Surge Analysis Alabama Facility

SURGE ANALYSIS OF WATER TRANSMISSION MAIN IN AMBALA, A
CASE STUDY
A DISSERTATION
SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
(WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING)
SUBMITTED BY
SEEMA RANI
(3120503)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. Baldev Setia
Professor
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KURUKSHETRA -136119
June 2014
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled, "Surge Analysis of Water Transmission Main
in Ambala, A Case Study", being submitted by Ms. SEEMA RANI, to the Department
of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India, for the award
of the degree of Master of Technology is a bonafide research work carried out by her
under my supervision. This thesis reached the standards of fulfilling the requirements and
regulations related to the award of M.Tech degree of this institute.
The matter presented in this thesis has not been submitted in part or full to any other
university or institute for the award of any other degree.
¥r6t BaldevSetia
Department of Civil Engineering
National Institute of Technology
Kurukshetra 1.36119
•: V'': India.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a great privilege for me to express deep and sincere gratitude to my guide Prof.
Baldev Setia, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of
Technology, Kurukshetra (Haryana) for his generous help and consistent encouragement
at every stage during this work. His painstaking effort in correcting the manuscript, and
giving invaluable time and suggestions for improvement are gratefully acknowledged.
I also express my deep appreciation and sincere thanks to Mr. Maneesh Kumar, Sr.
Vice President (Spun Pipe Division), Jindal Saw Ltd., New Delhi, for providing me with
his valuable time to assist me in my software use and giving new prospective field to
work.
1 am very much thankful to Mr. Roop Mukherjee, (Spun Pipe Division), Jindal Saw
Ltd, New Delhi for helping me to successfially complete my work.
Lastly, I would like to show gratitude to every individual who assisted me in

completing the dissertation work.
Date: 2.5 10 6 120/ 4 (Seema Rani)
Place: Kurukshetra (3120503)

ABSTRACT
A water supply system is an interconnected collection of sources, pipes and hydraulic
control elements (e.g., pumps, valves, regulators, tanks) delivering water of desired
quantity and pressure to consumers. In the entire system, pipes play a major role in
conveying liquids and gases especially when the conveyance is over long distances. For
satisfactory, problem free transmission of liquids through pipes, the pipes and then
hydraulic element need to be designed against excessive internal pressure and consequent
expansion due to occurrence of water hammer. Water hammer is the momentary increase
in pressure inside a pipe caused by a sudden change of direction or velocity of the liquid
in the pipe. Water hammer can be particularly dangerous because the increase in pressure
can be severe enough to rupture a pipe or cause damage to equipment.
Present work is a case study dealing with surge analysis of water transmission
mains. It is about 1000mm DI K-9 water supply rising main that has been laid for
conveying water from Narwana Branch to canal water Pump House Ismailpur and up to
canal based water works, Ambala city. Out of a total of 14.3 km pipeline, the pipe from
Narwana Branch to Pump House about SOOmtr, was laid under gravity and rest of the
rising main, measuring about 14.3 km laid from canal pump house to canal based work,
in which raw water is pumped from Canal Water pump House. The analysis dealing with
pumping mains has been designed as per the design and hydraulic data available and as
per the guidelines of Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation
(CPHEEO).
The problem has been solved manually and has been analysed and redesigned for surge
with the help of Surge Analysis Program (SAP). It is software developed in-house at the
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and has been in use for the design of surge
protection systems for a number of projects.
Three trials have been made manually with different discharges and the results have
been presented on a Microsoft Excel sheet. All the calculation and results are available in
Microsoft excel sheet. The analysis provides a ready check on the efficiency of the valve
provided on the pipe in the event of failure of the system.SAP outcomes are given in text
files. Files are prepared with specific view to obtain results in a graphical form.
jij
CONTENTS
Page
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
ABSTRACT m
CONTENTS IV
LIST OF NOTATIONS
LIST OF FIGURE VI
LIST OF TABLE vu
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 About Surge Analysis in Pipeline 2
1.2 Controlling Surge Pressures 2
1.3 Scope and Objective of the Study 3
1.4 Methodology and Techniques Adopted 3
1.5 Structure of Thesis 4
CHAPTER 2 2.1 Surge Effect 5
2.2 Review of Water Hammer Theory and Practice 6
2.3 Historical Background 6
2.4 Appurtenances 9
2.4.1 Air Valve 9
2.4.2 Butterfly Valve 10
2.4.3 Check Valve 11
2.4.4 Sluice Valve 12
2.4.5 Zero Velocity Valve 12
IV
2.5 Concluding Remarks 13
CHAPTER 3 CASE DETAILS 14
3.1 Geographical Location 14
3.2 Topographical Details of the Pumping Main 15
3.3 Detail of Proposed Conveyance System 21
CHAPTER 4 METHOD OF ANALYSIS 22
4.1 Basic Equations Governing the Surge Analysis Program 22

4.2 Mathematical Representation 23
4.2.1 Hazen- William formula
4.3 Theoretical approach 24
4.3.1 Conditions for analysis 25
4.3.2 Options for protection devices 26
4.3.3 Options for pump house non-return valve 30
4.3.4 Analysis of Water Column Separation 33
4.3.5 Limitations of the software 34
4.4 About Hytran 34
4.5 Other formulae used 35
CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 36
5.1 Basic principles for output 36

5.2 Analysis of Ambala Transmission Mains without surge
Protection 41
5.2.1 Observations 46
5.3 Analysis of Ambala Transmission Mains with surge
Protection 47
5.3.1 Trial 1 with protection device 47
5.3.2 Trial 2 with protection device 47
5.4 Summary of Results 54
5.5 Limitation of Analysis 54
CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 53
6.1 Generals Recommendations 56
6.2 Scope for flirther studies 57
REFRENCES 58
APPENDIX 60
VI
LIST OF NATATIONS
Symbols Description
AH Piezometric head rise
a Pressure Wave Velocity
APF All Pump Failure
Co Air Volume under Working Condition
C A Constant
D Pipe Diameter
E Modulus of Elasticity of Pipe Material
e Pipe Wall Thickness
g Gravitational Acceleration
GD2 Moment of inertia of the rotor of any rotating equipment
K Bulk modulus of elasticity of water
KAV The sizes parameter of the air vessel
L Length ofthe pipe
PF Power failure
Qo Design discharge
r hydraulic radius
SPF Single Pump Failure
S Slope of hydraulic grade line
t Temporal co-ordinate
Tc Valve Closure Time
Vo Initial flow velocity
X The spatial co-ordinate along the pipeline
VII
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title
2.1 Open and closed condition of air valve
2.2 Open and closed condition of butterfly valve
2.3 Open and closed condition of check valve
2.4 Open and closed condition of gate valve
2.5 Open and closed condition of zero velocity valve
3.1 Location of Ambala District
3.2 Location of Ismailpur and panjokra
3.3 L-section of the pumping main area
3.4 Idealised diagram of pipeline
5.1 Maximum and Minimum piezometric head
5.2 Minimum piezometric head
5.3 Pressure drop at different points
5.8 Variation of head with pipe RL
5.9 Variation of HGL (Gauge) with pipe RL
5.10 Variation of TEL with pipe RL
VIII
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title
3.1 Elevation of the Natural Ground level along the Proposed Pipeline with
Chainage
4.2.1 The values of Hazen-Williams coefficient ' C for new conduit materials
and the values to be adopted for design purposes as per CPHEEO.
5.1 (a) Detailed Calculation Sheet including Design Pressure Conditions
First trial at Discharge 0.999 cumec
5.1(b) Second trail at Discharge 0.333 cumec
5.1(c) Third trail at Discharge 0.666 cumec
5.2 Head, HGL and TEL with respect to pipe RL
5.3 Details of Protection Devices Provided
I Value of K and its Following Service Conditions
II Minimum Class for Ductile Iron Flanged Pipe
II Hydrostatic test Pressure at Works for Ductile Iron Pipes
IV Hydrostatic Site test Pressure and Hydraulic Working Pressure
V Dimensions of Sockets and Spigot Pipes, Classes K7, K9, and KIO
IX
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Water Conveyance from place of availability to places of utility is necessary for human
consumption of water. 'Water Conveyance' means a system for the provision of water for
human consumption through pipes, a canal, ditch or other means of conveying water.
Water supply system broadly involves transmission of water from the sources to the
area of consumption, through free flow channel or conduits or pressure mains. Depending
on topography and local conditions, conveyance may be in free flow/ or pressure
conduits. Transmission of water accounts for an appreciable part of the capital outlay and
hence careful consideration of the economics is called for, before deciding on the best
mode of conveyance. While water is being conveyed, it is necessary to ensure that there
is no possibility of pollution from surroimding areas.
In some countries, water is routinely transported from regions where it is plentiful to

