtained from the rind of Citrus spp. is rich in chemical compounds of interest for the food
and perfume industries, and therefore has been extensively studied during the last decades. In this manuscript, we
provide a comprehensive review of the volatile composition of this oil fraction and rind extracts for the 10 most
studied Citrus species: C. sinensis (sweet orange), C. reticulata (mandarin), C. paradisi (grapefruit), C. grandis
(pummelo), C. limon (lemon), C. medica (citron), C. aurantifolia (lime), C. aurantium (bitter orange), C. bergamia
(bergamot orange), and C. junos (yuzu). Forty-nine volatile organic compounds have been reported in all 10 species,
most of them terpenoid (90%), although about half of the volatile compounds identified in Citrus peel are non-
terpenoid. Over 400 volatiles of different chemical nature have been exclusively described in only one of these
species and some of them could be useful as species biomarkers. A hierarchical cluster analysis based on volatile
composition arranges these Citrus species in three clusters which essentially mirrors those obtained with genetic
information. The first cluster is comprised by C. reticulata, C. grandis, C. sinensis, C. paradisi and C. aurantium, and
is mainly characterized by the presence of a larger abundance of non-terpenoid ester and aldehyde compounds than
in the other species reviewed. The second cluster is comprised by C. junos, C. medica, C. aurantifolia, and C.
bergamia, and is characterized by the prevalence of mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Finally, C. limon shows
a particular volatile profile with some sulfur monoterpenoids and non-terpenoid esters and aldehydes as part of its
main differential peculiarities. A systematic description of the rind volatile composition in each of the species is
provided together with a general comparison with those in leaves and blossoms. Additionally, the most widely used
techniques for the extraction and analysis of volatile Citrus compounds are also described.
Carmen González-Mas, M & Rambla, Jose & López-Gresa, M.Pilar & Amparo Blázquez, M & Granell, Antonio.
(2019). Volatile Compounds in Citrus Essential Oils: A Comprehensive Review. Frontiers in Plant Science. 10.
10.3389/fpls.2019.00012.
Citrus fruit extracts with carvacrol and thymol eliminated 7-

log acid-adapted Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella
typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes : A potential of
effective natural antibacterial agents
Article in Food Research International 107 · March 2018 with 48 Reads
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.03.011
Cite this publication
Doohyun Chung
Taejin Cho
o 21.07
o Korea University
Min Suk Rhee
Abstract
Despite the widespread belief that citrus fruit extracts (CFEs) are microbiologically safe due to their acidity, limited
bactericidal effect results in low applicability as antibacterial agent and outbreaks occurred by acid-adapted
pathogens. Here, we examined the antibacterial effects of CFEs [lime (Citrus medica), lemon (Citrus limon),
calamansi (Citrus microcarpa)] combined with essential oil components (EOCs; carvacrol and thymol) against non-
acid-adapted/acid-adapted Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes under
22 °C for 5 min. CFEs (<20%) alone or small amounts of EOCs (2.0 mM; 0.032%) alone could not inactivate the
target bacteria effectively. However, combined treatments exhibited marked synergy: CFE + EOCs eliminated all the
bacteria (>6.9 log CFU/ml). Among the CFEs tested, the highest synergism was shown by calamansi, an exotic citrus
fruit previously unrecognized as an antibacterial agent. Although acid-adaptation improved bacterial survival,
calamansi (<20%) + EOCs (<0.032%) completely inactivated even the most resistant pathogen (E. coli O157:H7).
Validation test also showed that all tested commercial juice products also eliminated acid-adapted pathogens when
used with EOCs. Physicochemical analysis of tested CFEs (pH measurement and HPLC analysis of components)
revealed that low pH and flavanone (hesperidin) did not contribute to the synergistic bactericidal effects. Rather, the
high citric acid content is likely to contribute to the strong synergistic effect with EOCs by damaging susceptible
bacterial membranes. Sensory scores for CFEs were not altered by addition of EOCs at concentrations up to 1.5 mM.
This study provides new insight into the utility of CFEs with EOCs to improve not only the microbiological safety of
food products containing CFEs but also their applicability as natural antibacterial complex.
Chung, Doohyun & Cho, Taejin & Suk Rhee, Min. (2018). Citrus fruit extracts with carvacrol and
thymol eliminated 7-log acid-adapted Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and
Listeria monocytogenes : A potential of effective natural antibacterial agents. Food Research
International. 107. 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.03.011.
Banana Peels & Orange Peels in the

Garden
Written by Caryn Anderson; Updated December 14, 2018
Related Articles
 1Do Banana Peels Work in Potted Plants?
 2Mix a Banana Peel in Soil
 3Use Orange Peels to Repel Animals from Plants
 4Nutritional Values of Banana Peels for Plants
Before you toss another orange or banana peel into the trash, stop and think about the potential
benefits you may be throwing away. Like other kitchen scraps, these peels can be added to the
compost bin or used directly in the garden as a replacement for chemical fertilizers or insecticides.
You can use the peels to minimize household waste, reduce the use of chemicals and beautify the
landscape.
Compost
Using banana and orange peels in the compost pile might be the first idea that comes to mind.
Composting is the use of decomposed organic materials to replenish nutrients in the garden. The
process combines the benefits of natural fertilizer with the benefits of minimizing waste materials.
Two key ingredient types are needed to make balanced compost, including brown materials, such as
dry leaves and straw -- materials that add carbon to the mix. Green materials, such as grass clippings
and weeds, add nitrogen to the mix. Orange and banana peels are “green” ingredients that add
nitrogen to the compost pile. As an added bonus, bananas also offer high concentrations of potassium
and phosphorus.
Natural Fertilizer
Both peels add nutrients and nitrogen to the soil as they decompose. Banana peels are particularly
effective for use as a natural fertilizer. They rot quickly if you bury them, offering rich stores for vital
nutrients to the soil, including potassium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, magnesium and sodium. You
can dry and grind peels to use as mulch, or apply them directly to planting areas.
Natural Pest Repellent
Avoid using potentially hazardous insecticides to repel aphids and ants from the garden by using
orange and banana peels to keep the pests away. Cut up banana peels to bury 1 to 2 inches deep in
the soil around plants that are prone to aphid infestations to repel and remove aphids from the area.
Organic Authority recommends placing pieces of orange peel around affected plants or creating a
tear in the orange peel and attaching it directly to the stem of the affected plant. Orange peels contain
d-Limonene, a natural chemical that destroys the waxy coating on ants and aphids, causing them to
suffocate and die. Orange peels are highly fragrant, giving off a repellent scent to keep ants and
aphids away from the garden. You can also make orange oil by simmering orange peels and
collecting the condensation to use as a natural repellent.
Other Uses
Take advantage of the tick- and flea-repelling and killing qualities of the d-Limonene in orange
peels. Create a natural repellent spray for your dog by simmering orange peels with water, straining,
cooling and adding to a spray bottle. According to Tuskegee University, d-Limonene is nontoxic to
warm-blooded animals and causes the insects death by working on the sensory nerves of the
peripheral nervous system. Add shine and deter aphids by wiping the leaves of plants with the inside
of a banana peel. The peel adds shine to leaves while also leaving traces of nutrients and a natural
pesticide.
https://homeguides.sfgate.com/banana-peels-orange-peels-garden-31257.html
B.) Statement of the Problems

