Induction Course for new M&E Engineers

19 – 21 May 2014

Electrical High and Low Voltage

Installations

Ir. Wong Shu Leong

Director
SSP (E&M) Sdn Bhd
ACEM
M&E ENGINEERS
INDUCTION COURSE

ELECTRICAL HIGH VOLTAGE & LOW

VOLTAGE INSTALLATIONS MODULE
BY IR. WONG SHU LEONG

DIRECTOR
SSP (E&M) SDN BHD

21 MAY 2014
INTRODUCTION

 OBJECTIVES OF THIS COURSE

 To have a broad overview of Electrical
Engineering practice
 This is not intended to be a Design Workshop
but to highlight fundamental concepts and
safety issues
 To discuss some common pitfalls
 ELV topics involving many Electronic systems
are more functional in nature. They are not
covered here as public safety is not affected.
RULES & REGULATIONS – Energy
Commission
 Electricity Supply Act 1990 (Act 447)
 An Act to regulate the generation and distribution of
electricity supply and the safe installation and
operation of all electrical installations
 Licensing of Service Providers
 Tariff Rates
 Supply Quality
 Licensing of Competent Persons
 Supervising Engineers, Chargemen, Wiremen
 Licensing and registration of Electrical Installations
 Promoting Energy Efficiency (new regulations)
 MS 1525 Code of Practice
 Efficient Management of Electrical Energy Regulatons (2008)
– >3 million KWH users
RULES & REGULATION –
Energy Commission
 Electricity Regulations 1994
 Rules for supervision, installation method,
equipment, testings and maintenance of
electrical installations.
 Ground clearances for aerial lines
 Clearances for live parts of switching stations
 Rules governing the examination and licensing
of competent persons and contractors
 Licensing of switchboard manufacturers
 Rules on the licensing of electrical installations
RULES & REGULATIONS – Energy
Commission
 Electrical Wiring Regulations
 IEE Wiring Regulation – Many Editions up to
17th Edition
 IEE Wiring Regulation upgraded to BS7671
 The phasing out of British Standards
 MS IEC 60364 published in year 1996
 The Malaysian Code of Practice – The
Electrical Installations of Buildings
 MS 1936 - A guide to MS IEC 60364
 MS 1976 – Electrical Installation of Building: Code
of Practice
 RULES & REGULATIONS –
TNB Requirements
 Electricity Supply Application Handbook
 Procedures and processes for power supply applications
 TNB requirements with connection guidelines, metering
guidelines, etc. The latest edition highlights requirements for
Power Quality
 Handbook on Connection charges
 Define types of consumers & charges– Category 1(132KV+),
2 (6.6KV – <132KV) & 3 (<6.6KV)
 Infrastructure Area Development – 50% Contribution
charges from Developers. The sum is recoverable if TNB
collects back 25% as connection charges within 3 years.
 Special Features – 2nd feeder, underground cabling
 Special concession given for government buildings in
Putrajaya – no connection charges (not in handbook).
RULES & REGULATIONS – TNB Reqts
 Issues with TNB
 Substation requirement – trenching issues
 Protection relays at incoming switchgear requirement
 Metering requirements
 Penalties for low MD achieved
 Fire Protection Requirements. CO2 vs Clean Agent
 Getting the Connection charge out early
 Turnkey, partial turnkey projects – issue of delays
 Handing over of substation – issue of changing
requirements
 Certificate of Completion and Compliance (CCC),
signing of Form G16
 Liabilities under Street, Drainage and Building Act, Registration
of Engineers Act.
 Service Level Agreement between TNB & Developer
already implemented.
RULES & REGULATIONS –
Bomba Requirements
 Uniform Building By-Laws
 Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia
 Emergency power supply
 Emergency lighting for escape, Keluar signs
 Fire rated cables
 Lifts (Robinson Dept Store Fire)
 To maintain power supply to any fire fighting
equipment passing through different fire zone or
compartment
 Fireman switches (purpose & location)
 Fire barriers for risers and compartment walls
RULES & REGULATIONS – Other
Government Agencies
 Department of Civil Aviation – ICAO
Recommendations
 Obstruction Lights for tall structures (>45m)
 No intrusions into the flight transition cone of runway
( 1 in 7 slope from edge of runway )
 No glare near airport landing approach
 Use of fully cut off lanterns
 Marine Department
 Recommendations from International Association of
Lighthouse Authorities on Navigation Lights for Piers,
Wharfs, Ports and for bridges over major rivers
Obstruction Lights Navigation Lights
 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENTS
SCHEDULE 1 OF ENVIROMENT QUALITY ACT
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE SOUND LEVEL (LAeq) BY RECEIVING
LAND USE FOR PLANNING AND NEW DEVELOPMENT
Receiving Land Use Day Time Night Time
Category 7.00 am - 10.00 pm -
10.00 pm 7.00 am
Noise Sensitive Areas, Low Density Residential, 50 dBA 40 dBA
Institutional (School, Hospital), Worship Areas.
Suburban Residential (Medium Density) Areas, Public 55dBA 45 dBA
Spaces, Parks, Recreational Areas.
Urban Residential (High Density) Areas, Designated 60 dBA 50 dBA
Mixed Development Areas (Residential - Commercial).
Commercial Business Zones 65 dBA 55 dBA