regions where it is scarce. This involves not only intra-basin but also inter-basin transfer
of water. Several water conveyance and distribution techniques are available, and are
actively used in almost all countries of the world. Among the most common water
conveyance methods are tanker trucks, conduits, open channels and pipelines. There are
such pipelines like HBJ pipeline carrying oil through Hazira-Bijapur-Jagdishpur (1986-
1990). 1,750 kilometers of various diameters ranglling from 18" to 36" natural gas
pipeline rurming through 4 States (Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh. Rajasthan),
crossing 300 kilometers of rocky terrain, 69 rivers, 300 roads and numerous railways,
irrigation canals and other natural or manmade obstacles. The pipeline remains today the
landmark for the whole pipeline industry. And another recent example in the
neibhougering state of Himachal Pradesh is that of water transmission mains from from
Kohdra to Tutroo in Kutlehar area in Tehsil Bangana, District Una, Himachal Pradesh.
The transmission main is about 13 kilometres long, with 7.9 kilometre as pumping main
and remaining as gravitational main.
1.1 About Surge Analysis in Pipelines
Surge pressure (or Water hammer) in piping systems are caused by a sudden change of
direction or velocity of the liquid in the pipe. These sudden velocity changes can be
caused by the operation of valve and pumps or by expulsion of air from the piping
system. Water hammer can be particularly dangerous because the increase in pressure can
be severe enough to rupture a pipe or cause damage to equipment. A common instance of
water hammer could be observed by turning off a shower instantaneously. The action
emanating as a result of water hammer or surge sends a loud thud through the house. This
can cause loosening of joints and bursting of pipelines if the pressure is high enough.
With planning and design, the effects of surge pressure in a system can be minimized.
Lorenzo AUievi (1903), an Italian engineer was the first to successfully investigate the
problem of water hammer in water mains. He concluded that water hammer could be
analysed by the rigid column theory with two different approaches; one in which the
compressibility of the fluid and elasticity of the walls of the pipe is ignored and two, in
which full analysis is carried out including elasticity of the material of the pipe. The
conception of the theory of surges can amongst others be traced to the works of
Menabrea (1858, 1862), Michaud (1878), Von Kries (1883), Frinzell (1898), and
Joukowsky (1900), Rajeshwari (2013).
Many a software has been introduced in today's technology world which not only
calculate the surge at different locations but also help in designing the pipe with all
possible safety precautions. Commercially available software are available under popular
nomenclatures of Hytran, Flow Master, RelapS, etc.
1.2 Controlling Surge Pressures

Surge events, particularly those caused by rapid expulsion of air are capable of damaging
almost any pipeline. There are, however, a number of ways of reducing the risk:
• Take proper precautions and means and modes to avoid air entrapment during
initial filling and testing of a pipeline.
• Ensure proper sizing and placement of air and vacuum release valves.
• Design system with such pipe materials that have better expansion properties,
i.e. bulk modulus of elasticity E.
2
1.3 Scope and Objective of the Study
The scope of the present work is to conduct surge analysis for any failure conditions in a
pumping main. In the present study an attempt has been made to achieve the following
objectives:
a) To understand all possible factors for the failure of a particular water transmission
system in general and for the water transmission main of Ambala City in
particular.
b) To conduct tha surge analysis for the study area with different number of pump.
c) To design the water transmission mains with adequate safety device, as per codal
provisions of Indian Standards of practice.
d) The rising main is to be designed as per the outcome of the surge analysis thus
suitably locating the Zero velocity valve, butterfly valves and air valves and other
appurtenances, if any.
e) To learn the water transmission system and software and attain sufficient
knowledge and skill to analyze such a system.
1.4 Methodology and Techniques Adopted
In the present work the author had used Surge Analysis Program (SAP) software to
analyse the transmission mains. The transmission was laid in Ambala, Haryana which
had failed due to surge effect. It was used for supplying water from Narwana Branch to
canal water Pump House Ismailpur and up to canal based water works, Ambala city. The
data involving land profile and RLs along the laid pipe were obtained from the office of
Executive Engineer, PWD (PH,) Ambala, Haryana.
SAP is an offshoot of a software development in-house at the Indian Institute of Science

and used for the design of surge protection system for the number of projects. This basic
software has evolved over a period of 20 years and gradually incorporated a number of
design options as well as system complexities. As a result, this basic software has developed
to a stage where practically any complex situation with regard to surges in pumping mains
can be analysed.
SAP is derived from this basic software, with addition of user firiendly pre-processor and
pro-processor. SAP provides the analyst with wide options to design different system with
economical safety devices. Using SAP, transmission mains have been redesigned to protect it
from the expected surge that may be produced. Finally a technically viable, and safe and
economical design has been proposed.
1.5 Structure of Thesis
The thesis has been presented in six chapters.
Chapter 1 introduces the problem, the scope and objectives and the technique
adopted. Chapter 2 gives the literature on surge analysis and water hammer and details of
essential and safety appurtenances like air valve, butterfly valve, sluice valve, check
valve, zero velocity valve etc. Historical backgrounds of analysing water hammer are also
included in the same chapter.
Chapter 3 deals with details of the study area, its geographical location, general
observations, etc. Techniques and method of analysis and method adopted has been
detailed in chapter 4. It is followed by Chapter 5 that gives the discussion on the results
of the analysis done with protection devices and without protection devices.
Chapter 6 shows the conclusions drawn from results and discussions followed by the
Scope of Further studies on the subject. The thesis ends with list of works referred during
the study and an Appendix includes Table which gives values of K and its service
conditions.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Transportation of water through pipeUne is of recent origin. All communities in

developed nations have piped water supply, developing nations also have started
providing water to many communities through pipe network. Water conveyance system
operates at varying pressure. Pumps on and offline, changes in temperature, demand and
tank levels alter system flow rate and pressure at a given time, resulting in initiating a
surge.
2.1 Surge Effect
Surge or water hammer is a phenomenon occurring in closed conduit or pipe flows,

associated with rapid changes in discharge in the pipe. The rapid change in discharge and
the associated velocity is accompanied by change in pressure, which is propagated
through pipe. Surge provides an advanced graphical interface and an easy transition
between steady state and transient flow modelling. The water hammer wave is
propagated at acoustic speed which varies with the material and wall thickness of the
pipe. Like any other wave phenomenon, the wave is transmitted and reflected at different
boundaries such as reservoir or pump. In a pumping main, changes in discharge may be
caused by:
(a) Valve closure or opening

