ASA A.I.E.E.

IEEE STANDARDS
C57.1 No. 12
1933
ARCHIES January-1934

DO NOT REMOVE

STANDARDS
FOR

CONSTANT CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

OF THE

MOVING COIL TYPE

Approved as
AMERICAN STANDARD
by the
AMERICAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION
June 8, 1933

S U B M I T T E D TO ASA
BY
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL E N G I N E E R S

Published by
THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
33 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York
 Development of the Standards
of the
American Institute of Electrical Engineers

Recognizing the importance in the development of electrical engineering, of standardization

in the electrical field, the A.I.E.E. in 1898 appointed a Committee on Standardization, consisting
of seven members having qualifications and experience from designing, manufacturing and operat­
ing standpoints. The report of this Committee was accepted at a meeting of the Institute in
June 1899.
Experience gained in applications of the standards and further developments in electrical
apparatus and methods showed the necessity of revision, and a committee was appointed which
after consultation with manufacturing and operating engineers presented the first revised report on
Standardization Rules of the A.I.E.E. in June 1902.
The next revision was undertaken by a committee of ten, which presented its report in
May 1906.
In September 1906, a Standards Committee of eleven members was appointed for further
revision, and its report was presented in June 1907.
The appreciation of the importance and value of standardization resulted in the formation of a
Standing Committee, with the title of Standards Committee of the A.I.E.E. This became
effective in the Constitution of June 1907. The scope and amount of work necessitated increasing
the number of members from time to time until in 1922 there were 37 members divided into a
number of subcommittees specializing on various subjects.
A.I.E.E. Standards published in a single volume as each revision was adopted have been
generally accepted as Standards of the electrical industry of the United States since the adoption
of the first report in 1899. Subsequent reports on Standards were made and published, in some
cases in several editions. The dates of adoption by the Board of Directors of such reports are as
foUows: June 20, 1902; June 21, 1907; June 27, 1912; July 10, 1914; June 30, 1915; June 28, 1916;
November 8, 1918; October 8, 1920, and June 29, 1922.
On June 29, 1922, in view of the increasing complexity of the work, a reorganization of the
Standards Committee was effected, and a working organization established which provided for an
increase in standardization work and for the appointment on Working Committees of the Standards
Committee of non-Institute members.
The present plan under which the Institute Standards are being issued involves the separation
of the complete body of Standards into more than forty sections, each published as a separate
pamphlet and dealing with a specific subject. Each section of the Standards has been formulated
either by a Working Committee of the Standards Committee which was made as representative
as possible for the work in hand or by a Sectional Committee organized according to the procedure
of the American Engineering Standards Committee. The division of the Standards into a number
of separate publications simplifies the process of keeping the Standards revised to conform with the
latest development and enables those interested in a particular field to obtain in concise form the
material relating to that field. In framing the Institute Standards the chief purpose has been to
define terms and conditions which characterize the rating and behavior of electrical machinery and
apparatus, with special reference to the conditions of acceptance tests.
This A.I.E.E. Standard on Constant Current Transformers was submitted to the American
Standards Association by the Institute under the existing standards procedure. It was approved
by ASA on June 8, 1933. Future revisions will come under the jurisdiction of the Sectional Com­
mittee on Transformers of which the sponsor is the Electrical Standards Committee.
The A.I.E.E. Standards Committee takes this occasion to draw attention to the value of sug­
gestions based upon experience gained in the application of the Standards to general practise.
Any suggestions looking toward improvement in the Standards will be welcomed for the guidance
of the Committee in preparation of future editions, and should be communicated to the Secretary
of the A J.E.E, Standards Committee, 33 West 39th Street, New York.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Scope 5

Service Conditions 5

Definitions

Apparatus Classification 5
Parts of Apparatus 5
Properties of Apparatus 5
Systems 5
Duty Classification 5

Rating 6

Heating
Temperature Limitations 6
Conditions and Methods of making the Temperature Test 7

Efficiency and Losses 8

Dielectric Test 9

Insulation Resistance 10

Lead Markings for Transformers 10

Variation in Voltage 10
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The Institute wishes to acknowledge its indebtedness to those who have

so freely given their time and knowledge, and have conducted experi­

mental work on which many of the A.I.E.E. Standards are based.