Designated Industrial Zones 70 dBA 60 dBA

“equivalent A-weighted sound level (LAeq)” means the constant sound level that, in a
given situation and time period, conveys the same sound energy as the actual time-varying
A-weighted sound.
 Electricity Supply Planning
 Purpose of Load estimates
 To determine the voltage intake
 230V SP, 400V TP, 11KV, 33KV, 132KV, 275KV
 Technical factors – possibility in upgrading, stability
and quality of supply
 Substation design, land requirement and costs differ a
lot for each category
– looking for cost effectiveness
 To determine the metering scheme
 Commercial factors – MD penalties, return on capital
investment
 Central or local meters for multi-owner/tenant premise
 Tariff mode – special concession for street lighting or
thermal ice storage
Electricity Supply Planning
 How to go about estimating the load?
 Use of KW Per Acre method for mixed
development for very rough estimates
 Use of Gross Floor Area (GFA)
 6 to 9 watts per square foot (can be lower for GBI
certified buildings)
 Use of Per Unit Type of Building
 Low Cost House or Single Storey House – 2KW
 Double Storey Terrace House – 4 to 6 KW per unit
 Bungalow – 8 to 15 KW
 3 Storey Shoplot – 20 to 35 KW
 Use of detailed connected equipment list
 Use Diversity Factor on total connected load
 Electricity Supply Planning
MD ranges of Supply Typical Supply Scheme
Consumer Voltage
Up to 12 KVA 230V Overhead services from LV
mains

12KVA to 100KVA 400V 3 phase overhead or

underground cable service from
existing LV mains
100KVA to 400V Direct cable service from LV
1000KVA board from a substation