(b) Starting of a pump
(c) Stopping of a pump
(d) Power failure
(e) Single pump failure when multiple pumps are in parallel operation.
While it is theoretically possible to build a water distribution system that is strong enough
to withstand the stresses caused by water hammer, but it is not necessary that the system
will be practical. One must locate the potential trouble spots, determine the possible
damage and implement a cost-effective strategy to mitigate the effect. The effect of surge
can be minor as loosening of pipe joints to as severe as damaging the pump, valve and
associated concrete structures. Damaged pipe joints and vacuum condition can cause
contamination of the system from groundwater and backflow situations. Worse still
uncontrolled surges can be catastrophic as well. Line breaks can cause flooding and line
shifting can cause damage to supports and even concrete piers and vaults. The losses,
both tangible and intangible can be in enormous and significant. Therefore, it is essential
that surges be understood well and controlled with suitable appurtenances, modes and
equipments devices.
2.2 Review of Water Hammer Theory and Practice
Ghidaoui, Zhao (2005) presented an overview of both historic developments and present
day research and practice in the field of hydraulic transients. In particular, the work
discusses mass and momentum equations for one-dimensional flow, wave speed,
numerical solution for one-dimensional problems, wall shear models; two-dimensional
mass and momentum equations, turbulence models, numerical solutions for two-
dimensional problems, boundary conditions, transient analysis software, and fiiture
practical and research needs in water hammer. The presentation emphasizes the
assumptions and restrictions involved in various governing equations so as to illuminate
the range of applicability as well as the limitations of these equations. Understanding the
limitations of current models is essential for (i) interpreting their results, (ii) judging the
reliability of the data obtained from them, (iii) minimizing misuse of water-hammer
models in both research and practice, and (iv) delineating the calculations of physical
processes from the contribution of numerical artefacts to the results of water hammer
models. Reviews on similar lines have been compiled by Rajeshwari (2013).
2.3 Historical Baclcground
Thus far, studies have been conducted to investigate the field of water hammer. During
the second half of the 19* century and the first quarter of the 20 century, majority of
publication on water hammer emanated from Europe. The conception of the theory of
surges can be traced to the works of Menabrea (1858, 1862), Michaud (1878), Von Kries
(1883), Frinzell (1898), Joukowsky (1900) and Allievi (1902, 1913).
Joukowsky (1900) performed classical experiments in Moscow in 1897/1898 and
proposed the law for instantaneous water hammer in a simple pipe system. This law
states that the (piezometric) head rise AH resulting from a fast (Tc<2L/a) closure of a
valve, is given by
AH= ^
Where,
a = pressure wave speed,
Vo = initial flow velocity,

g = gravitational acceleration,
L = pipe length,
Tc = valve closure time
The period of pipe, 2L/a is defined as the return time for water hammer wave to travel
from a valve to one end of the pipeline to a reservoir at the other end and back to the
valve.
The theoretical analysis performed independently by Joukowsky (1900) and AUievi
(1903, 1913) formed the basis for classical water hammer theory. Fortunately,
Joukowsky's work was translated by Simin in 1904, but AUievi's work was not
generally known outside Europe until Halmos made an English translation in 1925, Refer
to Rajeshwari (2013) M.tech thesis.
Lingireddy, et al. (2004) carried out the analysis of pressure surge in pipeline system
resulting from air releases. In their research, they noted that since air valve are integral
parts of a long pipeline passing through elevations, pressure surge propagation is quite
inevitable. Pressure surge will occur due to the release of air accumulated in a pipeline in
the course of transmission. But the effect of this would be reduced to a minimum if
proper sized surge suppression device like orifice plate is installed in the system. The
work specifically considered the pres-sure reduction in a pipeline system when a 12.5
mm orifice was installed in pipeline compared to a 75 mm orifice also installed. The
pressure surge when a 12.5 mm orifice plate was installed reduced to about 30 meter of
water while the pressure when a 75 mm orifice was in-stalled was still as high as 168
meter of water from a surge pressure of 210 meters of water.
Boulos et al. (2005) introduced a flow chart for surge design in Water Supply System
(WSS). The authors address a number of consequences of hydraulic transient, including
maximum pressure, vacuum conditions, cavitations, vibrations and risk of contamination.
They proposed three potential solutions in case the transient analysis revealed
unacceptable incidental pressures;
a. Modification of transient event, such as slower valve closure or flywheel;

b. Modification of the system, including other pipe material, other pipe routing, etc;
and
c. Application of anti-surge devices.
Rajrajeshwari (2013) carried out the analysis of the failure problem and the associated
solution to a water transmission main in the town of Una in Himachal Pradesh. The
problem was part of a bigger problem referred to Jindal Saw Ltd, for design. The pipeline
has been laid to provide drinking water to a group of 17 villages of gram panchayats from
Kohdra to Tutroo in Kutlehar area in Tehsil Bangana, District Una, Himachal Pradesh.
The transmission main is about 13 kilometres long, with 7.9 kilometres as pumping main
and remaining as gravitational main. The analysis has been done on pumping main of DN
250 DI K9 pipes with a discharge of 45.44 Ips through the pipe. Centrifugal pumps, jiffy
joints and flanged sockets have been used. The maximum pressure difference between
the maximum and minimum piezometric heads is found to be around 400 m. Due to a
huge pressure difference, positive as well as negative, the pipe had experienced a surge
resulting into leakage and bursting at various locations along the profile of the pipeline.
The problem has been analysed and redesigned for surge with the help of Surge
Analysis Program (SAP). It is software developed in-house at the Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore and has been in use for the design of surge protection systems for a
number of projects. For such an analysis, it involves simultaneous solution of two non-
8
linear first order partial differential equations in two unknowns (piezometric head and
velocity) in two independent variables (distance along the pipe and time). These
equations are derived based on momentum and continuity principles, taking into account
pipe material elasticity and compressibility of water. . As a result, this basic software has
been developed to a stage where practically any complex situation with regard to surges
in pumping mains can be analysed.
Bergant, Simpson and Tusseling have reviewed of research in the twentieth century
about Water Hammer with Column Separation. This report reviews water-hammer-
th
induced column-separation from the discovery of the phenomenon in the late 19

century, the recognition of its danger in the 1930s, the development of numerical
methods in the 1960s and 1970s, to the standard models used in commercial software
th
packages in the late 20 century. The review focuses on transient vaporous cavitations.
Gaseous cavitations and steam-condensation are beyond the scope of the report.
Gibson (1908) performed water hammer experiments with closure and opening of a
downstream valve in a laboratory pipeline apparatus. He indicated that gas release in a
part of the pipe section was initiated by a low-pressure (negative) wave. Strowger and
Kerr (1926) indicated that a ftill column separation in the draft tube of a reaction water
turbine could cause severe hydrodynamic loads following the turbine load rejection.
Thorley (1976) attributed the first work on vapor cavities to Hogg and Traill (1926) and
Langevin (1928). Mostowsky (1929) presented the first theoretical analysis of column
separation in an explanation of his laboratory measurements.
2.4 Appurtenances
To isolate and drain pipe sections for test, installation, cleaning and repairs, a number of
appurtenances or auxiliaries are generally installed in the line.
2.4.1 Air Valve