Site of Experimentation:
*Gather all the materials needed and follow the instructions carefully.
We encountered a lot of troubles in making our Investigatory Project. First, we cannot find an improved
option and natural substances for our organic fertilizer. Our research had gone too far, the main reason is
that we cannot produce the product right away. But we decide of having the fruit peelings and its extract.
Also, we conducted an experiment regarding our organic fertilizer. If we are going to evaluate our fertilizer
to other ordinary fertilizer we can say that our fertilizer is much more effective. This research will respond
to the following questions:
First, to be able for us to know that our study is a flourishing success we need first to experiment. We
conducted the experiment with the assist of the materials needed namely: 2 plants and the fruit fertilizer.
You need to label the 2 plants as Plant A and Plant B for us to classify which has the fertilizer and which
is not. Now if all the things are equipped all you need to do is just put the fertilizer to the soil and after
doing that we just need to observe both plants for about 2-3 weeks to see the outcome. In terms of the
money there is nothing to worry about because as what we have said that our product is made out of fruit
peelings which we can just recycle those and make our own fertilizer.
Fertilizers nowadays are needed to make soil more productive. So we come up in making an alternative
option for us people to know how to make our own fertilizers using fruit peelings. We have this brilliant
proposal of making these research is for us people to discern that fruit peelings is practical when it comes
in fertilizing soil which can make our plants or crops more hale and hearty. Did you know that a banana
peeling contains 3.25% phosphorus and 41.76% potassium which a plant need? Also, orange peelings
are functional as an insecticide, because they are killing aphids. I can say that this research can also help
out save our environment because all the ingredients are organic and natural while other fertilizers are
made from the residuals of waste water treatment facilities or recycled from other areas that cause them
to test positive for toxic waste and most of it are "quick-release" fertilizers have been known to lead to
oxygen loss in waterways due to runoff into the street and, as a result, into the water. High amounts of
nitrogen can find their way into waterways in this way, causing an excess of algae and a resulting loss of
oxygen in the water. This can have a negative effect on fish and other wildlife in the water. So, by our
study this will be a great contribution for our nature and to our life that we are living.
(Experiment Proper)
Fruit Peelings as an Alternative Fertilizer

In producing our fertilizer, we did not encounter any problems and failures during the experiment set- up.
The materials looked-for are within our means, universal and can be cast-off because nowadays we need
to be sensible.
Home Economics Building, Claret School of Zamboanga

City, Zamboanga City
(Fertilizer-making)
Findings:
Ruste Drive, San Jose Road, Zamboanga City

Our research flowed smoothly because of the blooming success of production and experimentation of our
alternative fertilizer. It is a job well done especially to those who made this set-up achievable. Also, we
are able to response to all the questions and we are able to bear out that our fertilizer it much more
enhanced and effective when it comes to organic fertilizer.
Plant A
Spray container, Water, Fruit Peelings, Soil(Loam), Two containers labeled as "Plant A and Plant B",
Monggo Seeds, Basin, Strainer, Funnel, Pot.
For further investigations, we recommend the following:
Review of Related Literature

Plant B
1.Will our organic fertilizer be a useful option for the people?
2.Will this promote natural gardening?
3.Will this be a greater avenue of choosing a fertilizer that composes of natural substances that will also
help saving our environment?
Outcome
Fertilizer (or fertiliser) is any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming
materials) that is added to a soil to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.
Conservative estimates report 30 to 50% of crop yields are attributed to natural or synthetic commercial
fertilizer.
Organic fertilizers have been known to improve biodiversity (soil life) and long-term productivity of soil,
and may prove a large depository for excess carbon dioxide.
Organic nutrients increase the abundance of soil organisms by providing organic matter and
micronutrients for organisms.
Organic fertilizers are carbon based compounds that increase the productivity of plants. They have
various benefits over chemical fertilizers.
Claret School of Zamboanga City