1MVA to 5MVA 11KV Direct feed through TNB’s 11KV

switching station

5MVA to 25MVA 33KV Direct feed through TNB’s 33kV

switching station

Above 25 MVA 132KV/ Direct feed through TNB’s

275KV 132KV or 275KV switching stn.
Electricity Supply Planning
 Application of Diversity Factor
 Best to refer to previous similar projects
 Engineering judgment important
 Having the Macro & Micro view
 Critical design elements – transformer, gen set
and riser sizing: have serious cost impact
 Tendency to over-design by inexperienced engineers
but under-design is also happening
 Understanding the type and mode of operation of
the connected equipment
 Impact of development phasing in supply planning
 Understanding TNB metering scheme
Electricity Supply Planning
 Emergency Power
 Fire pumpsets, pressurisation & smoke spill fans,
fireman lifts, fire control panels, fire intercom, PA
system and any thing concerning safety to building
occupants
 Self-Contained Emergency lighting for switchrooms,
plant rooms, lobbies, staircases, escape corridors
 Essential Power
 Maintaining basic building facilities in the event of
power outage, eg lighting, computer system, lifts,
function rooms, potable water pumps, etc meeting
essential operation requirements of the owner
 Uninterruptible Power Supply
Electricity Supply Planning
 Space Planning - it is important to
determine all the space requirements
 Type, size, number, location of substations
 Near load centres – to reduce cost of cabling
 Avoiding taking up prime areas or sites which affect
value of adjoining properties
 Accessible for equipment installations and
replacement, TNB prefers dedicated access.
 Avoid flood prone areas as in basements
 Inadequate space?
 Compact substation – Gas Insulated Substation?
 132KV outdoor type – 130m x 130m
 132KV GIS type – 60m x 80 m
 More creative way to distribute power?
 11KV instead of 400V distribution for multi-owners complex
Electricity Supply Planning
 Spaces for Main Switch Boards, Gen Sets, UPS
& Sub-Switch Boards
 Estimate of equipment sizes, clearances and working
space for maintenance
 Gen Sets – space for discharge of exhaust and
cooling air, avoid short-circuiting of air
 Remote radiator may be necessary
 UPS – Solid State or Mechanical Flywheel?
 Trenching depth, inter-connections or overhead
cabling connections must be practical – cable
bending radii taken into considerations
 Risers and adjoining rooms to be fixed.
 Make sure that risers are accessible from common
areas
 Electricity Supply Planning
 Cable Routes Planning
 Cable or bus bar trunking routes from MSB to Risers to be
determined.
 Note all obstructions from structural beams / other services. Be
mindful of voids or double volume locations.
 Ceiling Head room for services to be negotiated
 Try to maintain at least 750mm clearance between soffit of structural
beam and suspended ceiling and allowing minimum 2.75m clearance
from ceiling to floor.
 Structural beams may need modifications for services to
pass through. Up stand beam if necessary.
 External cable routes planning – to avoid power and
telecommunication lines on the same side. If not possible –
give adequate clearance
 Clash analysis – Coordination drawings or use REVIT MEP
 No dig rule – manhole / ducting or Service trench / tunnel?
High Voltage Supply Design Scheme
Considerations

 Electromagnetic Fields
 An understanding of how electromagnetic
fields can cause electric stresses
 Electric equipment failure is due mainly to
insulation breakdown, corona discharge and
flashover
 How to manage electric stress is seen in
joint design and cable terminations method
 How far we go up the transmission voltage
depends on this science of ES management
Electromagnetic fields at cable terminations
Heat Shrink Cable Terminations
High Voltage Supply Design Scheme
Considerations
 Eddy Currents
 The effects on EMF inducing currents in
nearby metallic objects such as
 Cable sheaths or armourings
 Metallic pipes or conduits
 Cable termination enclosures
 Problems with Eddy Currents
 Losses
 Hot spots
 Equipment or Cable failure
Eddy Currents Induced
 High Voltage Supply Design Scheme
Considerations

 Mitigating Measures against Effects of

Eddy Currents
 Tre-foil installation of single core cables
 Cross Bonding of single core cable sheaths at regular
intervals especially for 33KV and above. (ref: next slide)
 Use of non-metallic ducts for substation entries and road
crossing
 Earthing armouring or cable sheaths at one end only, a
voltage surge diverter may be needed on the other end
 Ensure all phase and neutral cables are within the same
cable termination enclosure
Crossing Bonding to reduce circulating sheath
currents for a dual 132 KV single core cable circuit
Mitigating Eddy Currents in Single Core Cables
with metal sheaths or armourings
High Voltage Supply Design Scheme
Considerations
 Fault Level Current
 Shorting circuiting between phases to earth
give rise to a high fault current which must
be cleared fast to limit damage at the fault
 Equipment and cable leading to the fault
location must be able to withstand this fault
current without sustaining damage
 Fault current is a function of supply voltage
and total impedance: V / Z
 Standard Fault level by TNB – worst case
 400 v – 31.5KA/3s (22.6MVA)
 6.6KV, 11KV, 22KV – 20 KA/3s (762 MVA)
 33KV – 25 KA/3s (1429 MVA)
 132KV – 40 KA/3s (9145 MVA)
High Voltage Supply Design Scheme Considerations
 Fault level determination is important:
 All equipment must have the FL withstand capability –
safety of equipment & personnel
 Implication of cost,
 100A, 20KA MCCB, is much cheaper than 100A, 50KA MCCB
(Frame size)
 Generally the higher the KA rating the higher the costs
 HV cable sizing – very often did not consider fault
current capacity, using operating current for sizing only
 The withstand time is important whether 1 second or 3
seconds.
 Transformer must not be overly sized, as the bigger the
transformer the higher the FL
 Rationale for not permitting parallel operation of
transformers – limiting the FL and losses
High Voltage Supply Design Scheme
Considerations