Air valves are fitted to release the air automatically when a pipeline is being filled and
also to permit air to enter the pipeline when it is being emptied. Additionally air valves
have also to release any entrained air, which might be accumulated at high points in the
pipeline during normal operations Without air valves, vacuum may occur at peaks and the
pipe could collapse or it may not be possible to drain the pipeline completely.
Location of air valve can be at both sides of gates at summits, the downstream side of
other gates and changes in grade to steeper slopes in sections of line not otherwise
protected b y air valves.
The valve usually takes the form of a rigid buoyant vulcanite or rubber-covered ball
seated on a rubber or metal ring. The sealing element i.e., the ball is slated against an
opening at the top of the valve when the pipe is full and seals the opening. When the
pressure inside the pipe falls below external pressure, the ball drops thereby permitting
air to be drawn into the. pipe.
V'iivt faê
Vata- sUm
V8]v«body
(a) Open (b) Closed

Fig. 2.1 (a) & (b) showing the open and closed condition of air valve
2.4.2 BUTTERFLY VALVE

Valve shaped like a butterfly. Butterfly valve used to regulate and stop the flow spatially
in case of large conduits. Optimal for automated operation with a low operating torque
and 90 degree operating angle. These would involve slightly higher head loss than sluice
valve and also are not suitable for continuous throttling. Butterfly valve have little
resistance to flow (allow smooth flow).They are sometime cheaper than sluice valve for
large sizes and occupy large space. Butterfly valve with no sliding part have the
10
advantage of ease of operation, compact size, reduced chamber valve house and improve
closing and retarding characteristics.
These are provided as per need and design of the Engineer-in-Charge. It may be noted
that any increase in the number of such valves entails additional pressure drop.
(a) Open ' (b) Closed

Fig. 2.2 (a) & (b) showing the open and closed condition of butterfly valve
2.4.3 Check Valves

Check valves, also called non-return valves or reflux valves, automatically prevent
reversal of flow in a pipeline. They are particularly useful in pumping mains when
positioned near pumping stations to prevent backflow, when pumps shut down. The
closure of the valve should be such that it will not set up excessive shock conditions
within the system.
(a)Open (b) Closed

Fig. 2.3 (a) & (b) showing the open and closed condition of check valve
11
2.4.4 Sluice Valves
Sluice valves or gate valves are the normal type of valves used for isolating or scouring.
They seal well under high pressure and when fiilly open, offer little resistance to fluid
flow. There are two t)/pes of spindles for raising the gate, a rising spindle which is
attached to the gate and does not rotate with the hand wheel, and a non rising spindle
which is rotated in a screwed attachment in the gate. The rising spindle is easy to
lubricate.
The gate may be parallel sided or wedge shaped. The wedge gate seal best, but may be
designed by grit. For low pressure, resilient or gunmetal scaling face may be used. For
high pressure, stainless steel seals are preferred.
(a) Open (b) Closed

Fig. 2.4 (a) & (b) showing the open and closed condition of gate valve
2.4.5 Zero velocity valves

Zero velocity valves are special type of spring loaded non-return valves intended for
upsurge control- The valve closure occurs gradually with the reduction in velocity
following power failure, resulting in full closure at zero velocity. The springs are
designed in such a manner that the valve remains full open when 25% of designed
velocity is achieved.
In case of closure of pump, disc starts closing in relation to decrease of velocity and
fully closes when velocity drops near to zero. Thus upstream water column is prevented
from creating water hammer wave. The Zero velocity valves are usually provided with
bypass which allows a small amount of reverse flow. Bye pass arrangement keeps
pressure balance on both sides of disc. It also prevents creation of vacuum in downstream
12
side. The size of Zero velocity valve is normally of the same size as that of transmission
main.
Citmini Open
(delivery)
Fig. 2.5 (a) & (b) showing the open and closed condition of zero velocity valve
2.5 Concluding Remarks
Since most liquids and water are transported through pipes, they are liable to be damaged
due to ill-functioning. Therefore it is necessary that system should be designed. Manual
design is complex, therefore use of suitable software be made. Surge Analysis Program
(SAP) is one software developed in-house at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
and has been in use for the design of surge protection systems for a number of projects.
For such an analysis, the software involves simultaneous solution of two non-linear first
order partial differential equations in two unknowns (piezometric head and velocity) in
two independent variables (distance along the pipe and time). These equations are
derived based on momentum and continuity principles, taking into account pipe material
elasticity and compressibility of water. As a result, this basic software has been
developed to a stage where practically any complex situation with regard to surges in
pumping mains can be analysed. Safety is necessary and important, so some protection
devices have been provided as described above.
13
CHAPTER 3
CASE DETAILS
The present work is surge analysis of water transmission main in the city of Ambala. The
pipe line had been designed for providing water from Narwana Branch to canal water
Pump House Ismailpur and up to canal based water works, Ambala city. The details of
the study area and the data of the pipeline was obtained from PWD PHE Division
Haryana, Ambala City.
3.1 Geographical Location

The study area falls in tehsil Ambala of the district Ambala in Haryana. The latitude and
longitude of the study area is 30*^ 22' 41"N and 76° 46' 50" E. The elevation of Ambala
is 278 m above the mean see level. The NSL at Ismailpur is 256.79m whereas at canal
based water works is 268.64m. The inlet pipe to receiving chamber is approximately 3.5.
1 1 !
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Fig«3.1 Location of Ambala

14
Naqar Shamblu ^
it
Ka-^M Pui 72
B.lfre' Nasdoli
Pn'i'O^ha'a
Tnqore
Gihel O-ird^;; Ofiencc
Cotony
Ambala City
Smgjmwaia Ambala
C^"" Dhulkot
Jmd.illi
Vilaqe
Ambata
Sadar Sarsebn
Kapyri Safarhefi
Sfll
Snmbhalkha
Isf^û rniif Map data ©2014 Google
Fig. 3.2 Location of Ismailpur and panjokhra
3.2 Topographical Details of the Pumping Main
Table 3.1 shows chainage and elevation of the natural ground on which the pipelme is to
be laid. The elevations have been recorded at a uniform difference of chainage of 30 m.
The L-section of the pipeline has also been drawn and shown in figure 5.3. Source of this
data is ihe office of Executive Engineer PWD (PHE).
15
Table 3.1 Elevation of the natural ground level along the proposed pipeline with chainage
Ch-chainage and El-Elevation
Ch(m) El(in) Ch(m) EI(m) Ch(m) El(m) Ch(m) El(m)
0 258.79 960 258.06 1920 257.14 2880 257.78
30 258.78 990 258.11 1950 257.31 2910 257.81
60 258.85 1020 258.22 1980 257.04 2940 257.52
90 258.00 1050 258.12 2010 257.58 2970 258.08
120 257.49 1080 258.26 2040 257.47 3000 257.86
150 257.59 1110 258.05 2070 257.68 3030 257.55
180 257.63 1140 258.35 2100 257.78 3060 258.60
210 257.68 1170 258.39 2130 257.76 3090 258.25
240 257.70 1200 258.2 2160 257.42 3120 258.23
270 257.77 1230 258.27 2190 257.45 3150 258.41
300 257.57 1260 258.17 2220 257.57 3180 258.58

