University of Negros Occidental Recoletos School of Law

Second Semester, SY 2018-19

EVIDENCE
Lorebette G. Grandea
This outline is being used with the kind permission of Prof.
Theodore Te

PART ONE.

General Principles & Fundamental Concepts;

Types & Sources of Evidence

Fury said to a mouse, that he met in the house,

“let us both go to law I will prosecute you.
Come, I’ll take no denial; we must have a trial;
For really this morning, I’ve nothing to do.”

Said the mouse to the cur, “Such a trial, dear sir,”

with no jury or judge, would be wasting our breath.”
“I’ll be judge, I’ll be jury,” said the cunning old Fury:
“I’ll try the whose cause, and condemn you to death.”

- from Lewis Caroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland

I. Nature, Scope and Function of Evidence

A. Proof of fact and of judicial truth

Rule 128, sec. 1

Estrada v. Desierto and companion case, 353 SCRA 452 (2001)
Estrada v. Desierto and companion case, G.R. No. 146710-15,
Resolution on Motion for Reconsideration, April 3, 2001
Wildvalley Shipping Company, Ltd.v. CA, 342 SCRA 213 (2000)
People v. Base, 329 SCRA 158 (2000)
People v. Vallejo, G.R.No.144656, May 9, 2002
Cf. - Lim v. CA, 270 SCRA 1(1997)
People v. Campuhan, 329 SCRA 270 (2000)
People v. Castillo, 325 SCRA 613 (2000)
People v. Pascual, 331 SCRA 252 (2000)
People v. Villanueva, 275 SCRA 489 (1997)
People v. Malabago, 265 SCRA 198 (1996)
People v. Pruna, G.R.No.138471, October 10, 2002

B. Matters not requiring proof

1. Judicial Admissions

Rule 129, sec.4

Atillo III v. CA, 266 SCRA 596 (1997)

2. Judicial Notice

Rule 129
People v. Cepeda, 324 SCRA 290 (2000)
People v. Cerbito, 324 SCRA 304 (2000)
Vinoya v. NLRC, 324 SCRA 469 (2000)

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 Ditche v. CA, 327 SCRA 301(2000)
BPI-Family Savings Bank v. CA, 330 SCRA 507(2000)
Salamera v. Sandiganbayan, 303 SCRA 217 (1999)
People v. Tejero, 308 SCRA 660 (1999)
PAL v. CA, 257 SCRA 33 (1996)
Heirs of Canque v. CA, 275 SCRA 741 (1997)
Philsec Investment Corp. v. CA, 274 SCRA102 (1997)
Mandarin Villa v. Ca, 257 SCRA 538 (1996)
People v. Alicando, 251 SCRA 293 (1995)
Metal Forming Corporation v. Office of the President, 247 SCRA (1995)

a. Mandatory judicial notice

Rule 129, Sec. 1

People v. Sevilleno, 305 SCRA 519 (1999)

b. Discretionary judicial notice

Rule 129, secs. 2-3

Coca-Cola Bottlers Phils. Inc. v. NLRC, 307 SCRA 131 (1999)

3. Conclusive presumptions

Rule 131, sec. 2

4. Res Ipsa Loquitur

Reyes v. Sisters of Mercy, 341 SCRA 760 (2000)

C. Uniform procedure and applicability

Rule 128, sec. 2

II. Fundamental Concepts in Evidence

A. Admissibility

Rule 128, sec. 3

Rule 3, sec. 2, Electronic Evidence Rule
i. Stonehill v. Diokno, 20 SCRA 383 (1967)

Cf. (1) Credibility

(2) Probative value/ weight

1. Conditional Admissibility
2. Multiple Admissibility

ii. People v. Porras, 255 SCRA 514 (1996)

iii. People v. Lapay, 298 SCRA 62 (1998)

B. Relevance

Rule 128, sec. 4; Cf. Materiality

C. Competency

Rule 128, sec. 3

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 D. Burden of Proof vs Burden of Evidence

