1st recitation contents

In general, for the boundary subjected to both convection & radiation, Rconv
& Rrad are parallely connected !

IF Tsurr ≈ T∞, 1/Rcombined = 1/Rconv + 1/Rrad (parallel circuit)

 1/(1/hcombinedA) = 1/(1/hconvA) + (1/hradA)

 hcombined = hconv + hrad

[HW Problem] Problem 3-25 Consider a 1.2-m-high and 2-m-wide double-
pane window consisting of two 3-mm-thick layers of glass (k = 0.78 W/m·K)
separated by a 12-mm-wide stagnant air space (k = 0.026 W/m·K). Determine
the steady rate of heat transfer through this double-pane window and the
temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is
maintained at 24°C while the temperature of the outdoors is -5°C. Take the
convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the
window to be h1= 10 W/m2·K and h2 = 25 W/m2·K, and disregard any heat
transfer by radiation. Sketch temperature profile from room air to outer air
location. Sketch temperature profile from room air to outer air location. Can
you also solve for a single-pane window case with a 6-mm-thick glass of identical thermal conductivity
(more than textbook asks)?
[HW problem] Problem 3-31

To defrost ice accumulated on the outer surface of an automobile windshield, warm air is blown over the
inner surface of the windshield. Consider an automobile windshield with thickness of 5 mm and thermal
conductivity of 1.4 W/m·K. The outside ambient temperature is −10°C and the convection heat transfer
coefficient is 200 W/m2·K, while the ambient temperature inside the automobile is 25°C. Determine the
value of the convection heat transfer coefficient for the warm air blowing over the inner surface of the
windshield necessary to cause the accumulated ice to begin melting (reaching 0°C). When you solve this
problem, solve both by thermal circuit approach (Chap 3 approach), and by setting up heat equation and
boundary conditions (Chap 2 approach). Also, sketch temperature profile from inside to outside air
(extra scope).

Solution 3-31 (1st approach: thermal circuit) Warm air blowing over the inner surface of an automobile windshield
is used for defrosting ice accumulated on the outer surface. The convection heat transfer coefficient for the warm
air blowing over the inner surface of the windshield necessary to cause the accumulated ice to begin melting is to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat transfer through the windshield is one-dimensional. 3
Thermal properties are constant. 4 Heat transfer by radiation is negligible. 5 The automobile is operating at 1 atm.
Properties Thermal conductivity of the windshield is given to be k = 1.4 W/m ∙ °C.
Analysis The thermal resistances are
1
Ri =
hi A
1
Ro =
ho A
L
and R win =
kA
From energy balance and using the thermal
resistance concept, the following equation is
expressed:
T∞,o − T1 T1 − T∞,i
=
Ro R win + Ri
 T1 − T∞,i
Ri = Ro − R win
T∞,o − T1

1 T1 − T∞,i  1  L
or =  −
hi T∞,o − T1  ho  k

For the ice to begin melting, the outer surface temperature of the windshield ( T1 ) should be at least 0 °C. The
convection heat transfer coefficient for the warm air is
−1
 T1 − T∞,i  1  L
hi =   − 
  k
 T∞,o − T1  ho  
−1
 (0 − 25) °C  1  0.005 m 
=  − 
 ( −10 − 0 ) °C  200 W/m ⋅ °C 
2 1. 4 W/m ⋅ °C 
= 112 W/m 2 ⋅ °C
Discussion In practical situations, the ambient temperature and the convective heat transfer coefficient outside
the automobile vary with weather conditions and the automobile speed. Therefore the convection heat transfer
coefficient of the warm air necessary to melt the ice should be varied as well. This is done by adjusting the warm
air flow rate and temperature.
Prob 3-31: windshield vs. Prob 3-29 Rear window..
(Now included as HW problem) Problem 3-34

A 2-m × 1.5-m section of wall of an industrial furnace burning natural gas is not insulated, and the
temperature at the outer surface of this section is measured to be 80°C. The temperature of the furance
room is 30°C, and the combined convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the
outer furnace is 10 W/m2·K. It is proposed to insulate this section of the furnace wall with glass wool
insulation (k = 0.038 W/m·K) in order to reduce the heat loss by 90 percent. Assuming the outer surface
temperature of the metal section still remains at about 80°C (note that 110°C in textbook is typo),
determine the thickness of the insulation that needs to be used.

