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CHAPTER 3

DESIGN CONSIDERATION AND HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF THE


SYSTEM

3.1. Introduction

In this chapter, about the components that are used in the system will be
described. The components include modules, sensors, motors and microcontroller. All
the electronic components are DC supply devices so that the DC supply voltage is
required to produce.

The components used in the system are as follows.

1. Microcontroller
2. L298 motor driver
3. Relay module
4. DC motors
5. Bluetooth HC-06
6. Battery

3.2. Microcontroller

A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing


a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program
memory in the form of Ferrolelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often
included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are
designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in
personal computers or other general purpose applications.
Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices,
such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote
controls, office machines, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By
reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor,
memory, and input/output devices, microcontroller make it economical to digitally
control even more devices and process. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common,
integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems.
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Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at frequencies as


low as 4kHz, for low power consumption (single-digit-milliwatts or microwatts).
They will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event
such as a button press or other interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU
clock and most peripherals off) may be just nanowatts, making many of them well
suited for long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve
performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like a digital signal
processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and power consumption.
3.2.1. Arduino Nano

Figure 3.1 Pin diagram of Arduino Nano

 Arduino Nano is a microcontroller board, developed by Arduino.cc and based


on ATmega 328p/Atmega 168.
 It comes with an operating voltage of 5V, however, the input voltage can vary
from 7 to 12V.
 There are 14 digital pins which can be configured as input or output and 8
analog pins incorporated on the board. More or less all these analog pins can
be used and configured exactly the same way as digital pins.
 Digital pins are used as input pins when they are interfaced with sensors while
driving of load is carried out when digitals are used as output.
 Functions like pinMode() and digitalWrite() are used to control the operations
of digital pins while analogRead() is used to control analog pins.
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 The analog pins come with a total resolution of 10bits which measure the
value from zero to 5V
 Arduino Nano comes with a crystal oscillator of frequency 16 MHz. It is used
to produce a clock of precise frequency using constant voltage.
 There is one limitation using Arduino Nano i.e. it doesn’t come with DC
power jack, means you can not supply external power source through a
battery.
 This board doesn’t use standard USB for connection with a computer, instead,
it comes with Mini USB support.
 Tiny size and breadboard friendly nature make this device an ideal choice for
most of the applications where a size of the electronic components are of great
concern.
 Flash memory is 16KB or 32KB that all depends on the Atmega board i.e
Atmega168 comes with 16KB of flash memory while Atmega328 comes with
a flash memory of 32KB. Flash memory is used for storing code. The 2KB of
memory out of total flash memory is used for a bootloader.

3.3. L298 Motor Driver


The dual bidirectional motor driver is based on the very popular L298 Dual H-
Bridge Motor Driver IC. This module will allow to easily and independently control
two motors of up to 2A each in both directions. It is ideal for robotic application to a
microcontroller requiring just a couple lines per motor. The L298 is an integrated
monolithic circuit in a 15-lead Multiwatt and PowerSO20 package. It is a high
voltage, high current dual full-bridge driver designed to accept standard TTL logic
levels and drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, DC and stepping motors.
Two enables input are provided to enable or disable the device independently of the
input signals. It is a great value and can be used with a variety of controllers. It can be
used to control the speed of DC motors. It can be used with motors that have a voltage
of between 5 volts and 35 volts DC.
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Figure 3.2 L298 Motor Driver

3.4 Relay Module

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to


mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as
solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a
separate low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.
The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they
repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit.
Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform
logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an
electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power
circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform
switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple
operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in
modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments
still called "protective relays".

The Single Relay Board can be used to turn lights, fans and other devices
on/off while keeping them isolated from your microcontroller. The Single Relay
Board allows you to control high-power devices (up to 10 A) via the on-board relay.
Control of the relay is provided via a 1 x 3 header – friendly to servo cables and
convenient to connect to many development boards.
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Specifications

 Supply Voltage-5V
 Control high-power devices up to 10 A with a simple high/low signal
 Provides isolation between the microcontroller and device being controlled
 Screw terminals for relay connections
 3-pin servo-style header for power/signal interface
 Equipped with a high-current relay (10A @ 28VDC)
 2xLED's that show the current state of the relay

Figure3.3 Single relay module

3.5. DC motors

Almost every mechanical moment is accomplished by an electric motor.


Electric machines are means of converting energy. Motors take electrical energy and
produce mechanical energy. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal
mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the
direction of current flow in part of the motor. DC motors were the first type widely
used, since they could be powered from existing direct-current lighting power
distribution systems. DC motor’s speed can be controlled over a wide range, using
either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field
windings. An example of small motor applications includes motors used in
automobile, robot, hand power tools and food blenders. Larger DC motors are used in
propulsion of electrical vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel rolling
mills. It has two power connections to supply the voltage, one is termed as positive
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and the other is negative. The operation voltage is 3 volts to 6 volts DC. Reduction
ratio is 1:48.

Figure3.4 DC Motor(300&6000 RPM)

3.6. Bluetooth HC-06

Figure3.5 HC06 Bluetooth Module

This chapter will introduce the using method of HC-06 in detail. User can test
the module according to this chapter when he or she uses the module at the first time.
PIN1 UART_TXD, TTL/CMOS level, UART (Universal Asynchronous
Receiver/Transmitter) Data output
PIN2 UART_RXD, TTL/COMS level, UART Data input
PIN11 RESET, the reset PIN of module, inputting low level can reset the module
when the module is in using, this PIN can connect to air.
PIN12 VCC, voltage supply for logic, the standard voltage is 3.3V, and can work at
3.0 - 4.2V.
PIN13 GND (Ground)
PIN22 GND
PIN24 LED (Light Emitting Diode), working mode indicator slave device: Before
paired, this PIN outputs the period of 102ms (milliseconds) square wave. After
pairing, this PIN outputs high level.
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Master device: On the condition of having no memory of pairing with a slave


device, this PIN outputs the period of 110ms square wave. On the condition of having
the memory of pairing with a slave device, this PIN outputs the period of 750ms
square wave. PIN is used for master device and it is applied for clearing the
information about pairing. After clearing the information, master device will search
slaver randomly then it will remember the address of the new got slave device. In the
next power on condition, the master device will only search this address. The pin
connections of the Bluetooth HC-06 are shown in figure.

Figure Pin Diagram of HC-06

3.7 12V battery

Figure 12V battery

An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells


with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights,
smartphones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive
terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked
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negative is the source of electrons that when connected to an external circuit will flow
and deliver energy to an external device. When a battery is connected to an external
circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to
be completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit. It
is the movement of those ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of
the battery to perform work. Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a
device composed of multiple cells, however the usage has evolved additionally to
include devices composed of a single cell.

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