330 257.83 1290 258.23 2250 257.45 3210 258.68
360 258.43 1320 257.82 2280 257.68 3240 258.40
390 257.98 1350 257.77 2310 257.74 3270 258.43

420 258.39 1380 257.7 2340 257.77 3300 258.58
450 258.67 1410 257.77 2370 257.59 3330 258.60
480 258.73 1440 257.74 2400 257.60 3360 258.67
510 258.11 1470 257.71 2430 257.82 3390 258.58
540 257.64 1500 257.76 2460 257.87 3420 258.75
570 257.72 1530 257.74 2490 257.79 3450 258.80
600 257.07 1560 257.73 2520 257.77 3480 258.92
630 257.65 1590 257.59 2550 257.64 3510 258.93
660 256.79 1620 257.1 2580 257.75 3540 259.00
690 256.74 1650 257.58 2610 257.73 3570 259.01
720 256.78 1680 257.71 2640 257.77 3600 259.65
750 256.82 1710 257.44 2670 257.40 3630 258.84
780 256.79 1740 257.66 2700 257.42 3660 258.77
810 258.07 1770 257.65 2730 257.72 3690 258.92
840 257.76 1800 257.62 2760 257.86 3720 258.64
870 257.9 1830 257.8 2790 257.88 33750 258.65
16
900 258.13 1860 257.54 2820 257.86 3780 258.94
930 258.11 1890 257.49 2850 257.85 3810 258.92
Ch(m) El(m) Ch(m) EI(m) Ch(m) El(m) Ch(m) EI(m)
3840 258.90 4800 260.95 5730 262.71 6720 263.07
3870 259.07 4830 260.26 5760 262.58 6750 263.61
3900 259.13 4860 260.26 5790 262.54 6780 263.33
3930 259.17 4890 260.29 5820 262.60 6810 263.31
3960 259.15 4890 261.29 5850 262.65 6840 262.98
3990 259.28 4920 261.51 5880 262.73 6870 262.97
4020 259.42 4950 261.51 5910 262.75 6900 262.98
4050 259.43 4980 261.53 5940 262.80 6930 263.87
4080 259.42 5010 261.38 5970 262.81 6960 264.35
4110 259.57 5040 261.97 6000 262.76 6990 264.68
4140 260.18 5070 261.83 6030 262.56 7020 265.61
4170 259.51 5100 261.83 6060 262.48 7050 264.53
4200 259.40 5130 261.79 6090 262.53 7080 263.56
4230 259.49 5160 262.80 6120 262.48 7110 263.33
4260 259.52 5190 262.13 6150 262.32 7140 263.04
4290 259.62 5220 262.23 6180 262.32 7170 263.07

4320 259.74 5250 262.42 6210 262.91 7200 263.52
4350 259.90 5280 262.22 6240 262.67 7230 263.72
4380 259.84 5310 262.03 6270 262.69 7260 264.68
4410 259.75 5340 262.13 6300 262.87 7290 264.57
4440 259.65 5370 262.20 6330 262.94 7320 263.90
4470 259.83 5400 261.96 6360 262.74 7350 263.48
4500 259.82 5430 262.26 6390 262.66 7380 263.40
4530 260.02 5460 262.32 6420 262.70 7410 263.09
4560 260.03 5490 262.27 6450 262.56 7440 263.11
4590 260.10 5520 262.22 6510 262.90 7470 263.31
4620 260.14 5550 262.44 6540 263.04 7500 263.43
4650 260.30 5580 262.58 6570 262.92 7530 263.48
4680 260.71 5610 262.49 6600 263.09 7560 263.62
4710 260.70 5640 262.41 6630 263.20 7590 263.58
17
4740 260.81 5670 262.45 6660 263.06 7620 263.67
4770 260.72 5700 262.57 6690 263.14 7650 263.85
Ch(m) El(m) Ch(m) El(m) Ch(m) EI(m) Ch(m) El(m)
7680 263.86 8640 265.22 9600 265.94 10560 266.78
7710 263.77 8670 265.44 9630 265.80 10590 266.64
7740 263.87 8700 265.56 9660 265.54 10620 266.60
lllQ 264.30 8730 265.50 9690 265.57 10650 266.65
7800 264.79 8760 265.43 9720 265.70 10680 266.43
7830 265.28 8790 265.35 9750 265.96 10710 266.38
7860 264.63 8820 265.43 9780 265.94 10740 266.67
7890 264.21 8850 265.50 9810 265.96 10770 267.27
7920 264.23 8880 265.49 9840 265.88 10800 267.89
7950 264.24 8910 265.34 9870 265.77 10830 267.14
7980 264.35 8940 265.26 9900 266.12 10860 266.48
8010 264.26 8970 265.33 9930 266.69 10890 266.40
8040 264.50 9000 265.54 9960 266.06 10920 266.24
8070 264.61 9030 265.64 9990 266.49 10950 266.30
8100 264.55 9060 265.41 10020 266.26 10980 266.11
8130 264.50 9090 265.50 10050 266.18 11010 266.03
8160 264.62 9120 265.90 10080 266.35 11040 266.09
8190 264.65 9150 266.03 10110 266.24 11070 266.01
8220 264.17 9180 266.01 10140 266.23 11100 266.09
8250 264.68 9210 266.00 10170 266.50 11130 266.50
8280 264.53 9240 265.97 10200 266.49 11160 266.56
8310 264.67 9270 266.28 10230 266.42 11190 266.69
8340 264.69 9300 265.88 10260 266.42 11220 266.44
8370 265.09 9330 265.56 10290 266.31 11250 266.79
8400 265.06 9360 266.02 10320 266.22 11280 266.22
8430 265.12 9390 266.27 10350 266.24 11310 265.62
8460 265.14 9420 266.08 10380 266.40 11340 265.74
8490 265.12 9450 266.25 10410 266.43 11370 265.86
8520 265.16 9480 266.26 10440 266.64 11400 265.90
8550 265.13 9510 266.32 10470 266.76 11430 266.43
18
8580 265.20 9540 266.31 10500 266.74 11460 265.75
8610 265.09 9570 266.20 10530 266.71 11490 265.60
Ch(m) El(m) Ch(m) El(m) Ch(m) El(m) Ch(m) El(m)
11520 265.80 12000 265.72 12540 266.32 13020 268.3
11550 265.70 12030 265.67 12570 266.73 13050 268.07
11580 265.79 12060 265.99 12600 266.78 13080 268.21
11610 265.85 12090 265.92 12630 266.71 13110 268.42
11640 265.75 12120 266 12660 266.85 13140 269.26
11670 265.60 12150 266.05 12690 267.26 13170 268.3
11700 265.79 12180 266.13 12720 267.12 13260 268.58
11730 266.13 12210 266.25 12750 267.08 13290 269.15
11760 265.96 12240 266.17 12780 266.96 13320 269.03
11790 265.65 12270 266.18 12810 267.08 13350 268.63
11820 265.73 12300 266.3 12840 268.1 13380 269.92
11850 265.67 12390 266.31 12870 268.51 13410 271.03
11880 265.65 12420 266.28 12900 268.6 13440 270.84
11910 265.82 12450 266.3 12930 268.64

