CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Gravitational Potential Energy

𝒎𝒈𝒛
𝑷=
𝒌
𝑚𝑔
∆𝑃 = ∆𝑧
𝑘
𝑚𝑔
(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) = (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
𝑘
Kinetic Energy

𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝑲=
𝟐𝒌
𝑚
∆𝐾 = ∆𝑣 2
2𝑘
𝑚
(𝐾2 − 𝐾1 ) = (𝑣 2 − 𝑣1 2 )
2𝑘 2
Internal Energy
- Energy stored within a body or substance by virtue of the activity and configuration of its
molecules and of the vibration of the atoms within the molecules
Specific Internal Energy (unit mass)
∆𝒖 = 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏
Total Internal Energy (m mass)
∆𝑼 = 𝑼𝟐 − 𝑼𝟏
Work
- Product of displacement of the body and the component of the force in the direction of
displacement
- Energy in transition
- Exists when a force is moving through a distance
𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 = (𝑝𝐴)𝑑𝐿 = 𝑝𝑑𝑉
𝟐
𝑾 = ∫ 𝝆𝒅𝑽
𝟏

Work (+) = outflow of energy

Work (-) = inflow of energy
Flow Work (Flow Energy)
- Work done in pushing a fluid across a boundary, usually into or out of a system
𝑾𝒇 = 𝑭𝑳 = 𝒑𝑨𝑳 = 𝒑𝑽

∆𝑊𝑓 = ∆(𝑝𝑉)

(𝑊𝑓2− 𝑊𝑓1 ) = (𝑝2 𝑉2 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 )

Heat

- Energy in transit (on the move) from one body or system to another solely because of a
temperature difference between the bodies or systems.

Q (+) = when heat is added to the body or system

Q (-) = when heat is rejected to the body or system

Classification of Systems
1. Closed System
2. Open System
Closed System
- mass does not cross its boundaries
Open System
- mass crosses its boundaries

Steady Flow Energy Equation

Characteristics of steady flow system
1. There is neither accumulation nor diminution of mass within the system
2. There is neither accumulation nor diminution of energy within the system
3. The state of working substance at any point in the system remains constant

Steady Flow Energy Equation

Energy Entering System = Energy Leaving System
𝑃1 + 𝐾1 + 𝑊𝑓1 + 𝑈1 + 𝑄 = 𝑃2 + 𝐾2 + 𝑊𝑓2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑊

𝑸 = ∆𝑷 + ∆𝑲 + ∆𝑾𝒇 + ∆𝑼 + 𝑾
Enthalpy
- Composite property applicable to all fluids
ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑝𝑣
𝑯 = 𝒎𝒉 = 𝑼 + 𝒑𝒗 = 𝑼 + 𝑾𝒇

Steady Flow Energy Equation

𝑷𝟏 + 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑯𝟏 + 𝑸 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 + 𝑾
𝑄 = ∆𝑃 + ∆𝐾 + ∆𝐻 + 𝑊
Sample Problem
1. During a steady flow process, the pressure of the working substance drops from 200 to
20 psia, the speed increases from 200 to 1000 fps, the internal energy of the open
system decreases 25 Btu/lb. and the specific volume increases from 1 to 8 cu.ft/lb. No
heat is transferred. Sketch an energy diagram. Determine the work per lb. Is it done on
or by the substance? Determine the work in hp for 10 lb per min. (1hp=42.4 Btu/min).
Ans. 3.12 hp
2. Steam is supplied to a fully loaded 100 hp turbine at 200 psia with u1=1163.3 Btu/lb,
SV1=2.65 cu.ft/lb and v1=400 fps. Exhaust is at psia with u2=925 Btu/lb, SV2=294
cu.ft/lb and v2=1100 fps. The heat loss from the stream in the turbine is 10 Btu/lb.
Neglect the potential energy change and determine (a) the work per lb steam (b) the
steam flow rate in lb/h.
Ans. 251 Btu/lb, 1014 lb/hr
Seatwork No.
1. An air compressor (an open system) receives 272 kg per min of air at 99.29kPa and the
specific volume of 0.026 cu.m/kg. The air flow steady through the compressor and is
discharged at 689.5 kPa and 0.0051 cu.m/kg. The initial internal energy of the air is 1594
J/kg, at a discharge the internal energy is 6241 J/kg. The cooling water circulated around
the cylinder carries away 4383 J/kg of air. The change in kinetic energy is 896 J/kg
increase. Sketch an energy diagram. Compute the work in kJ/min.
Ans. -2954 kJ/min
2. A centrifugal pump