BASIC GAS TURBINE

History of Jet Propulsion

History of
Jet Propulsion
and
Gas Turbine Engines

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion

The principle of Jet

Propulsion is not
new.
Nature uses
‘jet propulsion’ in
squid, octopus and
jellyfish.

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion

The first known

instance of ‘jet
propulsion’ produced
by man was when
Hero, a Greek
engineer living in
Alexandria, made a
machine as a toy in
the year 120 BC. .

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion

Nothing more was done about developing the jet

principle until 1629 when an Italian, Giovanni
Branca, produced a steam driven impulse turbine
(now in the British Museum).

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion

Sir Isaac Newton produced his laws of motion

from which an inventor, Gravinade, designed and
produced a steam driven carriage - a 'horseless
carriage, which was hopelessly underpowered.

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion

In 1913 a French Engineer, René Lorin, patented a jet

propulsion engine. This was what is known as an athodyd
(an aero-thermodynamic-duct), but at that time was
impossible to manufacture or use due to the lack of
appropriate materials. However, it was very similar to a
modern Ram-Jet.

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion
In the year 1928, a young flying officer in the RAF named Whittle,
(later Sir Frank Whittle) first suggested using a gas turbine for jet
propulsion and was granted his first patent in 1930. Working in co-
operation with Dr A A Griffith of the Royal Aircraft Establishment
(RAE), Whittle eventually produced a pure jet engine, which was
bench tested in 1937.

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion
In the same year, a similar engine was tested at the Heinkel factory in
Germany. The engine, designed by Pabst Von Ohain, was fitted to a
Heinkel 178 and this became the first jet-propelled aircraft to fly in
August 1939.

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion
The first British jet aircraft was the Gloster/Whittle E28/39, which
flew in May 1941.

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion
First Commercial Jet Aircraft:

The British Overseas Aircraft Corporation (BOAC), the national British

carrier, first introduced a commercial jet airliner into service. The 36-
seat Comet 1, built by De Havilland, flew for the first time on July 27,
1949. BOAC inaugurated the world's first commercial jet service on May
2, 1952. Initial flights took passengers from London to Johannesburg in
South Africa, with stops in Rome, Beirut, Khartoum (in Sudan), Entebbe
(in Kenya), and Livingstone, near Victoria Falls. At the time, the top
cruising speed of the most well known piston-engine aircraft, the DC-3,
was about 180 miles per hour (290 kilometers per hour). With the Comet,
passengers could travel comfortably at 480 miles per hour (772
kilometers per hour), making it a revolutionary leap in air travel. The
Comet also provided conditions that contrasted sharply to piston-engine
planes: the planes were vibration-free and relatively quiet.

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion
First Commercial Jet Aircraft:

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion

America's first jet engine.

In 1941, the U.S. Army Air Corps picked GE's Lynn, Massachusetts,
plant to build a jet engine based on the design of Britain's Sir Frank
Whittle. Six months later, on April 18, 1942, GE's engineers
successfully ran the I-A engine.

In October, 1942, at Muroc Dry Lake, California, two I-A engines

powered the historic first of a Bell XP-59A Airacomet aicraft, launching
the United States into the Jet Age. (The thrust rating of the I-A was
1,250 pounds; the thrust rating of the GE90-115B is more than 90
times as great at 115,000 pounds.

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion

America's first commercial jet aircraft.

Boeing rolled out the first operational 707, a Boeing 707-120, and on
October 26, 1958, amid much fanfare, Pan American inaugurated its
New York-London route, ushering in a new era in the history of
passenger aviation. On the very first flight, which made a stopover in
Newfoundland, there were 111 passengers, the largest number ever
to board a single regularly scheduled flight.

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion

First commercial Turboprop aircraft.

The Dart-powered Vickers Viscount was the first turboprop aircraft of
any kind to go into production and sold in large numbers. It was also
the first four-engined turboprop. Its first flight was on 16th July 1948.

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion

GE commercial jet engine.

Building on the technology of the TF39 military engine, GE moved

aggressively into the civil market in 1971 with a derivative engine, the
CF6-6 high bypass turbofan engine, on the Douglas DC-10. The CF6
family grew to include the CF6-50, CF6-80A, CF6-80C2, and CF6-
80E1.

In the 1980s, the CF6 family of engines emerged as the most popular
engines powering wide-body aircraft, including the Boeing 747 and
767, the Airbus A300, A310, A330 and the McDonnell Douglas MD-11.