Procedures:
Methodology
Recommendations:
A.) Background of Study
Conclusion:
Introduction
Scope and Limitations
Materials:
*For a good outcome use different kinds of fruit peelings.
1. Label the containers as Plant A and Plant B.
2. In Plant A, spray it with Fruit Fertilizer while in Plant B sprinkle it with water.
3. Do this routine for two weeks with the help of water, sunlight and right care.
4. In a day, rate each observation according to how fast these plants can grow using the Fruit Fertilizer.
This study will help promote recycling as a form of Solid Waste Management in our community as well as
our country through utilizing fruit peelings as a fertilizer in a form of aerosol. Droplets from the aerosol are
readily absorbed by the plant which results to enhanced growth of the plant. This research will also
promote natural gardening instead of using artificial fertilizers or by using GMOs (Genetically Modified
Organisms). Having these two small significances yet having a big impact in our environment is the
purpose of this study.
1. Gather all the fruit peelings.
2. In a round pot, combine all the peelings and pour water.
3. Let the water reach its boiling point until the peelings are soft and pale.
4. After boiling, slowly pour the extracted peelings into the strainer allowing the peelings separate from
their extract.
5. Let it stand for 3-5 minutes. Pour it into a spray container for ready to use.
C.) Significance of the Study
https://prezi.com/lc57sie-2mbs/investigatory-project-final/
1. Impact of biochar on the anaerobic digestion of citrus peel waste.
PubMed
Fagbohungbe, Michael O; Herbert, Ben M J; Hurst, Lois; Li, Hong; Usmani, Shams Q; Semple, Kirk T
2016-09-01
In this study, the impact of different types of biochar and biochar ratios on the anaerobic digestion
of citrus peel waste was investigated. Citrus peel has an inhibitory effect on anaerobic digestion. The
presence of biochar had two effects: a reduction in the length of the lag phase and greater production of
methane relative to citrus peel waste only incubations. The microbial lag phases decreased with
increase in citrus peel to biochar ratios, with 2:1 having the longest lag phase of 9.4days and 1:3, the
shortest, with the value of 7.5days. The cumulative methane production in incubations containing
biochar and citrus peel ranged from 163.9 to 186.8ml CH4 gVS(-1), while citrus peel only produced
165.9ml CH4 gVS(-1). Examination of the biochar material revealed colonies of putative methanogens.
The synergy of d-limonene adsorption and microbial immobilization by biochar appears to improve the
performance of anaerobic digestion. Copyright Â© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2. Anaerobic digestion of orange peel in a semi-continuous pilot plant: An environmentally sound way
of citrus waste management in agro-ecosystems.
PubMed
Zema, Demetrio A; FÃ²lino, Adele; Zappia, Giovanni; CalabrÃ², Paolo S; Tamburino, Vincenzo;
Zimbone, Santo Marcello
2018-07-15
The management of residues of citrus processing involves economic and environmental problems. In
particular, the uncontrolled disposal of citrus processing waste near production sites can have heavy
impacts on air, soil, surface water bodies and groundwater. Anaerobic digestion has been proposed as
a viable alternative for citrus wastevalorisation, if some problems, linked to the biochemical processes,
are overcome. Although many experimental tests have studied the inhibitory effects of the high
essential oil content of orange peel on biomethanisation processes, fewer experiences have been
carried out in continuous or semi-continuous pilot digesters, more similar to the full-scale biogas plants,
using real orange peel. This study has evaluated the methane production through anaerobic digestion
of industrial orange peel using a pilot plant (84L) with semi-continuous feeding at increasing Organic
Loading Rates (OLR) and essential oil (EO) supply rates (EOsr) until the complete process inhibition.
Under mesophilic conditions, the highest daily specific methane yield was achieved at OLR of 1.0g TVS
L -1 d -1 and EOsr of 47.6mgL -1 d -1 . Partial inhibition of the anaerobic digestion was detected at OLR
and EOsr of 1.98g TVS L -1 d -1 and 88.1mgL -1 d -1 , respectively and the process irreversibly
stopped when OLR and EOsr reached 2.5g TVS L -1 d -1 and 111.2mgL -1 d -1 , respectively. Under
thermophilic conditions, the cumulative methane production (0.12Lg TVS -1 ) was about 25% of that
under mesophilic conditions (0.46Lg TVS -1 ). The thermophilic digestion was completely inhibited at
lower OLR (1.98g TVS L -1 d -1 ) and EOsr (88.1mgL -1 d -1 ) compared to mesophilic conditions. This
study confirmed the suitability of anaerobic digestion of orange peel for biomethane production
(provided that the right management of the process is set), in view of an environmentally sound way of
agricultural residues management in agro-ecosystems. Copyright Â© 2018 Elsevier B.V. All
3. Citrus Waste Biomass Program
SciTech Connect
Karel Grohman; Scott Stevenson
Renewable Spirits is developing an innovative pilot plant bio-refinery to establish the commercial
viability of ehtanol production utilizing a processing waste from citrus juice production. A novel process