Rule 128, sec. 1

Rule 131, sec. 1
Rule 133, secs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Labor Code, Art. 277 (b)
RA 7080, sec. 4 vis sec. 2
RA 8493, sec.7, par. 2
Aklan Cooperative Inc. v. NLRC, 323 SCRA 258 (2000)
People v. Rafales, 323 SCRA 13 (2000)
People v. Pantorilla, 322 SCRA 337 (2000)
People v. Villar, 322 SCRA 393 (2000)

E. Proof vis Presumptions

(1) Conclusive presumptions

Rule 131, sec.2

(2) Disputable presumptions

Rule 131, sec.3

Rule 6, secs. 3, 4, Electronic Evidence Rule
People v. Alicando, 251 SCRA 293 (1995)
Cleofas v. St. Peter Memorial Park, 324 SCRA 223 (2000)

(3) “Judge-made” presumptions

People v. Barita, 325 SCRA 22 (2000)

People v. Naag, 322 SCRA 716 (2000)
People v. Caballes, 274 SCRA 83 (1997)
Ong v. CA, 272 SCRA 725 (1997)
People v. Abordo, 258 SCRA 571 (1996)
People v. Cabillan, 267 SCRA 258 (1997)
People v, San Juan, 270 SCRA 693 (1997)
People v. Monfero, 308 SCRA 396 (1999)

(4) Presumptions created special laws

SC A.M. No. 00-04-07SC [“Child Witness Rule”], sec. 6

RA 1379, sec. 2
PD 1866 (as amended by RA 8294), secs. 2, 4

F. Functional Equivalence

Rule 3, Electronic Evidence Rule

G. Conflict between physical & testimonial evidence & between affidavit & testimony in
open court

Jose v. CA, 322 SCRA 25 (2000)

People v. Laganto, 326 SCRA 693 (2000)
Santos v. Sandiganbayan, 347 SCRA 374 (2000)

III. Constitutional Exclusionary Rules

A. Violations of the rights against unreasonable searches & seizures &

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 privacy of communication & correspondence
Const. (1987), art. III, sec. 3 (2) vis sec. 2 and 3 (1)
Republic Act No. 4200

B. Violations of the right to counsel and right against self-incrimination

Const. (1987), art III, sec. 12 (3) vis secs. 12 and 17

People v. Suarez, 267 SCRA 119 (1997)
Zulueta v. CA, 253 SCRA 699 (1996)
People v. Salcedo, 273 SCRA 473 (1997)
People v. Aringue, 283 SCRA 291 (1997)

C. Effects of uncounselled extrajudicial confessions to media

People v. Andan, 269 SCRA 95 (1997)

People v. Domantay, 307 SCRA 1 (1999)
But cf. People v. Morada, 307 SCRA 362 (1999)

IV. Types and Sources of Evidence

A. Objects

1. General Rule

Rule 130, sec 1

Rule 128, sec. 4
People v. Vasquez, 280 SCRA 160 (1997)
People v. Malimit, 264 SCRA 167 (1996)

2. Types of object evidence

a. Instruments and articles

People v. Baniel, 275 SCRA 472 (1997)

b. Documents and signatures

Rule 130, secs. 2, 3, 4

Rule 130, sec. 9
RA 8792 (Electronic Commerce Act), secs. 5
(c) [electronic data message],
(e) [electronic signature],
(f) [electronic document],
secs. 6, 7, 8, 10, 14, and 15
Electronic Evidence Rule, Rule 2, sec. 1 (h), (g), (j), (k), and (e)

c. Persons

(1) Physical examination

US v. Tan Teng, 23 Phil. 145 (1912)

US v. Ong Siu Hong, 36 Phil.735 (1917)
Villaflor v. Summers, 41 Phil.62 (1920)

(2) Examination of persons for identification or other relevant purposes

(3) Measuring and photographing body or parts thereof
(4) Psychological and mental examination