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion
GE + SNECMA commercial jet engine.
Over the years, GE and Snecma gained prominence in the short-to-medium-
range commercial aircraft business, with CFM56 engine programs experiencing
unprecedented success in recent years. The CFM56-2 has been ordered to
power more than 550 commercial and military aircraft worldwide. Orders for
the CFM56-3-powered Boeing Classic 737-300/-400/-500 series total
approximately 2,000 aircraft.

The CFM56-5A/-5B engines for the Airbus Industrie A318, A319, A320, and
A321 have been ordered for nearly 1,300 firm and option aircraft. The CFM56-
5C is the exclusive powerplant for the long-range, four-engine Airbus A340,
with engine orders to date for more than 300 firm and option aircraft.
The CFM56-7, powerplant for the Boeing Next-Generation 737-600/-700/-
800/-900 series, the best-selling Boeing 737 family yet, was launched in late
1993.
The CFM56-7, powerplant for the Boeing Next-Generation 737-600/-700/-
800/-900 series, the best-selling Boeing 737 family yet, was launched in late
1993.
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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion
GE + SNECMA commercial jet engine.
The CFM56-3 was designed for Boeing 737 second-generation: 300/400/500
aircraft. It is derived from the -2, the original CFM engine. Thrust ranges from
18,500 to 23,500 lb. and is the airframe's exclusive engine.
This super-reliable turbofan is in service all over the world-nearly 4,500 strong.
The engine/airframe combo entered revenue service in 1984 and quickly
became one of the best-selling ever... just as its successor, the 737NG.

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion

GE Commercial Jet Engines

In the early 1990s, GE developed the GE90 turbofan engine to power

the large, twin-engine Boeing 777. The GE90 family, with the baseline
engine certified on the 777 in 1995, has produced a world's record
steady-thrust level of 122,965 pounds. To honor this achievement, the
GE90-115B was recently named "the world's most powerful jet
engine" by the Guinness Book Of World Records.

The latest GE90, the GE90-115B, has the world's largest fan (128
inches), composite fan blades, and the highest engine bypass ratio
(9:1) to produce the greatest propulsive efficiency of any commercial
transport engine.

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion

GE 90-94 B engine.
Rated at 94,000 pounds of thrust, the GE90-94B builds on the proven success
of the original GE90 engine models, adding key performance-enhancing
technologies such as the three-dimensional aerodynamic (3-D Aero) high
pressure compressor.
Physical Information
Fan/Compressor Stages: 1F/3LPC/10HPC
High-Pressure Turbine/Low-Pressure Turbine Stages: 2/6
Max Diameter (Inches): 134
Length (Inches): 287
Dry Weight (Lb.): 16,644
Application Examples: Boeing 777-200
Boeing 777-200ER
Power Specifications

Max. Power at Sea Level (Lb.): 93,700

Overall Pressure ratio at Maximum Power: 40

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion

GE 90-115 B engine.

Physical Information
Fan/Compressor Stages: 1F/4LPC/9HPC
High-Pressure Turbine/Low-Pressure Turbine
Stages: 2/6
Max Diameter (Inches): 135
Length (Inches): 287
Dry Weight (Lb.): 18,260
Application Examples: Boeing 777-200LR
Boeing 777-300ER
Boeing 777 Freighter

Power Specifications
Max. Power at Sea Level (Lb.): 115,300
Overall Pressure ratio at Maximum Power: 42

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion

The Aérospatiale-BAC
Concorde aircraft was a
turbojet-powered supersonic
passenger airliner, a
supersonic transport (SST). It
was a product of an Anglo-
French government treaty,
combining the manufacturing
efforts of Aérospatiale and the
British Aircraft Corporation.
First flown in 1969, Concorde
entered service in 1976 and
continued for 27 years.
Concorde had an average cruise speed of Mach 2.02 (about 2,140 km/h or 1,330
mph) with a maximum cruise altitude of 18,300 metres (60,000 feet), more than twice
the speed of conventional aircraft.

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 BASIC GAS TURBINE
History of Jet Propulsion
Concord Engines
To be economically viable, Concorde needed to be able to fly reasonably
long distances, and this required high efficiency. For optimum supersonic
flight, turbofan engines were considered, but rejected, as due to their large
master cross-section they would cause excessive drag. Turbojets were
found to be the best choice of.
The engine chosen was the twin spool Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593,
a version of the Olympus originally developed for the Vulcan bomber,
developed into an afterburning supersonic engine for the BAC TSR-2 strike
bomber and then adapted for Concorde.

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