Kyle Richardson Monday, November 30, 2009

COMM 101 Study Sheet: Test #4

I. Chapter 10
A. Language Basics
1. Language is Arbitrary
2. Language is Ambiguous
3. Language is Abstract
4. Language is Active
B. Spoken versus Written Language
1. Dynamic Versus Public
2. Immediate Versus Distant
3. Informal Versus Formal
4. Irreversible Versus Revisable
5. Narratives Versus Facts
6. Rhythm Versus Image
C. Audience-centered Language
1. Put Your Language In Context
a) Mention Location
b) Referring to Current Events
c) Responding to What Happens During the Speech
2. Personalize Your Language
a) Integrating Audience Analysis Information
b) Remarking on What Other Speakers Have Said Using “we,” “us,” and “I”
3. Us Inclusive Language
a) Avoiding Language That Discriminates and Stereotypes
4. Use Visual Language
a) Similes, Metaphors, Parallelism, Rhyme, Alliteration, Antithesis
5. Spark Imagination With Your Language
a) Imaginative Invitations
b) Humor
D. Guidelines for Using Language in Your Speech
1. Use Spoken Language
2. Choose Meaningful Words
3. Balance Clarity and Ambiguity
4. Be Concise
5. Avoid Offensive and Aggressive Language
6. Build in Redundancy
7. Don’t Get Too Attached to Your Words
E. Key Terms
1. Alliteration - Repetition of a sound in a series of words, usually the first
consonant
2. Antithesis - Juxtaposition of two apparently contradictory phrases taht are
organized in a parallel structure
3. Cliche - An expression so overused it fails to have any important meaning
 4. Connotative Meaning - A unique meaning for a word based on an individual’s
own experiences
5. Denotative Meaning - An agreed-upon definition of a word, found in a dictionary
6. Euphemism - A word used in place of another word that is viewed as more
disagreeable or offensive
7. Hedge - A qualifier, such as probably, that makes a statement ambiguous
8. Idiom - An expression that means something other than the literal meaning of
the words
9. Inclusive language - Words that don’t privilege one group over another
10. Interpretation - An individual’s internal process of assigning meaning to
words
11. Invitation to Imagine - Asking listeners to create a scene or situation in
their minds
12. Jargon - Technical language used by members of a profession or
associated with a specific topic
13. Language - The system of words people use to communicate with others
14. Metaphor - A language device that demonstrates the commonalities
between two dissimilar things
15. Nonsexist Language - Words that are not associated with either sex
16. Parallelism - Using the same phrase, wording, or clause multiple times to
add emphasis
17. Rhyme - Using words with similar sounds, usually at the end of the word,
to emphasize
18. Simile - A language device that compares two things that are generally
dissimilar but share some common properties, expressed using like or as
19. Slang - Informal, nonstandard language, often used within a particular
group
20. Symbol - Something, such as a word, that stands for something else, such
as a person, place, thing, or idea
21. Tag Question - A question added onto the end of declarative statement
that lessens the impact of that statement
22. Tone - Use of language to set the mood or atmosphere with a speaking
situation
II. Chapter 14
A. Speeches on Questions of Fact
1. Asks True or False
2. What is Observed or Known
3. How the Observations Were Made
4. Whether New Observations Have Changed What People Once Thought of as
Fact
B. Speeches on Question of Value
1. Asks Subjective Evaluation of Worth, Significance, or Condition
C. Speeches on Question of Policy
1. What Course of Action Should be Taken
a) What support can I show for my position
 b) How close is my audience to my position
How does what i suggest solve the problem
2. Organizational Patterns for Speeches on Questions of Policy
a) The Problem-Solution Pattern of Organization
b) The Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern of Organization
c) Motivated Sequence
(1) Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, and Action
D. Persuading Different Types of Audiences
1. The Negative, or Hostile, Audience
a) Establish your credibility with the audience
b) Take a common-ground approach to the topic
c) Help your audience visualize your topic in positive ways
d) Prepare for your audience’s negative reaction to your position
2. The Positive, or Sympathetic, Audience
a) Rely on narratives to elaborate on your points
b) Incorporate engaging evidence that further reinforces the audience’s
commitment to the topic
c) Use vivid language and images to heighten your audience’s enthusiasm for
the topic
d) Rally to action
3. The Divided Audience
a) Demonstrate that you recognize the legitimacy of the arguments for and