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 (5) Drug and alcohol testing
Skinner v. Rallway, Labor Executives Association, 103 L. Ed 2d 639
(1989)
National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab, 103 L. Ed 2d 685
(1989)
Blustein v. Skinner, 908 F. 2d 451 (9th Cir., 1990)
International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. Department of
Transportation, 932 F. 2d 1291 (9th Cir., 1991)
Dimeo v. Griffin, 943 F. 2d 769 (7th Cir., 1991)

d. Photographs

Sison v. People, 250 SCRA 58(1995)

People V. Medrana, 110 SCRA 130 (1981)

e. Experiments

US v. Tegrado, 36 Phil, 789 (1917)

f. Taped conversations

RA 4200, secs. 1, 3, and 4

Child Witness Rule, sec. 29

g. Audio video, ephemeral electronic communication

Rule 11, secs.1 & 2, Electronic Evidence Rule

a. Testimony

Rule 130, sec. 36

Rule 130, sec. 20
Child Witness Rule, sec. 29
People V. Tuangco, 345 SCRA 429 (2000)

b. Nature of DNA Evidence

Rule 130, sec. 1 (object)

Rule 130, sec. 2 (document)
Rule 130, sec. 20 (testimony); cf. Rule 130, secs. 36, 49
Lejano, et al. v. People, G.R. 176389, 14 December 2010

PART TWO.

ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE

“Please, your majesty,” said the Knave,

“I didn’t write it, and they can’t prove I did:
there’s no name signed at the end.”

“If you didn’t sign it, “said the King,

“That only makes the matter worse. You
must have meant some mischief, or
else you’d have signed your name like
an honest man.”

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 - From Lewis Caroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland

I. Rules of Admissibility

A. Generally

1. Relevance and competence

Rule 128, secs. 3, 4

Const. (1987), art. III, sec. 3 (2) vis sec. 2 and 3 (1)
Child Witness Rule, secs. 6, 8
Rule 3, sec. 2, Electronic Evidence Rule

2. Effects of waiver or failure to object

Security Bank & Trust Corp. v. Triumph Lumber & Cons. Corp., 301 SCRA 537
(1999)

B. Specific Rules and Admissibility

1. Objects

Rule 130, sec. 1

Rule 130, sec. 35
Child Witness Rule, sec. 29

2. Documents

a. Best Evidence Rule

1. Conventional Documents

Rule 130, secs. 3, 4

People v. Operaña, 343 SCRA 43 (2000)
Fiscal of Pampanga v. Reyes and Guevarra, 55 Phil. 905 (1931)
Mahilum v. CA, 17 SCRA 482 (1966)
Republic v. CA, 258 SCRA 223 (1997)
PNB v. CA, 256 SCRA 44 (1996)

2. Electronic documents and signatures

RA 9792, SECS. 10, 11, 12, 13 (also secs. 6, 7, 8, 9)

Rule 4, secs. 1, 2; Rules 5, 6, Electronic Evidence Rule

3. Foreign Statute or Public Document

Corpuz v Sto. Tomas and Sol Gen, G.R. No. 186571, August 11, 2010
Wild Valley Shipping Co., Ltd v. CA, supra

Cf. Parol Evidence Rule

Rule 130, sec. 9

Ortanez v. CA, 266 SCRA 561 (1997)
Lustan v. CA, 266 SCRA 663 (1997)
CKH Industrial Development Corporation v. CA, 272 SCRA 333 (1997)
Willex Plastic Industries v. CA, 256 SCRA 478 (1997)

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 b. Secondary evidence Rule

Rule 130, secs. 5, 6, 7, 8;

Ong v. People, 342 SCRA 372 (2000);

c. Presentation of part of transaction, writing or record

Rule 132, sec. 17

d. Official document in aid of judicial determination

People v. Lagarto, 326 SCRA 693 (2000)