This Standard was developed by a subcommittee of

The A.I.E.E. Committee on Electrical Machinery.

 STANDARDS
OP THE
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
CONSTANT CURRENT TRANSFORMERS OF THE MOVING COIL TYPE
(Adopted by the Board of Directors, May 23,1930)
(Approved as American Standard, June 8, 1933)
SCOPE
The standards of this section apply to constant
current transformers of the moving coil type.
Standards for other types of transformers are
the subjects of separate sections.
SERVICE CONDITIONS
12-50 Usual Service Conditions.—Apparatus con­
forming with these standards shall be suitable
for carrying their rated load.
(a) When and where the temperature of the
cooling medium does not exceed 40 deg cent
for air.
(b) When the power factor of the load is not
less than the rated power factor.
12-51 Conditions Affecting Constructional or Pro­
tective Features.—There are conditions which,
while not usually affecting the rating, may
require special consideration, principally with
respect to constructional or protective features.
When such conditions exist it is recommended
that they be brought to the manufacturer's
attention. Among such conditions are:
(a) Exposure to damaging fumes.
(b) Operation in damp places.
(c) Exposure to excessive dust.
(d) Exposure to gritty dust.
(e) Exposure to steam.
(/) Exposure to excessive oil vapor.
(g) Exposure to explosive gases.
(h) Exposure to salt air.
(*) Exposure to abnormal vibration or shock.
(j) Consideration should be given to the loca­
tion relative to other apparatus and metal­
lic structures, of constant current trans­
formers not fully shielded, in order to
minimize the effects of possible stray
fields.
DEFINITIONS
The definitions given herein apply specifically
to the apparatus treated in this section. They
are included with all other standard definitions
in a separate section.
Apparatus Classification
12-100 Constant Current Transformer.—A constant
current transformer is one which automatically
maintains a constant current in its secondary
5
circuit under varying conditions of load imped­
ance when supplied from a constant potential
source.
Parts of Apparatus
12-101 Primary and Secondary Windings.—The terms
"primary" and "secondary" serve to distinguish
the windings in regard to energy flow, the pri­
mary being that which receives the energy from
the supply circuit and the secondary that which
receives the energy by electro-magnetic induc­
tion from the primary.
Properties of Apparatus
12-102 Rated Secondary Current of a Constant Cur­
rent Transformer.—The rated secondary current
of a constant current transformer is the secondary
current for which the transformer is designed.
12-103 Rated Primary Voltage of a Constant Current
Transformer.—The rated primary voltage of a
constant current transformer is the primary
voltage for which the transformer is designed.
12-104 Regulation of a Constant Current Trans­
former.—The regulation of a constant current
. transformer is the maximum departure of the
secondary current from its rated value, expressed
in per cent of the rated secondary current, with
rated primary voltage and frequency applied,
at rated secondary power factor, and with the
current variation taken between the limits of a
short circuit and rated load.
Regulation for a more limited range may be
expressed similarly as the maximum departure
in this range.
Systems
12-105 Rated Circuit Voltage.—In systems employing
transformers the rated voltage of the circuit is
the highest rated voltage of the secondaries of
transformers supplying the circuit. By "Circuit
Voltage" is meant the voltage from line to line as
distinguished from line to neutral. This voltage
rating applies to all parts of the circuit. In the
case of transformers having a series multiple
secondary connection the circuit voltage is
determined by the series or the multiple con­
nection as used.
Duty Classification
12-106 Continuous Duty.—Continuous duty is a re­
quirement of service that demands operation at
substantially constant load for an unlimited
period.
6 A.I.E.E.
TABLE I
TEMPERATURE RISES OP CONSTANT CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
Item Type Duty Duration of Test Determination
1 Pole Short time
2 Station and manhole Short time
3 All types ^Continuous
4 Metallic parts in contact with any kind of insulation shall not attain a temperature in excess of that allowed for the adjacent
insulation.
6