based on enzymatic hydrolysis of citrus processing waste and fermentation of resulting sugars to
ethanol by yeasts was successfully developed in collaboration with a CRADA partner,
USDA/ARS Citrus and Subtropical Products Laboratory. The process was also successfully scaled up
from laboratory scale to 10,000 gal fermentor level.
4. Production and characterization of films based on blends of chitosan from blue crab (Callinectes
sapidus) waste and pectin from Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) peel.
PubMed
Baron, Ricardo Duran; PÃ©rez, Latife LÃºquez; Salcedo, JesÃºs MejÃa; CÃ³rdoba, Luis PÃ©rez;
Sobral, Paulo JosÃ© do Amaral
2017-05-01
The objective of this study was to develop and characterize films based on blends of chitosan and
pectin, produced in laboratory scale, from industrial wastes. The chitosan was obtained by
termoalcaline deacetylation of chitin, extracted from blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) waste and
characterized according to degree of deacetylation (DD) and viscosimetric molecular weight (Mw); and
pectin was extracted by conventional heating, from orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) peel and
characterized according to degree of esterification (DE) and molecular weight (Mw). The Ch:P based
films were prepared by the casting method in different Ch:P ratios [0: 100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and
100:0], and compared to two controls [0:100 and 100:0], of commercial pectin and chitosan. Glycerol
was used as a plasticizer at concentrations of 0.2g/g macromolecules. The addition of high
concentrations of pectin in the formulations resulted in films with high solubility and an increase in
moisture. No significant difference (P>0.05) in the degree of swelling (DS) and water vapor permeability
(WVP) of the films was observed. Ch:P blend films were less stiff and therefore more elastic and flexible
than films based on only one biopolymer. The control films presented better results in terms of color,
being brighter and less opaque than other film formulations. These data suggest that chitosan or pectin
obtained from agro-industrial waste is a potential matrix to produce biodegradable films for future food
applications. Copyright Â© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
5. Studies on the development of functional powder from citrus peel.
PubMed
Kang, H J; Chawla, S P; Jo, C; Kwon, J H; Byun, M W
2006-03-01
The suitability of citrus peels, generated as a by-product of the juice industry, as a source of
antioxidants was investigated. Citrus peel powder was prepared by lyophilizing 70% ethanol extract
from citrus peels. Extraction was carried out at room temperature (20 degrees C) for 72 h. The extract
was subjected to gamma-irradiation treatment (20 kGy). The aqueous solutions of citrus peel powder
were examined for color characteristics and antioxidant potential in terms of 1,1-diphenyl-2-
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, beta-carotene bleaching and nitrite scavenging activities.
There were significant changes in Hunter color values due to irradiation. The a*- and b*-values
decreased due to radiation treatment. DPPH radical scavenging, beta-carotene bleaching and nitrite
scavenging activities were not affected by irradiation treatment. Nitrite scavenging activity was the
highest in the extract at pH 1.2 followed by pH 4.2 and 6.0. These functional properties of the aqueous
solution were found to be stable in heat treatment. It could significantly improve oxidative stability of
lipids in fish meat system. Based on these results there may be opportunities to use citrus peel powder
as a functional component in the food processing industry with gamma irradiation treatment improving
its color characteristics without adversely influencing the functional properties.
6. Pre-Harvest Dropped Kinnow ( Citrus reticulata Blanco) Waste Management through the Extraction of
Naringin and Pectin from their Peels using Indigenous Resin
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Laxmi Deepak Bhatlu, M.; Katiyar, Prashant; Singh, Satya Vir; Verma, Ashok Kumar
2016-09-01
About 10-20 % kinnow fruits are dropped in preharvest stage which are waste and are problem to
farmer as these create nuisance by rotting and insect rearing ground. The peels of these dropped fruits
as well as peels from kinnow processing may be good source of naringin and pectin. Naringin is used in
pharmaseutics while pectin is used in food industry. For recovery of naringin and pectn, peels of
preharvest dropped kinnow fruits were boiled in water. The extract was passed through macroporus
polymeric adsorbent resin Indion PA 800, naringin was adsorbed on it. The adsorbed naringin was
desorbed with ethanol. This solution was passed through membrane filter and filtrate was evaporated to
obtain naringin. The extract remaining after adsorption of naringin was used to recover pectin using acid
extraction method. The recovery of naringin and pectin was about 52 and 58 % respectively. The
naringin finally obtained had 91-93 % purity.
7. In Vitro Studies on Phytochemical Content, Antioxidant, Anticancer, Immunomodulatory, and