3. Testimony

a. Qualifications and disqualifications of witnesses

Qualifications

Rule 130, sec. 20

Rule 130, sec. 36
Child Witness Rule, sec. 6
People v. Chavez, 278 SCRA 230 (1997)
Molina v. People, 259 SCRA 138 (1996)
People v. Narciso, 262 SCRA 1 (1996)
People v. Fernandez, 275 SCRA 49 (1997)
Waterous Drug Corporation v. NLRC, 280 SCRA 735 (1997)
People v. Porras, 255 SCRA 514 (1996)

Disqualifications

1. Mental incapacity
Rule 130, sec. 21

2. Marriage
Rule 130, sec. 22

3. Death or insanity of adverse party

Rule 130, sec. 23

Cequeña v. Bolante, 330 SCRA 216 (2000)

4. Privileged communication

Rule 130, sec. 24

Cf. Parental and Filial privilege

Rule 130, sec. 25

Family Code, art. 215

5. Guardian ad litem in child abuse cases

Child Witness Rule, sec. 5 (e)

See also: Rule 132, sec 3 (rights and obligations of witnesses)

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b. Admissions and Confessions

1. Admissions

Generally admissible

Rule 130, sec. 26

Rule 130, secs. 31-31
People v. Mendoza, 301 SCRA 66 (1999)
Cf. Const. (1987), art. III, sec. 12 (1), (2), (3)

Exceptions

a. Offer of compromise
Rule 130, sec. 27

b. By third party [Res interalios acta (Part I)]

Rule 130, sec. 28

People v. Raquel, 265 SCRA 248 (1996)

c . By conspirator [Res inter alios acta (Part II)]

Rule 130, sec. 30

d. By- co-partner or agent

Rule 130, sec. 29

2. Confessions

Rule 130, sec. 33

Rule 133, sec. 3
People v. Valla, 323 SCRA 74 (2000)
People v. Agustin, 240 SCRA 541(1995)
People v. Arinque, 283 SCRA 291 (1997)
People v. Suarez, 267 SCRA 119 (1997)
People v. Salcedo, 273 SCRA 473(1997)
People v. Lorenzo, 240 SCRA 624(1995)
People v. Franco, 269 SCRA 211 91997);
Cf. Const. (1987), art. III, sec. 12 (1), (2), (3)

c. Previous Conduct

Rule 130, sec. 34

Child Witness Rule, sec. 30
Enriquez v. People, 331 SCRA 538 (2000)

d. Hearsay and its exceptions; independently relevant statements

1. General Rule

Rule 130, sec. 36

Feria v. CA, 325 SCRA 525 (2000)
Valenzuela v. Bellosillo, 322 SCRA 537 (2000)
People v. Silvestre, 307 SCRA 68 (1999)
People v. Panida, 310 SCRA 66 (1999)
People v. Silvano, 309 SCRA 362 (1999)

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2. Exceptions to Hearsay

Dying declaration

Rule 130, sec.3

People v. Ang-Nguho, 314 SCRA 480 (1999)
People v. Molina, 311 SCRA 517 (1999)
People v. Bautista, 278 SCRA 613 (1997)
People v. Padao, 267 SCRA 64 (1997)
Ugaddan v. CA, 275 SCRA 180 (1997)
People v. Eubra, 274 SCRA 180 (1997)
People v. Santos, 270 SCRA 650 (1997)

Declaration against interest

Rule 130, sec. 38

People v. Bernal, 274 SCRA 197 (1997)

Act or declaration against pedigree

Rule 130, sec. 39

Tison v. CA, 276 SCRA 582 (1997)
People v. Silvano, 309 SCRA 362 (1999)