1 Metallic parts other than those covered by Item No. 4 may attain such temperatures as shall not be injurious in any respect.
♦These durations shall be considered standard for the purpose of rating.
fSee paragraph 12-206 for temperature rise of apparatus intended for service at an altitude greater than 1000 meters (3300 ft).
J(See 12-106). For Special applications such as tunnel lighting.
12-107 Short Time Duty.—Short time duty is a re­
quirement of service that demands operation
at a substantially constant load for a specific
limited period.
RATING
12-150 Rating Defined.—A rating of a machine, ap­
paratus, or device is an arbitrary designation of
an operating limit.*
For the purpose of this section of the Standards
the rating of a constant current transformer is the
output, together with any other characteristics,
such as voltage, current, frequency, and power
factor assigned to it by the maker. It shall be
regarded as a test rating which defines an output
based on, but not exceeding the maximum
output which can be taken from the apparatus
when tested in accordance with these Standards.
The kind of rating recognized is:
12-151 Continuous Rating, f—The continuous rating
defines the load of a constant current transformer
which, starting cold, will operate continuously
under any load not less than 50 per cent of its
rating without causing any of the limitations
established herein to be exceeded.
12-152 Short Time Rating, f—The short time rating
defines the load of a constant current trans­
former which, starting cold, will operate for the
specified time under any load not less than 50
per cent of its rating without causing any of the
limitations established herein to be exceeded.
*A rating is arbitrary in the sense t h a t it must necessarily be
established by definite fixed standards and cannot, therefore, indi­
cate the safe operating limit under all conditions t h a t may occur
in service.
fThis form of statement is necessitated by the fact that a moving
coil constant current transformer cannot be overloaded and usually
reaches its maximum temperature under minimum load.
STANDARDS
Method of Temp Limits of Temp Rise in 1
DegCentt Class A Insul
*8hrs Resistance checked by
Thermometer 55
*15hrs Resistance checked by
Thermometer i 55
Until constant Resistance checked by
Thermometer 55
'
12-153 Rating Implied.—In the absence of any speci­
fications as to the kind of rating, the short time
rating shall be implied. See Table I and
12-600 and 12-601.
12-154 Units in Which Rating Shall be Expressed.—
The rating of constant current transformers shall
be expressed in kilowatts output available at the
secondary terminals with rated primary voltages
and frequency, and with rated secondary current
and power factor.*
12-155 Rating of a Transformer Having Taps.—When
a transformer is provided with taps on the wind­
ing they should be distinguished as follows:
(a) Taps to allow for variation of primary
voltage with rated output.
(b) Taps for reducing secondary output.
These may be—
1. Taps in secondary
2. Extended primary winding
Performance guarantees on constant current
transformers shall be based on rated frequency,
load power factor and primary voltage, and the
proper primary and secondary windings for which
the transformers are designed and specified.
HEATING
Temperature Limitations
12-200 Limits of Temperature Rises.—The tempera­
ture rise above the temperature of the cooling
medium of apparatus or parts shall not exceed
the values given in Table I when tested under
conditions of rated primary voltage, frequency,
secondary current and secondary power factor
for the time specified in the table at 50 per cent
of rated load. This load is the minimum at
which these transformers may be expected to
operate under usual service conditions. Tem­
peratures shall be determined by method indi­
cated in the Table.
*A small reduction in secondary power factor will result in a con­
siderable reduction in maximum output.
 CONSTANT CURRENT
12*201 Class A Insulation Defined.—Class A insula­
tion consists of cotton, silk, paper, and similar
organic materials when impregnated* or im­
mersed in oil; also enamel as applied to
conductors.
12-202 Thermometer Method of Temperature Deter­
mination Defined.—This method consists in
the determination of the temperature by mer­
cury or alcohol thermometers, by resistance
thermometers, or by thermo-couples, any of
these instruments being applied to the hottest