 Basic Insulation Level

 This is the impulse withstand voltage (Vp)
strength of the equipment, cable as voltage
surges are common due to lightning and
switching operations.
 Generally 4 to 5 times nominal voltage
 When we specify BIL for switchgear,
transformer and cable for the same voltage
level, the value should be common.
High Voltage Supply Design Scheme
Considerations
 Types of Switchgear breaker
 Air insulated – mostly at LV
 Bulk Oil: 6.6KV – 22KV (obsolete)
 Minimum Oil: 6.6KV - 22KV (obsolete)
 Vacuum: 6.6KV – 33KV (most competitive)
 the early challenges – voltage spikes
 Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas (SF6): above 33KV
 Excellent insulation and arc quenching performance
 Ring Main Units (RMU)
 Compact unit – oil or SF6
 Economical
 Less protection relay devices
 Non extensible or limited extensibility
 Harder to determine location of cable faults
unless directional relays are used
High Voltage Supply Design Scheme
Considerations
 Types of Transformer - insulation
 Air insulated (Dry type)
 Epoxy Cast Resin
 Oil insulated
 With Oil Conservator tank
 Hermetically Sealed (up to 22KV) w or wo Nitrogen
 Types of Transformer – Winding Configuration
 Y – Y more for transmission (No phase shift)
 Delta - Star for distribution side (Dyn11) – more stable
 Types of Transformer – Cooling
 ONAN, ONAF, OFAF
 Voltage Transformation
 Fixed, On Load tap changing
 Transformer Impedance
 4% – 6% : must know the technical implications in
selecting low or high impedance values
Transformer with conservator tank
High Voltage Supply Design Scheme
Considerations
 Types of Cables
 Paper Insulated (getting obsolete)
 PVC, PVC/PVC(in plaster)
 XLPE (cross linked polyethylene)
 Paper Insulated Oil Filled (EHV cables)
 Fire rated cables – Class
 MICC
 XLPE type
 Flexible Mineral Insulated (halogen free)
 Other special application type –
submersible, screened, etc
 Types of armouring
 Steel tape, Steel wire (for single core cables?)
 Classification of Fire Rated Cables

 BS 6387 Category CWZ

 Heated for 3 hrs at 9500 C
 Heated for 15 mins at 6500 C
and sprinkled for 15 mins
 Heated for 9500 C for 15 mins
and subjected to mechanical
shocks
High Voltage Supply Design Scheme
Considerations
Supply Security Issues
 Need to assess the importance of the building use e.g.
convention centre, defense centre, ballroom, etc.
 Murphy’s Law – whatever can go wrong will go wrong
 Redundancy of equipment, cables, cable routes must be
planned for
 Two independent sources of supply
 Step down transformers – minimum two per substation
 Double Bus Bar system – Power Plant, major
substations
 HV Ring Circuits or Mesh Network
 Parallel feed to equipment switchboards
 Second standby generator set to back up first gen set
 Alternative cable feed should not be in same route
or ducting system (Penang bridge fire)
Double Bus Bar Scheme at Power Station
 High Voltage Supply Design Scheme
Considerations
Overhead lines vs Underground cabling issues
 Overhead Lines
 Greater safety issues – clearances, falling lines
 Tripping due to lightning or transient short circuiting
 Higher maintenance – painting towers, cleaning
insulators, collapsing towers
 Way leave problem
 Aesthetic not pleasing
 Underground Cabling
 Much more costly
 Vulnerable to damage by digging
 Easier to install and relocate
 May need reactive current compensation for greater
voltage regulation
END OF PART ONE