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Abstract—The phasor estimation of the fault current signal in suitable for the power system monitoring. The mathematical
the presence of DC offset results in the significant error which formulation of the proposed method is explained in the next
is not suitable for the power system monitoring. To reduce the section.
phasor estimation error of the fault current in the presence of
DC offset, primarily the DC offset needs to be mitigated. In
this letter, a four-sample method, which requires four sub-cycle II. I MPLEMENTATION OF F OUR -S AMPLE A LGORITHM
samples as the input and estimates the DC offset parameters
present in the signal, is proposed. The test results show that the A. Formulation of DC offset Mitigation
proposed method is simple and more accurate in mitigating the
DC offset from the fault signal. The fault current signal in the presence of DC offset is
expressed as the sum of the decaying exponential component,
Index Terms—DC offset, discrete Fourier transform, fault
fundamental and harmonic components. The discrete form of
current, four-sample method, phasor measurement unit.
the fault current is given by [4],
N
−1
2
I. I NTRODUCTION (−n.∆t/τ )
X
i[n] = M0 e + Mk sin(k.ω.n + φk ) (1)
T the instant of fault, current in the inductive circuit
A cannot change instantaneously. So, the DC decaying
component appears in AC current, when the value of load
k=1
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dco
By substituting the value of Idf t from (7) in (5), the In (17), Ak is given by,
fundamental phasor can be expressed as, 2π
N .(N/2 + 2) + 2φk
2
1 − EN
Ak = 2 sin k. .
1
Idf = I df t − M0 . (8) 2
t 2π
N 1 − Ee−j N
And, cos k. π2 = 0, ∀k = 1, 3, 5, . . . , ( N2 − 1). So, Hsum1 =
1
Idf t = MR + j.MI (9) 0.
where, j is the complex operator, MR and MI are real and Similarly addition of (14) and (15) results as,
imaginary parts of DFT of the fundamental phasor.
i[2] + i[N/2 + 2] = M0 E 2 + E N/2+2 + Hsum2 . (18)
Fundamental phasor magnitude (M1 ) and phase angle (φ1 )
are given by, where,
q
N
M1 = MR2 + MI2 (10) −1
2
X
2π.2
MI Hsum2 = Mk sin k. + φk +
φ1 = tan-1 (
). (11) N
k=1
MR
2π.(N/2 + 2)
To obtain the fundamental phasor (Idf 1
t ) in (8), DC offset
sin k. + φk ,
N
parameters (M0 , E) have to be estimated. From (8), it can be N
2 −1
observed that the accurate estimation of M0 and E, affects the
X π N
accuracy of fundamental phasor estimation (Idf 1 = Mk Bk . cos k. , ∀k = 1, 3, 5, . . . , − 1.
t ). DC offset 2 2
k=1
parameter estimation by proposed method is explained in next
(19)
section.
In (19), Bk is given as,
B. Proposed Method for DC offset Parameter Estimation 2π
N .(N/2 + 4) + 2φk
To implement the proposed algorithm, four sub-cycle sam- Bk = 2 sin k. .
2
ples of the fault current signal are utilized to mitigate the DC
And, cos k. π2 = 0, ∀k = 1, 3, 5, . . . , N2 − 1. So, Hsum2 = 0.
offset as follows:
N
2 −1 Dividing (16) by (18) results in ‘y’
1
X 2π.1
i[1] = M0 E + Mk sin k. + φk (12) i[1] + i[N/2 + 1] E 1 + E (N/2+1)
N y= (20)= 2 .
k=1
N
i[2] + i[N/2 + 2] E + E (N/2+2)
2 −1
N 2π.(N/2 + 1)
+φk From (20), ‘E’ can be obtained as follows,
X
i +1 = M0 E (N/2+1) + Mk sin k.
2 N
k=1 yE (N/2+2) − E (N/2+1) + yE 2 − E 1 = 0
(13)
N
2 −1 E (N/2+1) .(yE − 1) + E.(yE − 1) = 0
X 2π.2
i[2] = M0 E 2 + Mk sin k. + φk (14) E (N/2+1) + E .(yE − 1) = 0
N
k=1
(E). E N/2 + 1 .(yE − 1) = 0
N
2 −1
N X 2π.(N/2 + 2) 1
i +2 = M0 E (N/2+2) + Mk sin k. +φk . E = 0, −1(2/N ) , . (21)
2 N y
k=1
(15) The selection of the desired root among the three possible
By adding (12) and (13), it results in (16), roots is given as follows:
i[1] + i[N/2 + 1] = M0 E 1 + E (N/2+1) + Hsum1 . (16)
−∆t
Case 1 : E = 0 → e τ = 0 ; (22)
where,
E = −1,
N (2/N )
for N = 2
2 −1 Case 2 : E = −1 →
X 2π.1 E = a + j.b, for N > 2
Hsum1 = Mk sin k. + φk +
N
k=1
(23)
2π.(N/2 + 1) 1
sin k. + φk , Case 3 : E = (24)
N y
N
2 −1 2π The root in Case 1, is an undesired root because, it is known
X .(N/2 + 2) + 2φk
= Mk 2 sin k. N . that e−∞ = 0; and in this letter, ∆t
2 τ 6= ∞; as τ 6= 0, which
k=1 ranges from 0.5-5 cycles [3], and ∆t 6= ∞, as ∆t is a finite
2π
N .(N/2) + φk − φk
cos k. , value. In Case 2, N = f s /f h , must satisfy the condition N ≥
2 2, to satisfy Nyquist criterion, i.e, fs ≥ 2.fh , where, fs , fh
N
2 −1 are the sampling frequency and highest frequency component
X π N
= Mk Ak . cos k. , ∀k = 1, 3, 5, . . . , − 1. of the signal. And, E, an exponential, cannot be negative or
2 2 complex value (a+j.b), where j is a complex operator. So, the
k=1
(17) root in Case 3, E = (1/y), is the desired and required root
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Magnitude (p.u)
Magnitude (p.u)
Magnitude (p.u)
Method [5]
1
-1
-0.5 0.99 0.99
-1 0.98 -2 0.98
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
Time (s) Time (s) Time (s) Time (s)
Phase Angle Total Vector Error Phase Angle Total Vector Error
100 3 100 3
Proposed Proposed Proposed
Proposed Method [5] 2.5 Method [5]
Method [5] 2.5
Method [5] 50
50
Angle (deg)
Angle (deg)
TVE in %
2
TVE in %
2 90
0 85 1.5 0 1.5
80 80
75 1 1
70 -50 70
-50
0.5 2 3 4 5 0.5
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 -3
#10
-100 #10 -3 0 -100 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
Time (s) Time (s) Time (s) Time (s)
Fig. 1: Mitigation of DC offset in the presence of harmonics Fig. 3: Mitigation of DC offset in the presence of noise (SNR
for τ = 0.5 cycle. 25 dB) for τ =5 cycles.