against
b) Establish your credibility
c) Establish common ground among all audience members
d) Address the objection
e) Reinforce the position of those who agree with you
4. The Uninformed Audience
a) Motivate you audience to want to learn
b) Demonstrate expertise on the topic and address all perspectives fairly
c) Repetition and redundancy
d) Keep you persuasion subtle
5. The Apathetic Audience
a) Gain attention and pique interest
b) Show how topic affects them
c) Show audience how much you car about topic; energy and dynamism
d) Take a one-sided approach to the topic
E. Key Terms
1. Apathetic Audience - An audience that is informed about a speaker’s topi bu
not interested n it
2. Divided Audience - An audience that is informed about a speaker’s topic but
equally split between those who favor the speaker’s position and those who oppose
it
3. Negative (Hostile) Audience - An audience that is informed about a speaker’s
topic and holds an unfavorable view of the speaker’s position
 4. Persuasion - Using language, images, and other means of communication to
influence people’s attitudes, beliefs, values, or actions
5. Persuasive Speech - A speech in which the speaker attempts to reinforce,
modify, or change audience members’ beliefs, attitudes, opinions, values, and
behaviors
6. Positive (Sympathetic) Audience - An audience that is informed about a
speaker’s topic and has a favorable view of the speaker’s position
7. Question of Fact - A question that asks whether something is true or false
8. Question Policy - A question that asks what course of action should be taken or
how a problem should be solved
9. Question of Value - A question that asks for a subjective evaluation of
something’s worth, significance, quality, or condition
10. Uninformed Audience - An audience that is unfamiliar with a speaker’s
topic and has no opinion about it
III. Chapter 15
A. Using Claims Effectively
1. Types of Claims
a) Premises
b) Conclusions
B. Using Evidence Effectively
1. Logos: Appeals to Logic
2. Ethos: Appeals to Speaker Credibility
3. Pathos: Appeals to Emotion
4. Mythos: Appeals to Cultural Beliefs
5. Guidelines for Using Evidence Effectively
a) Keep your evidence relevant to your topic
b) Draw your evidence from highly credible sources
c) Select evidence form diverse sources
d) Incorporate evidence addressing all types of appeals
C. Using Reasoning Effectively
1. Deductive Reasoning
2. Inductive Reasoning
3. Casual Reasoning
4. Analogical Reasoning
D. Avoiding Fallacies in Argument
1. Fallacies in Claims
2. Fallacies in Evidence
3. Fallacies in Reasoning
4. Fallacies in Responding
E. Key Terms
1. Ad Hominem fallacy - Argument in which a speaker rejects another speaker’s
claim based on that speaker’s character rather than the evidence the speaker
presents; also called the against the person fallacy
2. Ad Ignorantiam fallacy - Argument in which a speaker suggests that because a
claim hasn’t been shown to be false, it must be true; also called an appeal to
ignorance
3. Ad Populum fallacy - Argument in which a speaker appeals to popular attitudes
and emotions without offering evidence to support claims
4. Analogical Reasoning - Comparing two similar objects, processes, concepts, or
events and suggestion that what holds true for one also holds true for the other
5. Appeal to Cultural Belief - Use of values and beliefs embedded in cultural
narratives or stories to influence an audience
6. Appeal to Speaker - Use of he audience’s perception of the speaker as
competent, trustworthy, dynamic, and likable to influence an audience
7. Appeal to Tradition Fallacy - Argument in which a speaker asserts that the
status quo is better than any new idea or approach
8. Argument - Presenting claims and supporting them with evidence and
reasoning
9. Begging the Question - Argument in which a speaker uses a premise to imply
the truth of the conclusion or asserts that the validity of the conclusion is self-
evident; also called circular reasoning
10. Caricature Fallacy - Argument in which a speaker misrepresents another
speaker’s argument so that only a weak shell of the original argument remains; also
called the straw man fallacy
11. Causal Reasoning - Linking two events or actions to claim that one
resulted in the other
12. Claim - A position or assertion that a speaker wants an audience to accept
13. Comparative Evidence Fallacy - Argument in which a speaker uses
statistics or compares number in ways that misrepresent the evidence and mislead
the audience
14. Conclusion - A primary claim or assertion
15. Deductive Reasoning - Reasoning from a general condition to a specific
case
16. Division Fallacy - Argument in which a speaker assumes that what is true
of the whole is also true of the parts that make up the whole
