3.3.4 Surcharge loads 3.3.4.1 Minimum surcharge Further to $.2.2.2 the surcharge load to be applied to the surface of the retained soil in the design of retaining walls, should have a minimum value of 10 kN/m* For walls retaining less than 3 m of earth this surcharge load may he reduced provided the designer is confident that a minimum surchargo of 10 EN/m? will not apply, during the life of the structure. Friction angles 5 between various foundation materials and soil or rock* Friction anaie, ‘Br depreest Clean gravel, grave-sand mi ures. coarse sand Clean kan silty xand-gravel mixture, single-size hard rack Ait Formed concrete or concrete ancotpiling agnin ‘Clean gravel, glavel-sand mixtures, Well-graded tock fll with spalls {lean sand sity sand: gravel mixture, single-size hard voce ll Masonry on wood (cross grain) Seeess, Motes May be Righerin dames do tand pretense Specific Gravity Gy The specific gravity of the soil grains is of some value in computing the void ratio when the unit weight and water content are known. The test is of moderate difficulty with the major source of error deriving from the presence of entrapped air in the soil sample. Since G, does not vary widely for most soils, the values indicated here are commonly estimated without performing a test. Soil Gravel 265-2.68, Sand 2.465-2.68, Silt inorganic 2.62-2.68, Cay.organic 258-265 Clay, inowganic 268-275, A value of G, = 2.67 is commonly used for cohesionless soils and a value of 2.70 for inor- ‘ganic clay. Where any uncertainty exists of a reliable value of G,, one should perform a test ‘on a minimum of three small representative samples and average the results. Values of G, as high as 3.0 and as low as 2.3 to 2.4 are not uncommon,TABLE 2-6 Representative values for angle of internal friction ¢ ‘Type ot est™ ‘untrained, andrained, rained, sat U cu cb Gave Sindy 15.50" 350 Tos ry ae Toor tuted aoe Dense ty Se oo Dene ated 1-2" les an a0 “uae ty Sirs sané Dense 35-30" 088" uy © tsar sar 2 “Sea ibaay mien rangle acinomae 2 Uae larvae re ml aries 3 bie age vas vt raed sd sd ave ite (OWS). 46 foe values gel 3-3 ade 1-3 ‘TABLE 27 ‘Values or valve ranges for Poisson's ratto 1 ‘Typrot eit ” ay sured on0s Sandy oy 0203 sit 03035 Sang.gevely snd 0.11.00 ‘commonly sed 30s och (011-05 depends somewnat en ‘ypeatrok) ee 038 Concete ous « Sell iype 048-050 Saturaed ela soils 0304. Cohesonless_metium and dense 02035 __Cohesenlesr—Ioosewo mediumTABLE 2-8 Value range” for the static stress-strain modulus E, for selected soils (see also ‘Table 5-6) Field values depend on stress history, water content, density, and age of deposit Soil E,MPa Clay Very soft 215 Soft 5.28 Medium 15-50 Bard 50-100 Sindy 25-250 Glacial till Loose 10-150 Dense 150-720 Very dense 500-1440 Loess. 15-60 Sand Silty 5-20 Loose 10-25 Dense 50-81 ‘Sand and gravel Loose 50-150 Dense 100-200 Shale 150-5000 "Vale range isto large touse an “average” vale for design. TABLE 3-4 Empirical values for @, D,, and unit weight of granular soils based on the SPT at about 6 m depth and normally consolidated [approximately, bh = 28° + ISD, (+2°)] Description Very loose Loose Medium = Dense Very dense Relative density D, 0 015 0.35 0.65 0.85 SPT Nip: fine R 36 Ts 16-30 2 medium 23 an 320 21-40 >40 coarse 346 +9 10-25 26-45 >45 ¢: fine 283000 30-84 33.38 medium 30-32-3286 36-42 < 50 coarse 30-34 33-40 40-50 Youu KA? 16+ 1448 1720 17-22 20.23 * Excavated soil or material dumped from a cruck has @ unit weight of 11 co 14 kN/m? and must be quite dense to weigh much over 21 kN/m?. No existing soil has a D, = 0200 nor a value of 1.00. Common ranges are from 031007,