part of the apparatus accessible to mercury or
alcohol thermometers.
12-203 Resistance Method of Temperature t>eter­
mination Defined.—This method consists in the
determination of temperature by comparison of
the resistance of the winding at the temperature
to be determined with the resistance at a known
temperature.
12-204 Determination of the Mean Temperature of a
Copper Winding by Measurement of its Electrical
Resistance when there is known the Resistance
at Some Reference Temperature.
Let / be the reference temperature
r be the resistance at the reference tem­
perature
R be the observed resistance
Then T (the temperature soughtf)
- - £ - (234.5 + *) — 234.5
Conditions and Methods of Making the Temperature
Test
12-205 Value of the Cooling Air Temperature During
Tests.—Air cooled apparatus may be tested at
any cooling air temperature preferably not
below 10 deg cent. It shall be assumed that the
temperature rise is the same for all cooling
air temperatures between the limits of 10 deg
cent and 40 deg cent.
""Impregnated cotton, paper or silk. An insulation is considered
to be impregnated when a suitable substance replaces the air be­
tween its fibers, even if this substance does not completely fill the
spaces between the insulated conductors. The impregnating sub­
stance, in order to be considered suitable, must have good insulating
properties; must entirely cover the fibers and render them adherent
to each other and to the conductor; must not produce interstices
within itself as a consequence of evaporation of the solvent or through
any other cause; must not flow during the operation of the apparatus
at full working load or at the temperature limits specified; and must
not unduly deteriorate under prolonged action of heat.
tThis formula is derived from the experimentally determined
relation between temperature and resistance of copper:
R 234.5 + T
234.5 + t
The temperature rise is the difference between the calculated
temperature T and the temperature of the cooling medium at time
of test.
TRANSFORMERS 7
12-206 Altitude.—(a) Standard Apparatus Tested at
an Altitude Not Exceeding 1000 Meters:—
Apparatus rated in accordance with these
standards may be tested at any altitude not
exceeding 1000 meters (3300 ft) and no correc­
tion shall be applied to the observed temperature
rise.
(b) Standard Air Cooled Apparatus Tested
at an Altitude Greater than 1000 Meters: If the
test is made at an altitude greater than 1000
meters (3300 ft) it shall be assumed that the
temperature rise at any altitude less than 1000
meters (3300 ft) will be the temperature rise
observed at the higher altitude reduced by 0.4
of 1 per cent for oil immersed transformers and
0.5 of 1 per cent for natural draft transformers
for each 100 meters (330 ft) of altitude in excess
of 1000 meters (3300 ft).
12-207 Measurement of the Cooling Air Temperature
During Tests.—(a) Placing of Thermometers:
The cooling air temperature of self-cooled ap­
paratus shall be measured by means of several
thermometers placed at different points around
and approximately half way up the apparatus
at a distance of 1 to 2 meters (3 to 6 ft) and
protected from drafts, and abnormal heat
radiation, preferably as in (c).
(b) Use of Idle Unit: It is sometimes
desirable, to avoid errors due to time lag in
temperature changes, to employ an idle unit of
the same size and subjected to the same con­
ditions of cooling as the unit under test, for
obtaining the temperature of the cooling medium.
(c) Use of Oil Cup*: In order to avoid errors
due to the time lag between the temperature of
large apparatus and the variations in the cooling
air temperature, all reasonable precautions must
be taken to reduce these variations and the errors
arising therefrom. Thus, the thermometer for
determining the cooling air temperature should
be immersed in a suitable liquid, such as oil, in a
suitably heavy metal cup when the cooling air
temperature is subject to such variations that
error in the temperature rise might result.
(d) Mean Temperature: The value to be
adopted for the cooling air temperature during a
test is the mean of the readings of the thermom­
eters [placed as in (a)J taken at approximately
hourly intervals during the last three hours of
*A convenient form for such an oil cup consists of a metal cylinder
with a hole drilled partly through it. This hole is filled with oil and
the thermometer is placed therein with its bulb well immersed. The