11940 265.73 12480 266.65 12960 268.57
11970 265.65 12510 266.63 12990 268.45
19
03
Reduced Level(m)
»0 l^-> fO N-> KJ »^-> »o
CM cr> crs o> cn CO or> —J -•J
orj OO O fO X. 0> OO C3
J
U iT^ i
^ ^ 1
420 1
840 ^ ^ ! 1
1
1260 I* 1 1
1680 1
2100 1
1
2520
2940
3350
3780
4200 3» '
'
if*
4620
5040
I. P5460
i-5880
§^6300
^6720
7140 ^ j f 1
90
7560 V '
7980
a \ i •
5' 8400
w
8820 J\
9240
. 9660
10080 fX
T0500'
l^J
10920
11340
11760
12180 1
1
12600 t ^
i
13020 1 J
Fig.3.3 has been drawn from the data given in the level book, Source of the data is the office of
Executive Engineer PWD (PHE) Division, Haryana, Ambala City.
Highest elevation observed was 269.26 m at a chainage of 13080 m from the starting
point and minimum elevation was 256.74 at a chainage of 690 m as shown in Figure 3.3.
3.3 Details of Proposed Conveyance System
The pipe parameters are as follows
1. Total length of the total pipeline = 14 km

ii. Diameter of pipe =1000 mm
iii. Material of the pipes = Ductile Iron (DI) Pipes
iv. Specification of pipes = K9 pressure pipe
Following Diagram, Figure 3.4 shows the layout of the pipeline.
7^^ 28S.S3
RL
•SOOntr -
250.U
BOOSTING STATION
SVl
ISMAHem *OlNAl
TOTAL iEiN'CTH
14750 m
TO? fSXU.
260 RL
S.S
TANK
Water Work,
AMB.U.*Ci<>
CH.«IBrR
S.S
TANK
Fig.3.4 Idealised diagram
21
CHAPTER 4
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
The design of supply conduits is dependent on resistance to flow due to roughness

characteristics, available pressure or head, allowable velocities of flow, sediment
transport, quality of water and fund available.
Different methods to mathematically represent and solve the problem of water hammer
have been illustrated below.
In the present study of analysis of transmission mains for water transmission laid in
Ambala, Haryana, Initially analysis has been done manually with the help of Hazen-
William formula which is described earlier and after manual analysis Surge Analysis
Program (SAP) and Hytran have been applied. In SAP, the core part of the program
wherein the analysis by the method of characteristics is done uses the non-dimensional
form of the governing equations. All the dimensional inputs given are converted to the
required non-dimensional form in the software, before entering the analysis module.
There are two advantages in working with non-dimensional variables:
(a) The variables used in the computations remain within the same order for widely
varying physical problems and this facilitates improved numerical processing.
(b) Working with non-dimensional variables improves generalized understanding of

the problem in the long range
4.1 Basic Equations Governing tlie Surge Analysis Program
The basic equations for surge analysis are a set of two simultaneous first order partial
differential equations in two unknowns (piezometric head and velocity) in two
independent variables (distance along the pipe and time). The solution of the two partial
differential equation requires specification of initial conditions at time t = 0 that is before
the onset of surge; and boundary condition: external boundaries, such as pump and
delivery reservoir; and internal boundaries, such as air vessel and one way surge tank.
22
4.2 Mathematical Representation
The analysis of the problem may be mathematically presented as follows.
The two dependent unknown variables are;
A. Piezometric head, H and

B. Flow velocity V.
In general, H and V vary with distance along the pipe, x and time since the onset of
surge, t. At time t = 0, that is just before the onset of surge, H and V, are the x values
along the pipe line, based on working conditions. The problem is to determine H and V
values in the x-t domain, for x varying from start chainage to end chainage and t varying
from 0 to any specified value upto which solution is sought.
There are a number of formulae available for calculating the velocity of flow.
However, Hazen- William formula for pressure conduits and manning's formula for free
flow conduits have been popularly used.
4.2.1Hazen- William formula
The Hazen- Williams formula is expressed as:
V= 0.849 Cr°"s"^^ (4.1)
For circular conduits, the expression becomes
V= 4.567x10"^ Cd''^^ S"-^" (4.2)
And
Q=1.292xlO"^Cd^^^S°^^ (4.3)
Where,
Q = discharge in cubic meter per hour
D - diameter of pipe in mm
V = velocity in mps
r = hydraulic radius in m
S = slope of hydraulic grade line and
23
C = Hazen-Williams coefficient
Table 4.2.1-The values of Hazen-Williaras coefficient ' C for new conduit materials
and the values to be adopted for design purposes as per CPHEEO are shown below
Pipe Material Recommended C Values
New Pipes Design Purpose
Unlined Metallic Pipes
Cast Iron, Ductile Iron 130 100
Mild Steel 140 100
Galvanized Iron above 50 mm dia. 120 100
Galvanized Iron 50 mm dia. and below used for 120 55
houses service connections
Centrifugally Lined Metallic Pipes
Cast Iron , Ductile Iron and Mild Steel Pipes Lined
With Cement Mortar Or Epoxy
Up to 1200 mm dia. 140 140
Above 1200 mm dia. 145 145
Projection Method Cement Mortar Lined Metallic Pipes
Cast Iron, Ductile Iron and Mild Steel Pipes 130 110
Non Metallic Pipes
RCC Spun Concrete,
Prestressed Concrete
Up to 1200 mm dia. 140 140
Above 1200 mm dia. 145 145
Asbestos Cement 150 140
PVC, GRP and Plastic pipes. 150 145
In this analysis the C value has been taken 140 as per Central Public Health and
Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO).
4.3 Theoretical Approach
Surge phenomenon being a wave motion, the analysis problem is best solved by tracking
the solution along the path of the wave motion. The path of the wave motion in the x-t
plane (solution domain formed by distance along the pipe and time axes) is called
characteristic. There are two sets of characteristics corresponding to wave motions in the
24
positive X direction and negative x direction. The method of tracking the solution along
the paths of these two sets of characteristics is called the method of characteristics
(MOC). The theory and computational methodology for solution by the method of
characteristics is given in Wylie and Streeter (1978).
4.3.1 Conditions for Analysis
Three options are provided for simulation, namely;
A. Power Failure (PF),