Antigenotoxic Activities of Lemon, Grapefruit, and Mandarin Citrus Peels.
PubMed
Diab, Kawthar Ae
2016-01-01
In recent years, there has been considerable research on recycling of agroindustrial waste for
production of bioactive compounds. The food processing industry produces large amounts
of citrus peels that may be an inexpensive source of useful agents. The present work aimed to explore
the phytochemical content, antioxidant, anticancer, antiproliferation, and antigenotxic activities of lemon,
grapefruit, and mandarin peels. Peels were extracted using 98% ethanol and the three crude extracts
were assessed for their total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant
activity using DPPH (1, 1diphenyl2picrylhydrazyl). Their cytotoxic and mitogenic proliferation activities
were also studied in human leukemia HL60 cells and mouse splenocytes by CCK8 assay. In addition,
genotoxic/ antigenotoxic activity was explored in mouse splenocytes using chromosomal aberrations
(CAs) assay. Lemon peels had the highest of TPC followed by grapefruit and mandarin. In contrast,
mandarin peels contained the highest of TFC followed by lemon and grapefruit peels. Among the
extracts, lemon peel possessed the strongest antioxidant activity as indicated by the highest DPPH
radical scavenging, the lowest effective concentration 50% (EC50= 42.97 ?g extract/ mL), and the
highest Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC=0.157). Mandarin peel exhibited moderate
cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 77.8 ?g/mL) against HL60 cells, whereas grapefruit and lemon peels were
ineffective antileukemia. Further, citrus peels possessed immunostimulation activity via augmentation of
proliferation of mouse splenocytes (Tlymphocytes). Citrus extracts exerted noncytotoxic, and
antigenotoxic activities through remarkable reduction of CAs induced by cisplatin in mouse splenocytes
for 24 h. The phytochemical constituents of the citrus peels may exert biological activities including
anticancer, immunostimulation and antigenotoxic potential.
8. Quantification of Transfer of Salmonella from Citrus Fruits to Peel, Edible Portion, and Gloved Hands
during Hand Peeling.
PubMed
Jung, Jiin; Friedrich, Loretta M; Danyluk, Michelle D; Schaffner, Donald W
2017-06-01
Although studies have quantified bacterial transfer between hands and various materials, cross-
contamination between the surface of fresh citrus fruit and the edible portions during hand peeling has
not been reported. This study quantifies transfer of Salmonella to the edible portion of citrus fruit from a
contaminated peel during hand peeling. Citrusfruits used for this study were Citrus sinensis (sweet
orange) cultivars 'Valencia' and 'Navel', Citrus unshiu (Satsuma mandarins), Citrus reticulata
Ã— Citrus paradisi ('Minneola' tangelo or 'Honeybell'), and C. paradisi (grapefruit) cultivar 'Marsh'. An
avirulent Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 (ATCC 700720) resistant to rifampin was used for all
experiments. The inoculum containing approximately 9 log CFU/mL (50 Î¼L) was spot inoculated onto
the equator, stem, or styler of each fruit and allowed to dry for 24 h. Six volunteers put on single-use
latex gloves and peeled inoculated fruit. Peel, edible fruit portion, and gloves were collected and
enumerated separately. Three replicates of the study were performed in which each
volunteer peeled two inoculated fruit of each variety (n = 36 fruit per variety). Cross-contamination from
contaminated surface of citrus fruits to edible portion or gloved hands during peeling was affected by
inoculation sites. Average Salmonella transfer to the edible portion ranged from 0.16% (Valencia
inoculated at the equator) to 5.41% (navel inoculated at the stem). Average Salmonella transfer to
gloved hands ranged from 0.41% (grapefruit inoculated at the stem) to 8.97% (navel inoculated at the
stem). Most Salmonella remained on the peel of citrus fruits. The average level of Salmonella remaining
on the peel ranged from 5.37% (Minneola inoculated at the equator) to 66.3% (Satsuma inoculated at
the styler). When grapefruit was inoculated, the Salmonella that remained on the peel showed a
bimodal pattern in which some individuals left almost all Salmonella on the peel, while others left
9. Functional analysis of unfermented and fermented citrus peels and physical properties of citrus peel-
added doughs for bread making.
PubMed
Shyu, Yung-Shin; Lu, Tzu-Chi; Lin, Chuan-Chuan
2014-12-01
Several studies have indicated citrus peels (CP) contain specific methoxy flavones, e.g. nobiletin and
tangeretin, which have been shown to prevent numerous diseases. However, research reports
regarding their application as food additive in healthy baked products is scarce. In our study, both
unfermented (UF) and fermented (F) citrus peels were processed under different dry hot-air
temperatures to make four citrus peel powders , UF-100Â Â°C,UF-150Â Â°C, F-100Â Â°C, F-150Â Â°C,
respectively. The analysis of the basic components and nutraceuticals as well as antioxidant activity
were conducted. Various percentages of CP were added to dough and toast bread for physical property
and sensory evaluations. The results indicated the contents of crude proteins (3.3-4.3Â mg/g) and fibers
(10.9-14.9Â %) among the four samples were similar. The UF extracts showed better antioxidant
activities than F extracts. HPLC analysis indicated the contents of hesperidine, nobiletin and tangeretin
in CP extracts were UF-150Â Â°Câ€‰>â€‰UF-100Â Â°C. Farinograph analysis indicated a linear
relation between CP powder content and the parameters of the physical properties of dough. A high
percentage of fibrous CP powder in dough increases the water adsorption capacity of the dough,
resulting in a decrease in its stability The sensory evaluation results indicated a greater acceptability of
UF-added toast bread relative to the F-added one. Among these, according to the statistical anaylsis,
the UF-150Â Â°C 4Â % and UF-100Â Â°C 6Â % groups were the best and F-150Â Â°C 2Â % group
was the poorest in overall acceptability.
10. Chemical Mapping of Essential Oils, Flavonoids and Carotenoids in Citrus Peels by Raman Microscopy.
PubMed
Yang, Ying; Wang, Xiaohe; Zhao, Chengying; Tian, Guifang; Zhang, Hua; Xiao, Hang; He, Lili; Zheng,
Jinkai
2017-12-01
Citrus peels, by-products in large quantity, are rich in various functional and beneficial components
which have wide applications. Chemical analysis of these components in citruspeels is an important
step to determine the usefulness of the by-products for further applications. In this study, we explored
Raman microscopy for rapid, nondestructive, and in situ chemical mapping of multiple main functional
components from citrus peels. The relative amount and distribution in different locations (flavedo,
albedo, and longitudinal section) of 3 main functional components (essential oils, carotenoids, and
flavonoids) in citrus peels were systematically investigated. The distribution profiles of these
components were heterogeneous on the peels and varied between different species of citrus peels.
Essential oil was found mainly existed in the oil glands, while carotenoids were in the complementary
location. Some flavonoids were observed in the oil glands. This study showed the capability of Raman
microscopy for rapid and nondestructive analysis of multiple bio-components without extraction from
plants. The information obtained from this study would assist the better production and application of
the functional and beneficial components from citrus by products in an effective and sustainable
manner. This study indicated the capability of Raman microscopy for rapid and nondestructive analysis
of multiple bioactive components in plant tissues. The information obtained from the study would be
valuable for developing effective and sustainable strategy of utilization of citruspeels for further
applications. Â© 2017 Institute of Food TechnologistsÂ®.
11. Citrus peel use is associated with reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
PubMed
Hakim, I A; Harris, R B; Ritenbaugh, C
2000-01-01
Limonene has demonstrated efficacy in preclinical models of breast and colon cancers. The principal
sources of d-limonene are the oils of orange, grapefruit, and lemon. The present case-control study was
designed to determine the usual citrus consumption patterns of an older Southwestern population and
to then evaluate how this citrusconsumption varied with history of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of
the skin. In this Arizona population, 64.3% and 74.5% of the respondents reported weekly consumption
of citrus fruits and citrus juices, respectively. Orange juice (78.5%), orange (74.3%), and grapefruit
(65.3%) were the predominant varieties of citrus consumed. Peel consumption was not uncommon, with
34.7% of all subjects reporting citrus peel use. We found no association between the overall
consumption of citrus fruits [odds ratio (OR) = 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.73-1.32]
or citrus juices (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.71-1.31) and skin SCC. However, the most striking feature was
the protection purported by citrus peelconsumption (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.45-0.95). Moreover, there
was a dose-response relationship between higher citrus peel in the diet and degree of risk lowering.
This is the first study to explore the relationship between citrus peel consumption and human cancers.
Our results show that peel consumption, the major source of dietary d-limonene, is not uncommon and
may have a potential protective effect in relation to skin SCC. Further studies with large sample sizes
are needed to more completely evaluate the interrelationships between peel intake, bioavailability of d-
limonene, and other lifestyle factors.
12. Anticholinesterase and antioxidative properties of water-extractable phytochemicals from