response of the thermometer to various rates of temperature change
will depend largely upon the size, kind of material, and mass of the
containing cup and may be further regulated by adjusting the amount
of oil in the cup. The larger the machine under test, the larger
should be the metal cylinder employed as an oil cup in the determina­
tion of the cooling air temperature. The smallest size of oil cup
employed in any case shall consist of a metal cylinder 25 mm in
diameter and 50 mm high (1 in. in diameter and 2 in. high).
8 A.I.E.E.
the test or for the time of the specified load if
less than three hours.
12-208 Covering of Thermometer Bulbs.—The bulbs
of thermometers used for taking temperatures of
apparatus other than oil immersed shall be
covered by felt pads cemented to the apparatus,
except that when pads may interfere with
ventilation, as in ventilating ducts between
coils, grooved wooden sticks may be used.
Dimensions of felt pads for use with large
apparatus shall be 4 cm by 5 cm by 3 mm
thick (1}*} in. by 2 in. by % in. thick).
12-209 Measurement of Apparatus Temperatures
During Tests.—As far as practicable tempera­
ture measurements shall be taken during the
test as well as immediately after shutdown.
The highest measurements obtained shall be the
accepted values.
12-210 Duration of Temperature Test of Apparatus
with a Short-time Rating.—The duration of the
temperature test of apparatus with a short-time
rating shall be the time required by the rating.
In every case the short-time test shall commence
only when the windings and other parts of the
apparatus are within 5 deg cent of the tempera­
ture of the cooling medium at the time of start­
ing the test.
12-211 Duration of Temperature Test of Apparatus
with a Continuous Rating.—The temperature
test shall be continued until the temperature
rises that can be observed during test have
attained a steady final value; or until sufficient
evidence is available to show that the tempera­
ture rises would not exceed the requirements of
the standards, if the test were prolonged until
the attainment of steady final values.
12-212 Omission of Temperature Test of Duplicate
Apparatus.—A temperature test shall not be
required when a record of a test made on a dupli­
cate unit in accordance with these standards
can be furnished.
12-218 Temperature Correction for Cooling of Wind­
ings of Apparatus During Interval of Time
Between Shut-down and Measurement of Resist­
ance.—Since a drop in temperature occurs in a
winding between the instant of shut-down and
the time of measuring the hot resistance, a correc­
tion shall be applied to the temperature deter­
mined from this measurement so as to obtain as
nearly as practicable, the temperature at the
instant of shut-down. This correction may be
determined approximately by making a series
of resistance measurements and from these
calculating and plotting a time-temperature
curve which is extrapolated back to the instant
of shut-down.
Other permissible simplified methods of deter­
mining the correction factor are:
STANDARDS
(a) For Oil Immersed Apparatus: When the
copper loss, as determined by wattmeter meas­
urement, does not exceed 30 watts per pound,
the correction in degrees centigrade may be taken
as the product of the watts loss per pound of
copper for each winding multiplied by a factor
that depends upon the time elapsed between
the instant of shut-down and the time the resist­
ance measurement is taken, as given in the fol­
lowing table.
inutes Factor
1 0.19
1^ 0.26
2 0.32
3 0.43
4 0.50
For intermediate times the values of the factor
may be obtained by interpolation.
When the copper loss, measured by watt­
meter, does not exceed seven watts per pound an
arbitrary correction of 1.0 deg cent per minute
may be used, provided the time elapsed between
the instant of shut-down and the measurement
of the hot resistance does not exceed four
minutes.
For determining the copper loss in watts per
pound, the total loss in both windings as meas­
ured by wattmeter, shall be apportioned between
primary and secondary windings in the ratio of
their respective I2 R losses.
(jb) For Air Cooled Apparatus: An arbitrary
correction of 1.0 deg cent per minute may be
used, provided that the time elapsed between
the instant of shut-down and the measurement
of the hot resistance does not exceed four minutes*
EFFICIENCY AND LOSSES
Efficiency
12-800 Efficiency Defined.—The efficiency of a con­
