‘Form Use wish (if only) (wistvregret about the ee a I vish you studied more. (I's a pity you don't) | wish (i only) (wishyregret about the present) 1 wish [could drive a car. (But | can't) Iwish (if only) + past perfect (regret about the past) + past simple / past continuous 1 ash 1 had taken your advice. (But I didn't. Its a pity | didn't take it) ‘wish/regret about a present situation we want to be different wish/regret in the present ‘concerning lack of ability regret that something happened fr didn't happen in the past wish (if only) + subject + would + bare inf. (impossible wish for @ (2. ‘wish’ and ‘would’ should have future change) different subjects. We never say: | wah Lwould, He-wehes he would oto b. wish + inanimate subject + would is used to express the speaker's lack _of hope, or disappointment) ‘wish for a future change unlikely to happen or wish to express dissatisfaction; polite request implying dissatisfaction or lack of hope ping lac et hope) ‘ In wishes we go one tense back. This means that we use the past simple in the present or the past perfect in the past. He's ill He wishes he werent ill (present) 1 oversiept yesterday. wish | hadn't overslept yesterday. (p33) © After | wish we can use were instead of was in all persons. | wish | was/were richer. © If only means the same as | wish but it is more dramatic. If only | was(were richer wish he would drive more carefully. (But | don't think he will — wish for a future change unlikely to happen) | wish the children would be more co-operative. (The children have refused to co-operate. ~ dissatistaction) ish you would be more pavent with vim. (Please be more patient with him. ~ recuest vash 1! would stop raining. (But 'm afraid it won't stop raining, ~ wish implying disappointment)Unreal Past ‘© The past simple can be used to refer to the present (unreal present) when we talk about Imaginary, unreal or improbable situations which are contrary to facts in the present. The past perfect can be used to refer to imaginary, unreal or improbable situations which are Contrary to facts in the past (unreal past), Past Simple is used with: Past Perfect is used with: ‘© Conditionals Type 2 (unreal in the present) ‘Conditionals Type 3 (unreal in the past) it} were you, | would pay. {FT had seen hin, | wuld have told you. © wish (present) {wish he were hore now. ‘wish (pasi) If only you had taken his advice when ne gave i. ‘© Suppose/Supposing ‘* Suppose/Supposing ‘Suppose you were asked fo move out what would Suppose you had seen the crime being you clo? ‘committed, what would you have done? © I'd rather/sooner sb ... (present) @ I'd ratherisooner sb ... (past) fd rather you went row. 1'd rather you hadn't told al trase les. © as iffas though (untrue situation in the present) as if/as though (untrue situation in the past) He isn’t French but he speaks French as ithe were He hadin't been awarded the ist ize but from Frane, hho behaved as if fie had been awarded i # I's (about/high) time _ Its time you retired, had better = should We use had better + infinitive without to’ to give advice or to say what the best thing to do in 2 particular situation is. had better + present infinitive without ‘to’ (presentifuture reference) We had better stop smoking. (= We should stop smoking.) It would have been better it + past pertect (past reference) It would have been better if you hadn't lied io her. (= You shouldn't have lied to her.) 'd (would) rather = I'd prefer when the subject of I'd rather + present infinitive without to" (presentfuture reference) would rather is also the perfect infinitive without ‘to’ (past reference) subject of the following I'd rather go to the shops tomorrow. I'd rather not have gone out verb yesterday. © when the subject of \'d rather sb + past simple (presentuture reference) would rather Is different past perfect (past reference) from the subject of the I'd rather you studied a litle mare. following verb Ud rather you hadn't lied to me. ‘© preter + «ing forminoun + to + -ing forminoun (general preference) | prefer (watching) TV to (going to) the cinema. prefer + full infinitive + rather than + infinitive without ‘to’ (general preference) I prefer to stay at home rather than go out ‘© would prefer ~ full infinitive + rather than + infinitive without ‘to’ (specific preference) Pd prefer to write to him rather than call him. ‘© would rather + infinitive without ‘to’ + than + is Pd rather buy e new dress than have this one taken in. initive without ‘to’ (specific preference)Inversion ‘There are two ways to invert the subject and the verb: ‘A. auxiliary verb/modal + subject + main verb ‘© In questions fs she working tomorrow? ‘© after certain expressions when they are at the beginning of a sentence Seldom Little InjUnder no circumstances Only in this way Rarely Barely Never Only by Scarcely (ever) ..when Nowhere Never before Nor Neither Hardly (ever)... when Nottlljuntil Not since Only then No sooner ... han On no occasion Not (even) once Not only... but (also) Inno way ‘On no account Rarely do we see him these days. No sooner had we got into tho house than he phoned us. | NOTE: When the following expressions begin a sentence, we use inversion in the main claus only ater, only by, only if, only when, not til/until, not since Only after he had graduated, did he start ‘coking for a job. Only if you invite her, will she come fo your party. ‘Not until all tests had been completed, were we told the resuits, «alter s0, such, to such @ degree (in result clauses) when they are at the beginning of a sentence So careful is he that he never makes any mistakes. ‘Such @ briliant student was he that he was offered a saholarship, ‘* with should, were, had in conditionals at the beginning of the sentence when “if” is omitted ‘Should you see him, tell him to cell me. (= if you should se...) Were | you, | would cancel my tp. (= if were you ..) Had he known, he would have made arrangements. fe 60, neither/nor, as when expressing agreement ‘hate horror fms." *So do 1." ('So' is used to agree with an affirmative statement) “Jane hasn't returned our calls.” “Nelther/Nor has her husband.” (Nelther/Nor’Is used to agree with a nogative statamant) His colleagues respected him as did his boss. (‘as did” is used to show both his boss and his colleagues respacted him.) B. main verb + subject «© atter adverbs of place Here comes the bride! Away ran the that! © in Direct Speech when the reporting verb comes after the quote and the subject is a noun “ive never seen him,” said Helen. he had known ..)