Family reputation or tradition regarding pedigree

Rule 130, sec. 40

Common reputation
Rule 130, sec. 41

Part of the res gestae

Rule 130, sec.42

People v. Pirame, 327 SCRA 552 (2000)
People v. Naag, 322 SCRA 716 (2000)
People v. Valla,323 SCR 74 92000)
People v. Queriza, 279 SCRA 145 (1997)
People v. Garma, 271 SCRA 517 (1997)
People v. Francisco, 315 SCRA 114 (1999)

Entries in the course of business

Rule 130, sec. 43

Entries in official records

Rule 130, sec. 44

People v. Mejia, 275 SCRA 127 (1997)

Commercial lists and the like

Rule 30, sec. 45

Learned treatises
Rule 130, sec. 46

Testimony or deposition at a former proceeding

Rule 130, sec. 47

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 Special Exception in Child Abuse Cases

Child Witness Rule, sec. 28; Cf., Id., sec. 22

Business Records

i. Rule 8, sec. 1, Electronic Evidence Rule

Cf. Rule 8,sec.2,Id.
e. Opinion

1. General Rule

Rule 130, sec. 48

Eduarte v. CA, 253 SCRA 391 (1996)

2. Exceptions

Expert Witnesses

Rule 130, sec. 49

Ordinary witnesses on identity, handwriting, mental sanity or

impressions of emotion, behavior, condition or appearance of a person

Rule 130, sec. 50

People v. Madarang, 332 SCRA 99 (2000)
People v. Aliviano, 335 SCRA 371 (2000)
Marsman Manning Agency v. NLRX, 313 SCRA 88 (1999)
Cebu Shipyard and Engineering Works Inc. v. William Lines Inc.,
306 SCRA 762 (1999)
Borromeo v. Sun, 317 SCRA 176 (1999)

f. Character

1. General Rule

Rule 130, sec. 51

Child Witness Rule, sec. 30
People v. Adonis, 240 SCRA 773 (1995)

2. Exceptions
Rule 130, sec. 51 a,b,c, vis Rule 132, sec 14

4. Forensic DNA Evidence

Rule 128, secs. 3-4

Rule 130, secs. 20, 36, 49
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 113 S. Ct.2786 (1993)
Tijing v. CA, G.R No.125901, March 8, 2001
People v. Vallejo, G.R. No.144656, May 9, 2002
People v. Yatar, G.R. No. 150224, May 19, 2004
Lejano v. PP, G.R. No. 176389 & PP v. Webb, G.R. No. 176864, 12/14/10
SC A.M. No. 03-1-09-SC (Rule on Guidelines to be Observed by Trial Judges &
Clerks of Court in the Conduct of Pre Trial & use of Deposition Discovery
Measures, August 16, 2004)

5. Out-of-Court Identification of Suspects

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 People v. Gamer, 326 SCRA 660 (2000)
People v. Navales, 337 SCRA 436 (2000)
People v. Faustino, 339 SCRA 718 (2000)
People v. Cabiles, 341 SCRA 721(2000)

PART THREE.

Presenting Evidence

The first witness was the Hatter. He came in with a teacup in one
hand and a piece of bread and butter in the other…” Take off your hat,” the
King said to the Hatter. “It isn’t mine,” said the Hatter. ‘Stolen!” the King
exclaimed, turning to the jury who instantly made a memorandum of the
fact.
- From Lewis Caroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland

Study Guide: At the end of Part Three, the student should: (a) know the order of trial for civil
and criminal cases as we as the different rules for presenting evidence in all its forms, (b)
understand and appreciate the criteria or standards used by the court in evaluating the
admissibility and credibility of evidence. It would be useful to recall the difference between
evidence that is admissible and credible under Part One.