B. Single Pump Failure (SPF), and
C. All Pumps Failure (APF).
The SPF and APF options are relevant only for the case where multiple pumps are in
parallel operation, and hence these two options are not available when there is only one
working pump.
For execution of SPF and APF options, following details regarding pump house
piping should be available;
a. Delivery pipe diameter of the individual pumps,

b. Type of pump, and
c. Closure characteristics of non-return valves in the delivery pipes.
These data are required for PF option also but if hydraulic details of pump house
piping are not finalized, approximate data may be provided for PF option.
Generally, until the final stages of the design, the design of surge protection system for
the transmission main may be based on analysis with PF option. During detailed
engineering, fine tuning of the design through surge analysis based on APF option may
be done.
25
4.3,2 Options for Protection Devices
A. Air vessel
The two key design parameters for the air vessel are:
a. The sizes parameter of the air vessel, KAV is calculated by
2Co a
KAV
QoL
where,
Co = air volume under working condition,
Qo = design discharge,
L = length of the transmission main, and
a = pressure wave velocity
b. Details of the connecting pipe between the air vessel and the rising main.
There are two types of connecting pipe system possible for the air vessel and based on
this, the designs are categorized as Type 1 designs and Type 2 designs.
The software is capable of handling both the design options. For Type 1 design, the
orifice size is to be provided along with connecting pipe size, and for Type 2 design, the
bypass size is to be provided along with cormecting pipe size.
The air vessel is assumed to be located near the pump house. The software fixes the
elevation of the air vessel based on ground level near the pump house, that is, at the air
vessel location.
In air vessel design, it may be decided to provide a non-return valve on the rising main
just upstream of the air vessel. This is particularly so if the number of working pumps is
large and the required size of non-return valve on the rising main is not unduly large. If
this non-return valve is not provided, the function of the air vessel will depend on the
proper fimctioning of all the non-return valves on the individual pump delivery pipes.
The software provides an option to include or not to include the non-return valve on the
rising main.
26
The data requirement for the air vessel is as follows;
i. Ground elevation at air vessel location (R.L., m)

ii. Size parameter of the air vessel, KAV(usual range 1 to 10, varied in design as per
requirement)
iii. Whether non-return valve provided on the rising main (YES/NO)
iv. Cormecting pipe size (mm)
V. Type of air vessel (1 or 2)
vi. For Type 1 Orifice
size (mm)
vii. For Type 2
Bypass size (mm)
If Type 1 design without orifice is used, the orifice size should be given the same as
the connecting pipe size.
B. One way surge tank
Normally, one way surge tank is located at a relatively elevated point along the alignment
of the rising main. In system with low to moderate pump head, one way surge tank
located near the pump house may also prove to be of advantage. One way surge tank may
be a ground level tank or an elevated tank (over head tank). The tank drains partly or
fully following power failure and on the restart of the pumps; the tank has to be refilled.
The choice of the size of the inflow pipe, whether of float valve filling arrangement or
bypass filling arrangement, is not based on surge analysis. It is based on available
pressure at the location of the tank and allowable or desired filling time.
For surge analysis, the data requirement for one way surge tank is as follows:
i. Location of the one way surge tank, chainage (m)

ii. Ground level at the tank location, RL (m)
iii. Staging height of the tank (m)
iv. Diameter of the tank (m)
V. Storage depth in the tank (m)
vi. Connecting pipe size (mm)
27
The software allows for multiple numbers of one way surge tanks and the above data
is to be given separately for each one way surge tank.
C. Zero velocity valves
Zero velocity valves are special type of spring loaded non-return valves intended for
upsurge control. The valve closure occurs gradually with the reduction in velocity
following power failure, reaching full closure at zero velocity. The velocity valve is
provided with a bypass which allows a small amount of reverse flow. The size of the zero
velocity valve is normally the same as the transmission main size. The software allows
for multiple numbers of zero velocity valves. For each valve, the data required is as
follows:
i. Location of the zero velocity valve, chainage (m)
ii. Bypass size of the zero velocity valve, (mm)
D. Dual plate check valves
The dual plate check valve is also a spring loaded non-return valve, with torsion spring
instead of compression spring as in the case of zero velocity valves. The dual plate check
valve is also intended to close with reduction in velocity. The software considers dual
plate check valve in two aspects:
a. Dual plate check valve on the individual pump delivery pipes within the pump
house,
b. Dual plate check valve used in the rising main at intermediate locations along the
alignment.
When dual plate check valve is used in the rising main, it may be of the same size as
the rising main. Normally, dual plate check valves are not provided with a bypass.
However, if dual plate check valves are to be used at some intermediate locations along
the aligimient, it is desirable to provide a bypass. It may be noted that when dual plate
check valve is used in the pump house for individual pump delivery pipes, no bypass
need be provided.
For dual plate check valves proposed at intermediate locations along the rising main,
the data requirement at each valve is as follows;
28
i. Locationof the dual plate check valve, chainage (m)
ii. Bypass size (mm)
(If there is no bypass, size may be specified as 0)
E. Intermediate non-return valve
There are pumping mains in which at some intermediate locations along the alignment,
swing valves are provided. The software allows for these valves assuming that the valve
closes instantaneously, with a delay following flow reversal. The delay can be zero or a
specified small duration (say 0.5 or 1.0 sec), at each intermediate non- return valve. The
data requirement is as follows;
i. Location of the valve, chainage (m)

ii. Bypass size (mm)
(If there is no bypass, bypass size may be specified as zero)
iii. Delay in closure (sec)
F. Air valves and air cushion valves
The software includes air valves and air cushion valves as vacuum breakers. In the
analysis, air valves are assumed to start fiinctioning as vacuum breaker at (-)3 m pressure,
while air cushion valves are assumed to start functioning as vacuum breaker on the onset
of sub atmospheric pressure. The program restricts the use of these valves to a maximum
of three. For each air valve and air cushion valve, the following data are required:
i. Sizeof the valve (mm)

ii. Location of the valve, chainage (m)
iii. Pipe invert level at the valves, RL (m)
G. Stand pipes
At locations along the aligimient where the hydraulic grade line is written a few metres of
pipe elevation, it may be occasionally advantageous to use a standing pipe for control of
downsurge. Such locations are usually likely to occur towards the delivery end. Though
the program allows multiple numbers of stand pipes, in practice, more than one stand
pipe is most unlikely. For the stand pipe, following data is required:
29
i. Location of the stand pipe, chainage (m)
ii. Diameter of the stand pipe (mm)
iii. Pipe invert level at the location, RL (m)
iv. Elevation of the top of the stand pipe, RL(m)
H. Surge relief valve
Surge relief valve is a piloted pressure relief valve, with a low pressure pilot and a high
pressure pilot. When the pressure goes below the low pressure pilot or above the high
pressure pilot, the valve opens, and when the pressure comes back within these limits, the
valve closes. The opening of the valve is rapid, while the closure is low to avoid
secondary surges due to closure. The surge relief valve is taken to be provided near the
pump house. More than one valve may be provided on the same branch or on separate
branches to improve the reliability of function.
The following are the data required for surge relief valve:
i. Number of valves
ii. Size of the valve (mm)
iii. Pipe invert level at valve location, RL, (m)
iv. Low pressure pilot setting (m)
V. High pressure pilot setting (m)
vi. Closure time (sec)
4.3.3 Options for Pump House Non-Return Valve
The software provided for a wide range of options for non-return valves on the delivery
pipes from individual pumps. Six options are provided which can be used practically to
cover any type of non-return valve. As the industry terminology in describing different
types of non-return valves is not very well standardized, in the following discussion, the
focus is essentially on the type of closure of the valve. In the output presentation, a
numerical code from 1 to 6 is assigned for each type of closure and the associated closure
characteristics are now described.
30
A. Code 1 type closure
Code 1 type closure refers to a rapidly closing swing check valve, assumed to close
instantaneously with or without delay, following flow reversal. A delay of 0.5 to 1.0 sec
may be usually considered. The effect of such a delay may be significant or otherwise
depending on the time scale of the system.
The data requirement for this type of closure is only specification of delay in closure.
If the delay is specified as 0, it refers to ideal closure.
B. Code 2 type closure
Code 2 type closure refers to a swing check valve closing with uniform speed, with
closure starting on flow reversal with or without delay. Generally, a large size swing
check valve takes a small finite time (less than 1 sec) for the full disc movement and such
closure may be represented by this type of closure. Alternately, a non-return valve whose
closure is slowed down by an external mechanism can also be represented by code 2
closure, provided the rate of closure is uniform.
The data requirement for this type of closure is as follows:
i. Time of closure (sec)