some citrus peels.
PubMed
Ademosun, Ayokunle Olubode; Oboh, Ganiyu
2014-05-01
Aqueous extracts from citrus peels are used in many rural communities in Nigeria in treating various
degenerative conditions, although the scientific basis for its use has not been well established. This
study sought to investigate the anticholinesterase and antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts from
some citrus peels [orange (Citrus sinensis), grapefruit (Citrus paradisii), and shaddock (Citrus maxima)].
The effects of the extracts on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, as well as Fe2+-induced
malondialdehyde (MDA) production in vitro, were investigated. The total phenolic, flavonoid content,
and antioxidant activities as typified by 1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging
ability and hydroxyl (OH) radicals scavenging abilities were also investigated. The results revealed that
orange peels had the highest total phenol content followed by grapefruit peels, whereas
shaddock peels had the least. The extracts inhibited AChE activity in a dose-dependent manner,
although there is no significant difference (p>0.05) in their inhibitory abilities of the peels. The extracts
exhibited antioxidant activities as typified by their radical (DPPHÂ· and OHÂ·) scavenging abilities as
well as the inhibition of Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in rat's brain in vitro. The anticholinesterase
activity and inhibition of MDA production by the aqueous extracts of the peels, as well as other
antioxidant activities, could make the peels a good dietary means for the management of oxidative-
mediated neurodegenerative disorders.
13. Targeting excessive free radicals with peels and juices of citrus fruits: grapefruit, lemon, lime and
orange.
PubMed
GuimarÃ£es, Rafaela; Barros, Lillian; Barreira, JoÃ£o C M; Sousa, M JoÃ£o; Carvalho, Ana Maria;
Ferreira, Isabel C F R
2010-01-01
A comparative study between the antioxidant properties of peel (flavedo and albedo) and juice of some
commercially grown citrus fruit (Rutaceae), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), lemon (Citrus limon), lime
(Citrusxaurantiifolia) and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) was performed. Different in vitro assays were
applied to the volatile and polar fractions of peelsand to crude and polar fraction of juices: 2,2-diphenyl-
1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation
using beta-carotene-linoleate model system in liposomes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
(TBARS) assay in brain homogenates. Reducing sugars and phenolics were the main antioxidant
compounds found in all the extracts. Peels polar fractions revealed the highest contents in phenolics,
flavonoids, ascorbic acid, carotenoids and reducing sugars, which certainly contribute to the highest
antioxidant potential found in these fractions. Peels volatile fractions were clearly separated using
discriminant analysis, which is in agreement with their lowest antioxidant potential. Copyright 2009
Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
14. Laguna Madre Water Purification using Biochar from Citrus Peels
Lopez, C.; Al-Qudah, O. M.
2017-12-01
Laguna Madre is an important lagoon in the coast of Texas. It is one of the seven hypersaline lagoons
in the world. Due to inflow of water with extreme amounts of phosphorus and nitrates and the low inflow
of freshwater, the lagoon has high amount of phosphorus and nitrates which can be harmful for fish and
plants situated in the lagoon. The goal is to be able to perform a filtration method
with citrus peels biochar, and then to evaluate and compare the produced biochar, zeolite, and
activated carbon as an infiltration filter by assessing reductions of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds,
as well as sum selected trace elements. Furthermore, the current research will investigate how long the
cleaning capacity of biochar lasts and how the performance of the filter changes under an increased
load of contaminants. The performance of biochar from different parent materials and recycling options
for the used filter materials are also included in this research.
15. Nutrient, phytochemical, and antinutrient composition of Citrus maxima fruit juice and peel extract.
PubMed
Ani, Peace Nwanneka; Abel, Happiness Chiamaka
2018-05-01
Nutrient, phytochemical, and antinutrient composition of Citrus maxima fruit juice and peel extract were
determined. The fruit was procured from a garden in Trans-Ekulu, Enugu East Local Government Area,
Enugu State, Nigeria. Mature undamaged Citrus maxima fruits were thoroughly washed with distilled
water to remove contamination, dirt, and air-dried. The peel was separated from the pulp. The pulp
(100Â g) was blended and filtered through a muslin cloth to obtain a clear juice. The peel (50Â g) was
macerated with 200Â ml of ethanol for 20Â min. The peel extract was filtered through filter paper. The
supernatant was concentrated by rotary evaporation. The peel extract was weighed and stored in a
plastic container until needed. Proximate, mineral, vitamins, antinutrient, and phytochemical
composition of the juice and peel extract were determined using standard
procedures. Citrus maxima peel extract contains significantly ( p Â <Â .05) higher crude fiber (2.58%),
fat (9.74%), ash (2.49%), and carbohydrate (71.57%) compared with Citrusmaxima juice. Alkaloid,
phenolics, and flavonoids were also significantly ( p Â <Â .05) higher in the peel extract. The mineral
composition revealed the order CaÂ >Â NaÂ >Â PhÂ >Â FeÂ >Â MgÂ >Â K in the juice and
CaÂ >Â PhÂ >Â NaÂ >Â FeÂ >Â KÂ >Â Mg in the peel extract. Vitamin C content of the juice
and peel extract were 26.36Â mg/100Â g and 19.34Â mg/100Â g, respectively. Citrus maxima peel is
highly nutritive and rich in phytochemicals, further research is recommended to investigate its
therapeutic effect.
16. Recovery of Ga(III) by Raw and Alkali Treated Citrus limetta Peels
PubMed Central
2014-01-01
Alkali treated Citrus limetta peels were used for recovery of Ga(III) from its aqueous solution. The raw
and alkali treated peels were characterized for functional groups. The efficiency of adsorption increased
from 47.62â€‰mg/g for raw peels to 83.33â€‰mg/g for alkali treated peels. Between pH 1 and 3, the
adsorption increased and thereafter decreased drastically. The adsorption followed pseudosecond
order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm gave the best fit for the experimental data. Desorption studies
showed 95.28% desorption after 3 cycles for raw peels while it was 89.51% for alkali treated peels.
Simulated Bayer liquor showed 39.57% adsorption for gallium ions on raw peels which was enhanced
to 41.13% for alkali treated peels. PMID:27382624
17. Citric acid compounds of tangerines peel extract (Citrus reticulata) as potential materials teeth whitening
Pratiwi, F.; Tinata, J. K.; Prakasa, A. W.; Istiqomah; Hartini, E.; Isworo, S.
2017-04-01
Peel of citrus fruit (Citrus reticulata) has a variety of possible chemical compounds that may serve as a
potential whitening teeth. This research is conducted on a laboratory scale; therefore, it needs to be
developed on an application scale. A quasi-experimental was employed in this study. Citric acid
extraction was carried out on the type of Sweet Orange (Citrus Aurantium L), Tangerine
(Citrus Reticulata Blanco or Citrus Nobilis), Pomelo (Citrus Maxima Merr, Citrus grandis Osbeck), and
Lemon (Citrus Limon Linn). Citric acidâ€™s ability test as teeth whitener was performed on premolar
teeth with concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, and 10%. The experiments were replicated in 3 times, and teeth
whiteness level was measured using Shade Guide VITA Classical. The result of this research showed
that citric acid in every kind of orange peel with various concentration has different abilities on whitening
teeth. The highest colour level obtained from Tangerine peelâ€™s citric acid concentration of 5%.
Orange peel extract has the best teeth whitening abilities tested by the method of Gass
Chromatography to know the active ingredients.
18. Bioactive Flavonoids, Antioxidant Behaviour, and Cytoprotective Effects of Dried