I. Order of trial

Rule 30, sec. 5, 1997 Rules on Civil Procedure

Rule 119, sec. 11, 2000 Rules on Criminal Procedure

II. Presentation of evidence

A. Testimonial

1. Procedure

Rule 132, secs., 1, 2, 15

Rule 132, secs. 34-36; Cf. People v. Cawaling, 293 SCRA 267 (1998)
Rule 119, sec. 21
Rule 133, sec. 7; Cf. RA 8493, sec. 7 (2)

2. Order of Presentation of Witnesses

Rule 132, sec. 4

a. Direct Examination
Rule 132, secs. 5, 10

b. Cross examination

Rule 132, secs. 6, 10

Impeachment of witnesses

1. Generally
Rule 132, sec. 11
Rule 132, sec. 12, par. 1 vis sec. 10 (d) and (e)

2. Prior inconsistent statements

Rule 132, sec. 13
People v. De Guzman, 288 SCRA 346 (1998)

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 3. Hostile or adverse witness
Rule 132, sec. 12, pars. 2, 3

c. Re-direct/ re-cross examination

Rule 132, secs. 7, 8

3. Recall of witnesses
Rule 132, sec.9
Cf. Rule 30, sec. 5: Rule 119, sec.11 (on rebuttal witnesses)

4. Special Procedure on Presentation of Child Witnesses

a. Generally
See Child Witness Rule, secs. 1, 2, 3, 4

b. Appointment of guardian ad litem

Child Witness Rule, sec. 5

c. Presumption of competency; Determination of competency; Competency

examination
Child Witness Rule, sec. 6

d. Manner of examination
Child Witness Rule, secs. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17

e. Duty and Powers of Judge in relation to testimony of child witness

Child Witness Rule, secs. 5, 10, 12, 13, 18, 23, 24

f. Mode of examination and questioning

Child Witness Rule, sec. 8, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26, 27

5. Taking of Electronic Testimony

Rule 10, secs. 1, 2, 3, Electronic Evidence Rule

6. Rights and obligations of a witness

Rule 132, secs. 3, 16

7. Remedies during examination

a. Objections
Rule 132, secs. 36-38
Child Witness Rule, sec. 21
People v. Versoza, 294 SCRA 466 (1998)

b. Striking-off answer
Rule 132, sec. 39

B. Documentary

1. Authentication and proof

a. Documents

1. Public
Rule 132, sec.19, pars. 1, 2
Rule 132, secs. 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30

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 Agasen v. CA, 325 SCRA 504 (2000)
But Cf. Cequeña v. Bolante, 330 SCRA 216 (2000)

2. Private
Rule 132, sec. 19, pars. 1-3
Rule 132, secs. 20, 27
Cf. Rule 132, sec. 21 (when not necessary)

3. Electronic
RA 8792, secs. 5 (f), 7, 10, 11, 14, 15
Rules 5, 6, Electronic Evidence Rule

c. Handwriting

Rule 132, sec. 22

Rule 130, sec.50 (b)
Security Bank and Trust Company v. Triumph Lumber & Construction
Corporation, 301 SCRA 537 (1999)
People v. Pagpaguitan, 315 SCRA 226 (1999)
People v. Agresor, 320 SCRA 302 (1999)
See RA 8972, secs. 5 (e), 8, 9, 14

2. Alterations
Rule 132, sec. 31

3. Documents in unofficial language

Rule 132, sec. 33

4. Effect of Seal
Rule 132, sec. 32

III. Offer and appreciation of evidence

A. Offer of evidence; effects of offer or lack of offer

Rule 132, secs. 34, 35

Dela Torre v. CA, 294 SCRA 196 (1998)
Alonte v. Savellano Jr., 287 SCRA 245 (1998)

B. Objections to offer of evidence; ruling

Rule 132, secs. 36, 38

Cf. Rule 132, sec. 37

C. Remedies from exclusion of evidence

Rule 132, sec. 40

D. Weight and sufficiency of evidence

Rule 133, secs.1-5

Rule 7, Electronic Evidence Rule

E. Appreciation of evidence

People v. Obello, 284 SCRA 79 (1998)

But Cf. People v. Clopino, 290 SCRA 581 (1998)

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1. Testimonial
a. Credibility of witnesses; effects of bias or relationship or other
circumstances like minority disability/illness; appreciation by trial court