17. Emotional Appeal - Use of emotional evidence and stimulation of feelings
to influence an audience
18. Enthymeme - An argument in which a premise or conclusion is unstated
19. Evidence - Supporting materials - narratives, examples, definitions,
testimony, facts, and statistics - that a speaker presents to reinforce a claim
20. Inductive Reasoning - Supporting a claim with specific cases or instances;
also called reasoning by example
21. Fallacy - An error in making an argument
22. False Dilemma Fallacy - Argument in which a speaker reduces available
choices to only two even though other alternatives exist; also called the either-or
fallacy
 23. Guilt by Association Fallacy - argument in which a speaker suggests that
something is wrong with another speaker’s claims by association those claims with
someone that audience finds objectionable; also called the bad company fallacy
24. Hasty Generalization Fallacy - Argument in which a speaker draws a
conclusion based on too few or inadequate examples
25. Loaded Word Fallacy - Argument in which a speaker uses emotional laden
words to evaluate claims based on a misleading emotional response rather than the
evidence presented
26. Logical Appeal - Use of rational appeals based on logic, facts, and
analysis to influence an audience
27. Post Hoc Fallacy - Argument in which a speaker concludes a causal
relationship exits simply because one event follows another in time; also called the
false cause fallacy
28. Premise - A claim that provides reasons to support a conclusion
29. Qualifier - A word or phrase that clarifies, modifies, or limits the meaning of
another word or phrase
30. Reasoning - The method or process used to link claims to evidence
31. Red Herring Fallacy - Argument that introduces irrelevant evidence to
distract an audience from the real issue
32. Slippery Slope Fallacy - Argument in which a speaker asserts that one
event will necessarily lead to another without showing any logical connection
between the two events
33. Syllogism - A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise,
minor premise, and conclusion
34. Weak Analogy Fallacy - Argument in which a speaker compares two things
that are dissimilar, making the comparison inaccurate
IV. Chapter 16
A. Speeches for Special Occasions
1. Speeches of Introduction
a) Prepare the Audience
b) Be Accurate and Up to Date
c) Connect with the Audience
2. Speeches of Nomination
3. Award Presentations
4. Acceptance Speeches
a) Be Thankful and Humble
b) Be Succinct
c) Contextualize the Award
5. After-Dinner Speeches
a) Be Entertaining and Lighthearted
b) Focus on a Theme
6. Tributes and Eulogies
a) Emphasize Emotion Appropriately
b) Provide Inspiration
7. Mediated Speaking
B. Presenting in Small Groups
1. Oral Report
2. Panel Discussion
3. Round Table Discussion
4. Symposium
5. Forum
6. Videoconferencing
7. Preparation and Practice
C. Evaluation Small Group Presentations
1. Preparation as a Group
2. Coordinated Presentations
3. Effective Listening
4. Clear References to the Group
5. Goal Achievement
D. Key Terms
1. Acceptance Speech - Speech given by an individual who is being recognized,
honored, or given an award
2. Award Presentation - Speech that recognizes an individual to celebrate
something the person has done well
3. Eulogy - Speech of tribute presented as a retrospective about an individual who
has died
4. Forum - The question-and-answer session following a group’s formal
presentation
5. Nomination Speech - Speech that demonstrates why a particular individual
would be successful at something if given the chance
6. Oral Report - A report in which one member of a group presents the group’s
findings
7. Panel Discussion - A discussion in which a moderator asks questions of
experts on a topic in front of an audience
8. Round Table Discussion - A discussion in which expert participants discuss a
topic in an impromptu format without an audience presents
9. Small Group - A collection of individuals who interact and depend on one
another to solve a problem, make a decision, or achieve a common goal or
objective
10. Speech of Introduction - A short speech that introduces someone to an
audience
11. Speech of Tribute - Speech that gives credit, respect, admiration,
gratitude, or inspiration to someone who has accomplished something significant,
lives in a way that deserves to be praised, or is about to embark on an adventure
12. Symposium - A presentation format in which each member of a group
presents a speech about a part of a larger topic
13. Videoconferencing - a small group presentation in which individuals at
multiple physical locations interact in real time orally and visually, suing video and
high-speed computer technology