stant current transformer is the ratio of the
useful power output to the total power input.
12-801 Methods of Determining Efficiency Recog­
nized.—The following methods of determining
efficiency are recognized as Standard.
(a) Conventional Efficiency: The efficiency
is obtained from a determination of the I2 R
losses at 75 deg cent and of the core loss when
the transformer is excited at rated voltage and
frequency with the secondary circuit open.
Although this method does not take the stray
load losses into consideration, it provides a
convenient basis for comparison of constant
current transformer performances.
 CONSTANT CURRENT
(b) Directly Measured Efficiency: The effi­
ciency is obtained from simultaneous measure­
ments of input and output, or by an accurate
determination of all the component losses.
12-302 Method of Determining Efficiency to be
Employed.—Unless otherwise specified, the con­
ventional efficiency shall be employed.
12-303 Normal Conditions for Efficiency Determina­
tion.—(a) Voltage, Current and Frequency: The
efficiency shall be determined for the rated volt­
age, current and frequency.
(b) Load: When the efficiency is stated with­
out specific reference to the load conditions, rated
load shall be understood. For efficiencies at
other loads, the winding connections used should
be stated.
(c) Wave Shape: The sine wave shall be
standard unless a different form is inherent in
the operation of the apparatus.
(d) Power Factor: When the efficiency is
stated without specific reference to the load
power factor, 100 per cent power factor shall be
understood.
(e) Temperature of Reference: The efficiency
of apparatus at all loads, shall be corrected to a
reference temperature of 75 deg cent.
DIELECTRIC TESTS
12-400 Standard Test Voltage to be Applied Between
Windings and Between Windings and Ground.—
Constant Current transformers, except as listed
below, shall be tested by applying between each
winding successively and ground an alternating
voltage from an external source of twice the rated
voltage of the circuit to which the winding under
test is to be connected, plus 1000 volts.* All
other electric circuits and metal parts shall be
grounded during this test.
Exceptions:
(a) Windings Rated 4500 Volts and Below:
Rated 1000 volts
and below.... Test voltage 4,000
Rated 1001 to
4500 volts... .Test Voltage 10,000
(b) Transformers for Use on Single-Phase,
Earth-Return Systems of more than 300 Volts.
Transformers used under these conditions shall
be tested by applying 2.73 times the rated voltage
of the circuit plus 1000 volts between the winding
which will be connected to ground and the other
windings and core.
♦Since figures may not be available for the exact rated voltage of
the circuit to which transformers may be connected, this test require­
ment is considered as practically met by assuming (when testing
transformers having primary voltage rating 50,000 volts or below)
a figure for the rated voltage of the circuit 5 per cent above the
the rated voltage of the transformer, provided the transformer has a
single voltage rating.
TRANSFORMERS 9
12-401 Standard Test Voltages Between Turns to be
Induced in the Windings.—Constant current
transformers shall, in addition to the tests
provided in 12-400, be tested by applying be­
tween the terminals of one winding a voltage
of twice the normal voltage developed in that
winding, corresponding voltages being induced
in the free windings. For this test the secondary
coil should be in the full load position.
12-402 Duration of Application of Test Voltage.—(a)
General: The test voltage shall be applied
continuously for a period of 60 seconds. See
exceptions (6).
(b) Transformers Tested by Induced Voltage:
Where the high-voltage test in transformers is
made by inducing the required voltage in the
windings, frequencies higher than normal are
generally employed, in order to avoid over
saturation of the iron and also in large trans­
formers to enable the test to be made with small
testing equipment. When higher frequency
than normal is used the severity of the test is
increased and for that reason it is recommended
that when a frequency greater than 120 cycles is
employed, the time for test be reduced so that the
equivalent cycles of a 120 cycle one-minute test
is secured. These equivalents, for the purposes
of standardization, are as follows:
Time in
Frequency seconds
120 60
180 40
240 30
360 20
400 18
12-403 Condition of Apparatus to be Tested.—Com­