People v. Valla, 323 SCRA 74(2000)

People v. Atienza, 326 SCRA 802 (2000)
People v. Juan, 326 SCRA 786 (2000)
People v. Dela Cruz, 313 SCRA 189 (1999)
People v. Banela, 301 SCRA 84 (1999)
People v. Calayca, 301 SCRA 192 (1999)
People v. Padilla, 301 SCRA 265 (1999)
People v. Antonio, 303 SCRA 414 (1999)
People v. Mahinay, 302 SCRA 455 (1999)
People v. Alquizalas, 305 SCRA 367 (1999)
People v. Bea, Jr., 306 SCRA 653 (1999)
People v. Gonzales, 311 SCRA 547 (1999)
People v. Alba, 305 SCRA 811 (1999)

b. Conflicting testimonies as badge of truth and/or falsehood

People v. Obello, 284 SCRA 79 (1998)

People v. Badon, 308 SCRA 175 (1999)
People v. Mangahas, 311 SCRA 384 (1999)

c. Positive versus negative testimony

People v. Uy, 327 SCRA 335 (2000)

People v. Calayca. 301 SCRA 192 (1999)
People v. Tolentino, 308 SCRA 485 (1999)
Naval v. Panday, 301 SCRA 290 (1999)

d. Eyewitness testimony

People v. Antonio, 303 SCRA 414 (1999)

People v. Bihison, 308 SCRA 510 (1999)

e. Judicial admissions
People v. Sarabia, 317 SCRA 684 (1999)

f. Unbelievable testimony

People v. Andales, 312 SCRA 738 (1999)

People v. Perucho, 305 SCRA 770 (1999)
People v. Vidal, 308 SCRA 1 (1999)
People v. Bayron, 313 SCRA 727(1999)

g. Failure to object; effect on probative value

Restaurante Las Conchas v. Llego, 314 SCRA 24(1999)

Gonzales v. NLRC, 313 SCRA 169 (1999)

2. Documentary

a. Probative value of documents otherwise inadmissible but admitted for lack

of objection

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 Security Bank & Trust Corporation v. Triumph Lumber & Construction
Corporation, 301 SCRA 537 (1999), supra
Heirs of Teodoro Dela Cruz v. CA, 298 SCRA 172 (1998)

b. Medico-legal reports

People v. Lasola, 318 SCRA 241 (1999)

People v. Quisay, 320 SCRA 450(1999)

c. Death Certificates
People v. Abdul, 310 SCRA 246 (1999)

d. Police Blotters

People v. Manegdeg, 316 SCRA 689 (1999)

People v. Silva, 321 SCRFA 647 (1999)

e. Affidavits/writings

People v. Sanchez, 301 SCRA 21 (1999)

Grepalife Employees Union v. Grepalife, 303 SCRA 113 (1999)
People v. Mercado, 304 SCRA 504 (1999)

3. Object

a. Injuries

People v. Villaluna, 303 SCRA 518 (1999)

People v. Borreros, 306 SCRA 680 (1999)
People v. Acala, 307 SCRA 330 (1999)

b. Hair
People v. Rondero, 320 SCRA 383 (1999)

c. Physical Condition
Villaflor v. Summers, 41 Phil. 62 (1920)

d. Drug Sample
People v. Zheng Bai Hui, 338 SCRA 420 (2000)

e. Forensic DNA evidence

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 113 S. Ct. 2786 (1993)

Tijing v. CA, G.R. No. 125901, March 8, 2001
People v. Vallejo, G.R. No. 144656, May 9, 2002
People v. Yatar, G.r. No. 150224, may 19, 2004

4. Facts

a. Age
People V. Pruna, G.R. No.138471, October 10, 2002

b. Resignation from office

Estrada v. Desierto & companion case, supra; also G.R.No.146710-15,
Resolution on Motion for Reconsideration, April 3, 2001

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