The furnace operates continuously and has an efficiency of 78 percent. The price of the natural gas is
$1.10/therm (1 therm = 105,500 kJ of energy content). If the installation of the insulation will cost $250
for materials and labor, determine how long it will take for the insulation to pay for itself from the
energy it saves.
Maybe better to cover in 2nd recitation from here..
[HW Problem] Problem 3-41

Maybe better to cover in 2nd recitation session.. because (c)-(e) involves thermal contact resistance..

Problem 3-41

The outer surface of an engine is situated in a place where oil

leakage can occur. When leaked oil comes in contact with a
hot surface that has a temperature above its autoignition
temperature, the oil can ignite spontaneously. Consider an
engine cover that is made of a stainless steel plate with a
thickness of 1 cm and a thermal conductivity of 14 W/m·K.
The inner surface of the engine cover is exposed to hot air
with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 7 W/m2·K at
333°C. The outer surface is exposed to an environment where
the ambient air is 69°C with a convection heat transfer
coefficient of 7 W/m2·K. To prevent fire hazard in the event
of oil leak on the engine cover, a layer of thermal barrier
coating (TBC) with a thermal conductivity of 1.1 W/m·K is
applied on the engine cover outer surface.

(a) Would a TBC layer of 4 mm in thickness be sufficient to keep the engine cover suface below
autoignition temperature of 200°C to prevent fire hazard?

(b) How efficient coating of a TBC layer of 8 mm in thickness would be?

(c) If the contact resistance between the TBC and the engine cover is Rc = 0.0005 m2⋅K/W, what will be
the minimum thickness of a TBC layer to keep the engine cover surface below 200°C?

(d) In (c), what is temperature drop across the interface between the TBC layer and the engine cover plate,
noting that the contact resistance is not zero?

(e) For cases (a) and (c), sketch the temperature profile from hot air to the ambient.

(*) please work on solutions for extra scope/questions (for both recitation and HW). We
should post HW solution after two weeks.
(*) please work on solutions for extra scope/questions (for both recitation and HW). We
should post HW solution after two weeks.
[Now included as HW problem] Problem 3.32 (thermal contact resistance involved  solve in
2nd recitation)
Problem 3-32

An aluminum plate of 25 mm thick (k = 235 W/m·K) is attached on a copper plate with thickness of 10
mm. The copper plate is heated electrically to dissipate a uniform heat flux of 5300 W/m2. The upper
surface of the aluminum plate is exposed to convection heat transfer in a condition such that the
convection heat transfer coefficient is 67 W/m2·K and the surrounding room temperature is 20°C. Other
surfaces of the two attached plates are insulated such that heat only dissipates through the upper surface
of the aluminum plate. If the surface of the copper plate that is attached to the aluminum plate has a
temperature of 100°C. determine the thermal contact conductance of the aluminum/copper interface. Can
you sketch temperature profile from air to bottom of copper plate?

(*) please work on solutions for extra scope/questions (for both recitation and HW). We
should post HW solution after two weeks.
Solution 3.32

(*) please work on solutions for extra scope/questions (for both recitation and HW). We
should post HW solution after two weeks.
[HW problem] Problem 3-51 (thermal contact resistance involved  solve in 2nd recitation)

A 1-mm-thick copper plate (k = 386 W/m·K) is sandwiched between two 5-mm-thick epoxy boards (k =
0.26 W/m·K) that are 15 cm X 20 cm in size. If the thermal contact conductance on both sides of the
copper plate is estimated to be 6000 W/m2·K, determine the error involved in the total thermal resistance
of the plate if the thermal contact conductances are ignored.
Give some review on critical radius  next page
[HW problem] Problem 3-83

A 2.2-mm-diameter and 10-m-long electric wire is tightly wrapped with a 1-mm-thick plastic cover
whose thermal conductivity is k = 0.15 W/m·K. Electrical measurements indicate that a current of 13 A
passes through the wire and there is a voltage drop of 8 V along the wire. If the insulated wire is exposed
to a medium at T∞ = 30°C with a heat transfer coefficient of h = 24 W/m2·K, determine the temperature at
the interface of the wire and the plastic cover in steady operation. Also, determine if doubling the
thickness of the plastic over will increase or decrease this interface temperature.

[Without plastic cover, only Rconv with A0 corresponding to 2.2-mm diameter is involved: Rconv is
calculated as ~0.43C/W. With plastic cover of either 1-mm or 2-mm thickness, heat dissipation will
increase (rather than insulating)!]