STRUCTURED TASK OF

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY 1

BLOOD AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Created by :

Mustaqim B1B017035
Isnaeni Rachmawati B1B017036
Alifia Risa B1B017037

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2018
 INTRODUCTION

Circulatory system is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport
nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and
blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting
diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis. The main organ of the
circulatory system is the heart. Other main parts that play roles in circulatory system are
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, and blood.
The main function of human circulatory system is to transport blood around the
body. Blood carries numerous substances along its pathway such as oxygen, which carried
by protein called hemoglobin, found in red blood cells (RBC). White blood cells are also
vital in their role of fighting disease and infection. Blood contains platelets which are
essential for clotting the blood, which occurs following an injury to stop blood loss. Blood
also carries waste products, such as carbon dioxide away from muscles and organs in order
to be dispelled by the lungs.
 II. DISCUSSION

Blood is essential to life. Blood circulates through our body and delivers essential
substances like oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells. It also transports metabolic waste
products away from those same cells. There is no substitute for blood. It cannot be made
or manufactured. Generous blood donors are the only source of blood for patients in need
of a blood transfusion. Basic functions of blood include: transport of nutrients, waste
products, blood gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) or signaling molecules, immune
function, to maintain homeostasis of water, ions or pH, distribution of heat throughout the
body, blood clotting.
The blood consists of a suspension of special cells called plasma. Blood consists
of 55 % plasma, and 45 % by cells called formed elements. The blood performs many
important functions. By means of the hemoglobin contained in the erythrocytes, it carries
oxygen to the tissues and collects the carbon dioxide (CO2). It also conveys nutritive
substances (e.g. amino acids, sugars, mineral salts) to the tissues. There are two types of
blood cells; normal and abnormal. As for normal blood cells, divided into erythrocytes,
leucocytes, and thrombocytes/platelets.
A. Erythrocytes
The erythrocytes are the most numerous blood cells i.e. about 4-6 millions/mm3
They are also called red cells. In man and in all mammals, erythrocytes are devoid of
a nucleus and have the shape of a biconcave lens. In the mother vertebrates (e.g. fishes,
amphibians, reptilians and birds), they have a nucleus. The red cells are rich in
hemoglobin.
B. Leucocytes
Leukocytes, or white cells, are responsible for the defense of the organism. In the
blood, they are much less numerous than red cells. The density of the leukocytes in the
blood is 5000-7000 /mm Leukocytes divide in two categories: granulocytes and
lymphoid cells or agranulocytes.
C. Thrombocytes
The main function of platelets, or thrombocytes, is to stop the loss of blood from
wounds (homeostasis). To this purpose, they aggregate and release factors which
promote the blood coagulation. Among them, there are the serotonin which reduces
 the diameter of lessoned vessels and slows down the hematic flux, the fibrin which
trap cells and forms the clotting.
The blood circulatory system (cardiovascular system) delivers nutrients and
oxygen to all cells in the body. Consists of the heart and blood vessels running through
the entire body. The arteries carry blood away from the heart, meanwhile the veins carry
it back to the heart. The smallest arteries end in a network of tiny vessels, the capillary
network. The heart is the center of circulatory system whose primary role is to pump blood
through the pulmonary and systemic systems of body network. The heart organ itself has
undergone many changes and adaptations during is evolution from a single layered tube.
Vertebrates are distinguished by a multi chambered heart and a closed vascular
system with capillaries lined with endothelial cells. Vertebrate heart is formed via the
folding of lateral cardiogenic mesodermal layer of the embryonic disc to create a tubular
heart. The heart section of the tube then loops around and produces a protruding ventricle
and atrium, leaving the remaining inner tubular system with its original tubular
appearance.
In general, at the start of the blood circulatory cycle, the heart pumps oxygenated
blood out of the left ventricle, through the aorta (largest artery in the body). The orta
divides into smaller arteries, then arterioles and finally into microscopic capillaries, found
deep within muscles and organs. Here the oxygen and other nutrients passes through the
thin capillary walls into the tissues where it can be used to produce the energy muscles
require to contract.
Pulmonary circulation started from deoxygenated blood turns into the right atrium
via the superior and inferior vena cava. It then passes through the tricuspid valve and
enters the right ventricle. From here, blood is ejected through the pulmonary valve and
into pulmonary circulation, where it is oxygenated by the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns
into the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. It goes through the mitral valve into the left
ventricle. The left ventricle ejects the blood by force through aortic valve, into the aortic
arch and to the rest of body. Humans have average blood pressure 120/60 mmHg, whereas
pulmonary blood pressure is 25/15 mmHg.
III. CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES

Patil, D. N., and Khot, U. 2015. Image Processing Based Abnormal Blood Cells
Detection. Journal of Technical Research and Application. Pp. 37–43.
Stephenson, A., Adams, J., and Vaccarezza. 2017. The Vertebrate Heart: an Evolutionary
Perspective. Journal of Anatomy. 231: pp. 787–797.