Grapefruit Peels (Citrus paradisi Macf.)
PubMed Central
Castro-Vazquez, Lucia; AlaÃ±Ã³n, MarÃa Elena; RodrÃguez-Robledo, Virginia; PÃ©rez-Coello, MarÃa

Soledad; HermosÃn-Gutierrez, Isidro; DÃaz-Maroto, MarÃa Consuelo; JordÃ¡n, JoaquÃn; Galindo,
MarÃa Francisca; Arroyo-JimÃ©nez, MarÃa del Mar
2016-01-01
Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) is an important cultivar of the Citrus genus which contains a number of
nutrients beneficial to human health. The objective of the present study was to evaluate changes in
bioactive flavonoids, antioxidant behaviour, and in vitro cytoprotective effect of processed white and
pink peels after oven-drying (45Â°Câ€“60Â°C) and freeze-drying treatments. Comparison with fresh
grapefruit peels was also assessed. Significant increases in DPPH, FRAPS, and ABTS values were
observed in dried grapefruit peel samples in comparison with fresh peels, indicating the suitability of the
treatments for use as tools to greatly enhance the antioxidant potential of these natural byproducts. A
total of thirteen flavonoids were quantified in grapefruit peel extracts by HPLC-MS/MS. It was found that
naringin, followed by isonaringin, was the main flavonoid occurring in fresh, oven-dried, and freeze-
dried grapefruit peels. In vivo assay revealed that fresh and oven-dried grapefruit peel extracts (45Â°C)
exerted a strong cytoprotective effect on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines at concentrations ranging
within 0.1â€“0.25â€‰mg/mL. Our data suggest that grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) peel has
considerable potential as a source of natural bioactive flavonoids with outstanding antioxidant activity
which can be used as agents in several therapeutic strategies. PMID:26904169
19. The essential oil from Citrus limetta Risso peels alleviates skin inflammation: In-vitro and in-vivo study.
PubMed
Maurya, Anil Kumar; Mohanty, Shilpa; Pal, Anirban; Chanotiya, Chandan Singh; Bawankule,
Dnyaneshawar Umrao
2018-02-15
Citrus fruit peels are traditionally used in folk medicine for the treatment of skin disorders but it lacks
proper pharmacological intervention. Citrus limetta Risso (Rutaceae) is an important commercial fruit
crops used by juice processing industries in all continents. Ethnopharmacological validation of an
essential oil isolated from its peels may play a key role in converting the fruit waste materials into
therapeutic value added products. To evaluate the chemical and pharmacological (in-vitro and in-vivo)
profile of essential oil isolated from Citrus limetta peels (Clp-EO) against skin inflammation for its
ethnopharmacological validation. Hydro-distilled essential oil extracted from Citrus limetta peels (Clp-
EO) was subjected to gas chromatography (GC) analysis for identification of essential oil constituents
and its anti-inflammatory evaluation through in vitro and in vivo models. Chemical fingerprint of Clp-EO
revealed the presence of monoterpene hydrocarbon and limonene is the major component. Pre-
treatment of Clp-EO to the macrophages was able to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory
cytokines (TNF-Î±, IL-6, IL-1Î²) in LPS-induced inflammation as well as the production of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) in H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress. In in-vivo study, topical application of Clp-
EO was also able to reduce the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear thickness,
ear weight, lipid peroxidation, pro-inflammatory cytokines production and ameliorate the histological
damage in the ear tissue. In-vitro and in-vivo toxicity study indicate that it is safe for topical application
on skin. These findings suggested the preventive potential of Clp-EO for the treatment of inflammation
linked skin diseases. Copyright Â© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
20. Joint effects of citrus peel use and black tea intake on the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
PubMed Central
Hakim, Iman A; Harris, Robin B
2001-01-01
Background Differences in tea drinking habits and/or citrus peel use are likely to vary by populations
and could contribute to the inconsistencies found between studies comparing their consumption and
cancer risk. Methods A population-based case-control study was used to evaluate the relationships
between citrus peel use and black tea intake and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin.
Moreover, we assessed the independent and interactive effects of citrus peel and black tea in the
development of SCC. Results Hot and iced teas were consumed by 30.7% and 51.8% of the subjects,
respectively. Peel consumption was reported by 34.5% of subjects. Controls were more likely than were
cases to report citrus peel use (odds ratio (OR) = 0.67) and hot tea intake (OR = 0.79). After adjustment
for hot and iced tea intake, the ORs associated with citrus peel use were 0.55 and 0.69, respectively,
whereas the corresponding adjusted ORs for hot and iced tea intake after adjustment for citrus peel use
were 0.87 and 1.22 respectively. Compared with those who did not consume hot black tea
or citrus peel, the adjusted ORs associated with sole consumption of hot black tea or citrus peel were
0.60 and 0.30, respectively. Subjects who reported consumption of both hot black tea
and citrus peel had a significant marked decrease (OR= 0.22; 95% CI = 0.10 â€“ 0.51) risk of skin SCC.
Conclusion These results indicate that both citrus peel use and strong (hot) black tea have independent
potential protective effects in relation to skin SCC. PMID:11527506
https://www.science.gov/topicpages/c/citrus+peel+waste
The nutritional quality of food raised by organic as drumstick tree. It is well known for its miraculous
farming in comparison to conventional farming is a nutritional and medicinal properties. Leaves of
tree are current issue that continues to attract interest and extremely rich in vitamins (A, B, C),
essential minerals (K, generate discussion. Consumers regard organic foods not Ca, Fe),
antioxidants (Ascorbate, Phenolics), proteins and only as better, but also a safe, more hygienic, and
free of growth hormone zeatin (Foidle et al., 2001). Hence, its chemical residues and artificial
ingredients (Winter and leaf extract either prepared in 80% ethanol or in water Davis, 2006). Organic
fertilizers not only increase physical contains growth-enhancing substances and can be used
(porosity, structure and water-holding capacity) and as natural source of growth promoter (Fuglie,
2000). chemical properties of soil but also increase mineral Plants treated with MOLEs exhibited
more pest and deposition, which is essential for proper development of disease resistance, vigorous
life-span, heavier roots, plants (Galbiattia et al., 2007). Therefore, application of stems and leaves,
bigger fruits, higher sugar levels and an organic fertilizer has received great attention especially
overall 20-35% increase in yield (Makkar and Becker, among the farmers (Chang et al., 2007). In
fact, nutrient 1996). Significant increase in yield of different crops with management through organic
resources is very essential foliar application of MOLEs has been reported (Balbir, for crops
(Kannaiyan, 2000). 2006). The present study evaluates foliar spray of MOLEs in enhancing growth,
yield, and quality of pea in the field. Today farmers are well aware about the application of organic
fertilizer to improve their crop A field experiment was conducted at Institute of production as well as
farming land (Galbiattia et al., Forest Productivity, Lalgutwa, Ranchi during January to 2007). In
order to fill the demand of organic fertilizer, one March 2012. Loamy soil of the area had pH in the
range of of such option is use of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts 5.5 to 6.5. Certified seeds of uniform
size and colour were (MOLEs) as fertilizer (Davis, 2000). In agriculture and used for sowing at a
spacing of 6"x 6" in 12'x 4' size beds. horticulture, use of MOLEs has proved beneficial for the
Experiment was laid out in a randomized block design growth and yield (Chang et al., 2007), deeper
root with four replications per treatment [0, (Control, water development and better seed germination
(Kannaiyan, spray) and 12.5%, 25.0%, 50.0% v/v of Moringa leaf 2000), delay of fruit senescence,
and improved plant extract]. Foliar application of leaves mixed with vigour and yield quality/quantity
(Phiri and Mbewe, surfactant extract for proper adherence, was given once 2010; Hossain et al.,
2012). MOLEs also impart the crops a week using sprayer beginning from flower bud the ability to
withstand adverse environmental initiation and stopped when most of the pods matured conditions
(Chang et al., 2007). and were ready for harvesting. MOLEs contain major and minor nutrients,
amino At termination of experiment fresh and dry weight acids, vitamins, and also cytokinins, auxins,
and abscisic of harvested pea pods and plants were recorded. The acid (ABA) like growth
substances (Foidle et al., 2001). data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis, This is due to
the presence of cytokinin, which makes employing analysis of variance (ANOVA), 'F'-test for Moringa
leaf extract suitable for vegetable crop significance at P = 0.05 and computing LSD values to
production (Makkar and Becker, 1996). Cytokinins are separate means in different statistical groups
using commercially available in the form of benzyl amino statistical software IBM SPSS version 18.
purine (BAP) or Trans-Zeatin, but their use is much costly. Significant enhancement of the fresh and
dry Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) is a tree commonly known weight of pea pods was recorded with
12.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257817465_MORINGA_OLEIFERA_LEAF_EXTRACT_
AS_BIOSTIMULANT_FOR_INCREASING_PEA_YIELD