mercial tests shall, in general, be made with the
completely assembled apparatus and not with
individual parts. The apparatus shall be in
good condition, and high voltage tests, unless
otherwise specified, shall be applied before the
machine is put into commercial service, and shall
not be applied when the insulation resistance is
low due to dirt or moisture. High voltage tests
to determine whether the specifications are ful­
filled are admissible on new apparatus only.
12-404 Where High-Voltage Tests are to be Made.—
Unless otherwise agreed upon, high-voltage tests
of apparatus shall be made at the factory.
12-405 Temperature at Which High-Voltage Tests are
to be Made.—High-voltage tests shall be made
at the temperature assumed under normal
operation or at the temperature attained under
the conditions of commercial testing.
10 A.I.E.E.
12-406 Frequency and Wave Shape of Test Voltage.—
The frequency of the test voltage shall be not
less than the rated frequency of the apparatus
tested. A sine wave shape is recommended.
The test shall be made with alternating voltage
having a crest value equal to \ / 2 times the
specified test voltage.
12-407 Measurement of Test Voltage.—For a de­
scription of the methods of measuring the
voltage used in making dielectric tests see a
separate section entitled "Standards for the
Measurement of Voltages in Dielectric Tests."
INSULATION RESISTANCE
12-450 General.—The insulation resistance of machinery
is of doubtful significance as compared with the
dielectric strength. It is subject to wide varia­
tion with temperature, humidity and cleanliness
of the parts. When the insulation resistance falls
below prescribed values, it can in most cases of
good design and where no defect exists be
brought up to the required standard by cleaning
and drying the machine. The insulation resist­
ance, therefore, may afford a useful indication as
to whether the machine is in suitable condition
for application of the dielectric test, but shall not
be considered a requirement of these standards.
12-451 Tests.—The insulation resistance test shall be
made with all circuits of equal voltage above
ground connected together. Circuits or groups
of circuits of different voltage above ground
shall be tested separately.
VARIATION IN VOLTAGE
12-500 Allowable Variation from Rated Voltage.—
All transformers shall operate successfully at
rated load when excited on full winding at 5 per
cent above or below rated voltage.
STANDARDS
LEAD MARKINGS FOR CONSTANT CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS
12-550 Scope.*—These rules specify the markings of
leads brought out of the case but not the mark­
ings of winding terminals inside the case, except
that these terminals shall be marked with num­
bers in any manner that will permit of convenient
reference and that cannot be confused with the
markings of the leads brought out of the case.
12-561 Markings of Leads—General.—The leads shall
be distinguished from one another by suitable
marking. All lead markings shall be legibly
placed on the transformer adjacent to the lead.
12-552 Diagrammatic Sketch of Connections.—The
manufacturer shall furnish with each trans­
former, a complete diagrammatic sketch showing
the leads and terminal connections and their
marking and the voltage obtainable with vari­
ous connections. This sketch should preferably
be on a suitable plate attached to the transformer
case.
12-553 Transformers Having Two Primary and Two
Secondary Outlet Leads.—The primary leads
may be marked "primary," "prim," or capital
P, and the secondary leads may be marked
"secondary," "sec", or capital S; or the primary
leads may be identified by marking "prim" on
the tank or framework adjacent to the primary
leads.
12-554 Transformers Having More than Two Pri­
mary or Secondary Leads, Order of Number
Leads in any Winding.—The leads shall be desig­
nated "primary" and "secondary" by suitable
markings stamped into or securely attached to
the tank or framework adjacent to the leads.
♦It is recognized that special cases will arise from time to time
that these rules will not cover and that it will be very difficult to
cover by any set of general rules.
 A.I.E.E. STANDARDS
REPORTS ON STANDARDS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS
(List correct to February, 1934. For latest revision of this list see the current issue of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,
Advertising Section.)