Magnitude (p.u)
1.01
0.5
0 1
DC Offset Fundamental Method [5] Proposed
Signal
-0.5 Parameters Parameters TVE (%) TVE (%)
0.99 Type
-1 τ E M0 M1 φ1 M ax M ean M ax M ean
-1.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15
0.98
0 0.05 0.1 0.15
0.5 0.9394 0.5 1.0 30◦ 2.682 0.463 1.477 0.275
i+Har
Time (s) Time (s)
5.0 0.9938 0.5 1.0 30◦ 4.205 1.614 2.234 0.837
Phase Angle Total Vector Error
100
Proposed
2.5 i+Noise 0.5 0.9394 0.2 1.0 40◦ 4.098 1.032 1.495 0.576
Proposed
50
Method [5]
2
Method [5] (30 dB) 5.0 0.9938 0.2 1.0 40◦ 2.085 1.118 1.757 1.006
Angle (deg)
TVE in %
88
86
84
i+Noise 0.5 0.9394 1.0 1.0 20◦ 3.150 2.108 2.792 1.413
0 1.5
82
80 (25 dB) 5.0 0.9938 1.0 1.0 20◦ 2.955 1.075 2.198 0.862
78
-50 76 1
1.5 2 2.5 3
#10 -3
-100 0.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
Time (s) Time (s)
the real and imaginary parts of actual phasor at n-th sample
Fig. 2: Mitigation of DC offset in the presence of noise (SNR instant.
30 dB) for τ =5 cycles.
A. Fault Current Signal in the Presence of Harmonics
of the polynomial equation. Subsequently, substituting E in The harmonic test signal employed to the proposed method
either (16) or (18), DC offset amplitude M0 can be calculated. is given below.
Finally, DC offset from the fault current can be mitigated by
substituting the DC offset parameters E and M0 in (8). i[n] =0.5e(−n.∆t/τ ) + 1.0 sin(ωn + 30◦ ) + 0.1 sin(3ωn)+
0.08 sin(5ωn) + 0.05 sin(7ωn) + 0.04 sin(9ωn)
(26)
III. S IMULATION R ESULTS
Test signal consists of a DC offset, and the harmonics of
The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is assessed for the order 3, 5, 7 and 9 whose amplitude values considered
the test signals, and it is validated by correlating with the as 0.1, 0.08, 0.05, and 0.04 in p.u respectively. DC offset
algorithm [5]. The fundamental frequency (f ) and the number magnitude and fundamental magnitude are 0.5 p.u and 1.0
of samples per cycle (N ) are set at 50 Hz and 32, respectively. p.u, respectively. The estimated phasor and TVE is shown in
Since DC offset time constant τ varies from 0.5 to 5.0 cycles, Fig. 1 for τ of 0.5 cycle. Table I shows the comparison of
the test results are shown for the boundary values of τ . The the accuracy of phasor estimation by proposed method and
comparison between the proposed method and the method [5] method in [5]. It can be observed that the maximum TVE and
is shown for test signals in the presence of harmonics, and mean TVE are less in value for the proposed method. In Table
noise with the signal to noise ratio (SNR) 30 dB and 25 I, ‘i + har’ represents the fault current with harmonics.
dB. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by
performance index total vector error (TVE), and given (in %)
B. Fault Current Signal in the Presence of Noise
as,
s 2 2 The fault current signal i[n] with the white gaussian noise
MR (n) − mr (n) + MI (n) − mi (n) w(n) is given by,
T V E(n) = ×100
mr (n)2 + mi (n)2 i[n] = M0 e(−n.∆t/τ ) + M1 sin(ωn + φ1 ) + w(n). (27)
(25)
Where, MR (n) and MI (n) are the real and imaginary parts The proposed method and method in [5] are tested in the
of DFT of the estimated signal, and mr (n) and mi (n) are presence of noise (27) with SNR of 30 dB and 25 dB. M0 , M1 ,
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Downloaded for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2019.2892600, IEEE
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