Effects of Citrus Fruits As Fertilizers Using Photosynthetic Testing, Growth Rate and Leaf Area Ratio of Hedera Helix

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Effects of Citrus Fruits As Fertilizers Using Photosynthetic Testing, Growth Rate and Leaf Area Ratio of Hedera Helix

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Effects of Citrus Fruits as Fertilizers Using Photosynthetic Testing, Growth Rate and Leaf

Area Ratio of Hedera helix

By Zimin Zhao, Katrina Shedd, David Hartfield and Sonia Rahangdale

LBS145 Cell and Molecular Biology

Dan Gutteridge, James Hardie, Professor Luckie

grapefruit contains the lowest concentration of protein.

more high-powered centrifuge can be used to obtain the pellets.

plants in the different treatments.

1. Comparative study of the hypocholesterolemic, antidiabetic effects of four agro-

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

5. Citrus Waste Biomass Program

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Karel Grohman; Scott Stevenson

6. Studies on the development of functional powder from citrus peel.

Kang, H J; Chawla, S P; Jo, C; Kwon, J H; Byun, M W

Science.gov (United States)

Nazliniwaty; Karsono; Zebua, Nilsya Febrika; Febrika, Nilsya

9. In Vitro Studies on Phytochemical Content, Antioxidant, Anticancer, Immunomodulatory, and

Science.gov (United States)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ali, J.; Abid, H.; Hussain, A.

Science.gov (United States)

Jung, Jiin; Friedrich, Loretta M; Danyluk, Michelle D; Schaffner, Donald W

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Conclusions: Conclusively, inclusion of citrus peel bioflavonoids in dietary therapies is a promising

13. Evaluation of antioxidant potential of citrus peel extracts

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Chatha, S.A.S.; Hussain, A.I.; Asi, M.R.

M. Parvathi Nandan; Vangalapati Meena

Science.gov (United States)

Ani, Peace Nwanneka; Abel, Happiness Chiamaka

16. Evaluation of Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Citrus pseudolimon

Sajid, A.; Hanif, M.A.; Shahid, M.

Science.gov (United States)

Lopez, C.; Al-Qudah, O. M.

Ayedoun, M.A.; Sossou, P.V.; Mardarowicz, M.; Leclercq, P.A.

19. Bioactive Flavonoids, Antioxidant Behaviour, and Cytoprotective Effects of Dried

Castro-Vazquez, Lucia; AlaÃ±Ã³n, MarÃa Elena; RodrÃguez-Robledo, Virginia; PÃ©rez-Coello, MarÃa

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Science.gov (United States)

Lotito, Adriana Maria; De Sanctis, Marco; Pastore, Carlo; Di Iaconi, Claudio

Science.gov (United States)

Yuan, Chun-Gang; Huo, Can; Gui, Bing; Cao, Wei-Ping

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Bordoloi, A.K.; Pathak, M.G.; Sperkova, S.; Leclercq, P.A.

26. AND Citrus senensis PEEL EXTRACTS ON Aeromonas hydrophila ...

African Journals Online (AJOL)

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Nguyen Hai Dang

Science.gov (United States)

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

Mohammed Riaz Hasan Chowdhury

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

31. Modeling the effect of pH on biosorption of heavy metals by citrus peels

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Schiewer, Silke; Patil, Santosh B.

32. Modeling the effect of pH on biosorption of heavy metals by citrus peels

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

33. In vivo anti-carcinogenic property of a formulated citrus peel extract

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

34. ( Citrus maxima ) peel powder on lipid oxidation of