Available Adopted Standards

No. 1 (April, 1925) General Principles upon Which Temperature Limits Are Based in the
Rating of Electrical Machinery. Price 20 cents.
4 (May, 1928) The Measurement of Test Voltages in Dielectric Tests. Price 30 cents.
5 (July, 1925) Direct-Current Generators and Motors and Direct-Current Commutator
Machines in General. Price 40 cents.
7 ( D e c , 1927) Alternators, Synchronous Motors and Synchronous Machines in General.
Price 40 cents.
*8 (March, 1925) Synchronous Converters. Price 40 cents.
9 (June, 1927) Induction Motors and Induction Machines in General. Price 40 cents.
10 (July, 1925) Direct-Current and Alternating-Current Fractional Horse Power Motors.
Price 30 cents.
* 11 (July, 1925) Railway Motors. Price 30 cents.
*12 (Jan. 1934) Constant Current Transformers. Price 30 cents.
13 (May, 1930) Transformers, Induction Regulators and Reactors. Price 40 cents.
*14 (March, 1925) Instrument Transformers. Price 30 cents.
*15 (May, 1928) Industrial Control Apparatus. Price 40 cents.
*16 (Jan., 1933) Electric Railway Control Apparatus. Price 40 cents.
* 17f (Feb., 1928) Mathematical Symbols. Price 30 cents.
*17g1 (Nov., 1928) Letter Symbols for Electrical Quantities. Price 20 cents.
*17g2 (Jan., 1934) Graphical Symbols Used for Electric Power and Wiring. Price 20 cents.
*17g3 (Jan., 1934) Graphical Symbols Used for Radio. Price 20 cents.
*17g5 (Jan., 1934) Graphical Symbols Used for Electric Traction Including Railway Sig­
naling. Price 40 cents.
*17g6 (March, 1929) Graphical Symbols for Telephone and Telegraph Use. Price 20 cents.
19 (July, 1925) Oil Circuit Breakers. Price 30 cents.
20 (May, 1930) Air Circuit Breakers. Price 30 cents.
22 (July, 1925) Disconnecting and Horn Gap Switches. Price 30 cents.
26 (May, 1930) Automatic Stations. Price 30 cents.
27 (Oct., 1930) Switchboards and Switching Equipment for Power and Light.
Price 30 cents.
*30 (Sept., 1932) Wires and Cables. (Definitions and General Standards.) Price 40 cents.
33 (Jan., 1927) ' Electrical Measuring Instruments. Price 30 cents.
♦36 (Feb., 1928) Storage Batteries. Price 20 cents.
*38 ( J a n - 1934) Electric Arc Welding Apparatus. Price 40 cents.
*39 (Jan., 1934) Electric Resistance Welding Apparatus. Price 30 cents.
Ml (March, 1930) Insulator Tests. Price 30 cents.
*42 ( D e c , 1923) Symbols for Electrical Equipment of Buildings. Price 20 cents.
45 (Oct., 1930) Recommended Practise for Electrical Installations on Shipboard (Marine
Rules). Price $1.50.
*46 (June, 1927) Hard Drawn Aluminum Conductors. Price 20 cents.
*60 (Sept., 1928) Specifications for Tinned Soft or Annealed Copper Wire.
*61 (Sept., 1928) Specifications for Soft or Annealed Copper Wire.
(No. 60 and 61 published as one pamphlet.) Price 30 cents.
*63 (Sept., 1928) Specifications for 30 Per Cent Rubber Insulation for Wire and Cable for
General Purposes. Price 30 cents.
*69 (Sept., 1928) Specifications for Cotton Covered Round Copper Magnet Wire.
*70 (Sept., 1928) Specifications for Silk Covered Round Copper Magnet Wire.
*71 (Sept., 1928) Specifications for Enameled Round Copper Magnet Wire.
(No. 69, 70 and 71 published as one pamphlet.) Price 30 cents.
*72 (Sept., 1932) Specifications for Weatherproof Wires and Cables.
*73 (Sept., 1932) Specifications for Heat-Resisting Wires and Cables.
(No. 72 and 73 published as one pamphlet.) Price 20 cents.
♦Approved by American Standards Association as American Standard.

Reports on Standards
No. 2 (Aug., 1932) Electrical Definitions. Price $1.00.
JC50 Rotating Electrical Machinery. Price 50 cents.
118 Capacitors.
f23 Relays.
f28 Lightning Arresters. (Revised 1931.)
f40 Electrical Recording Instruments.
tAvailable in pamphlet form for suggestion and criticism. No charge.
{Report on proposed American Standard. Will eventually replace Standards Nos. 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10 listed above.

Related Publications
No. 100 (June, 1930) Recommendations for the Operation of Transformers. Price 20 cents.
(Oct., 1931) Test Code for Transformers. N o charge.
(Jan., 1933) Test Code for Synchronous Machines. N o charge.
(60% discount to Institute members from above prices. Member discount not allowable on extra copies
unless ordered for other members.)