ii. Delay in closure (sec)
The delay can be specified as 0 if desired.
C. Code 3 type closure
Code 3 type closure refers to a non-return valve closing in two speed, with closure
starting on flow reversal with or without delay. This t)/pe of closure corresponds to a
valve wherein the first 90% closure occurs relatively rapidly, while the remaining 10%
closure takes place slowly. Generally, the delay for this type of closure may be ignored
and specified as 0, though the program provides an option for specifying a non-zero
delay. Non-return valves with an external counter weight and dash pot arrangement
generally fit in with this type of closure.
Another type of non-return valve for which Code 3 type closure may be used is
internally cushioned swing valve. While in valves with external dash pot arrangement,
31
the total closure time may be 10 sec to even 60 sec, for an internally cushioned swing
check valve, the closure time is likely to be less than 2 sec. However, within this closure
time, the first 90% closure occurs relatively rapidly.
The data requirement for code 3 type closure is as follows:
i. Time of first 90% closure (sec)

ii. Time of next 10% closure (sec)
iii. Delay in closure (sec) ^
The delay may be specified as 0 desired
D. Code 4 type closure
Code 4 type closure refers to non-return valve closing with uniform speed, with closure
starting from instant of pump trip. This type of closure requires transmission of a signal
on pump failure and operation of the valve through electrical or hydraulic or pneumatic
control. The data requirement for Code 4 type of closure is only the time of closure in
seconds.
E. Code 5 type closure
Code 5 type closure refers to non-return valve closing in two speed, with closure starting
from the instant of pump trip. The first 90% closure takes place relatively rapidly, while
the remaining 10% closure may be more gradual. Code 5 type closure also requires
transmission of a signal to identify pump/power failure and power pack arrangement with
external counter weight and dash pot assembly to achieve two speed closure.
The data required for code 5 type of closure is as follows:
i. Time of first 90% closure (sec)

ii. Time of next 10% closure (sec)
F. Code 6 type closure
Code 6 type non-return valve refers to dual plate check valve. The use.of dual plate check
valve in the pump house should be distinguished fi-om the application, where the dual
plate check valve is located in the rising main at intermediate locations along the
aligrmient. Here, the closure depends on the rate of deceleration of flow following power
32
failure or single pump failure. Dual plate check valve is normally a rapidly closing non-
return valve and hence the possibility of reverse flow developing through the valve may
be small. However, if the deceleration rate is too rapid, the effect of Code 1 type closure
with delay may also be studied while using dual plate check valve. This may be
particularly useful in deciding the test pressure of the dual plate check valve.
There is no special data requirement for dual plate check valve.
G. No closure of non-return valve
In order to simulate no closure of non-return valve, Code 1 type data may be used, giving
data for delay as 10000 sec.
4.3.4 Analysis of Water Column Separation
During the surge condition following power failure, it is possible that pressure at a
location reaches vapour pressure. This generally occurs at peak locations along the
aligrmient and in situations where there are no devices for control of downsurge. When
vapour pressure occurs at a location, there is pressure control at the location functioning
as a pseudo constant head location. There is separation of water column and the velocity
upstream and downstream of the location differs. Initially, the downstream velocity is
higher causing enlargement of the cavity and at a later time, the upstream velocity
becomes higher causing shrinking of the cavity. At the instant when the cavity fully
vanishes, a shock pressure rise is created at the location and its effect travels in both
directions. This phenomenon is called water column separation.
There are inherent limitations in analysing situations where there is extensive

occurrence of vapour pressure. The data requirement for analysis with water column
separation is as follows:
i. Location of water column separation, chainage (m)

ii. Pipe invert level at the location, RL (m)
33
4.3.5 Limitations of the Software
There are some limitations in the software, these are as follows:
a. Restriction of the total number of air valves and Air cushion valve to three only.
b. Another restriction imposed on the choice of protection devices is with regard to
certain combination of protection devices. There are two such restriction:
i. A combination of air vessel and surge relief valve is not permitted as both
are located near the pump house and the discharge through the surge
relief valve will significantly affect the efficiency of the air vessel.
ii. For upsurge control through spring loaded non return valves located along
the rising main, either zero velocity valve or dual plate check valve may
be used, but not a combination of both.
c. It is not applicable for trunk main networks with multiple reservoirs (however, the
software handles the manifold junction in the pump house).
d. It is not applicable for gravity mains.
4.4 About Hytran
HYTRAN is a data input program that forms part of the Institute of Hydrology's
HYDATA database system. HYTRAN has been designed to read data files containing
continuous time series data and to transfer the data automatically to a HYDATA
database. Many different types of datafile can be handled, including files produced by
loggers, telemetry systems, and other database systems. The types of data that can be read
include:
• Event data (stage, rainfall, lockage)

• Daily or monthly data (flow, rainfall, storage, general) Missing data
• Multiple blocks of data
• Yearbook style data (columns of time series data)
Date and time information can either be specified by the user, or read directly
from the file.
34
HYTRAN is operated using screen menus of the type used in HYDATA. Data file
formats are defined interactively and, once defined, can be stored for use with other files
fi-om the same data source. Data can be transferred either automatically, using a stored
format, or can first be checked on the screen, using HYTRAN's screen display facilities.
4.5 Other Formulae used
_ C
Pressure wave velocity, a — 7—jTjy:
where,
C = A constant
K = bulk modulus of elasticity of water
E = modulus of elasticity of pipe material
D= diameter of rising main
e = pipe wall thickness
ii. Flywheel effect,

GD^ = const X ( P / rpm)"'
where,
P = power
rpm = rotation per minute of the pump
GD^ of pump = (1/3) GD^
GDôfmotor = (2/3)GD^
35
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter includes analysis of the problem of transmission mains in the study area of
Ambala, (Haryana). The analysis has been carried out manually and with the help of
SAP, details of which have already been given in chapter 4.
5.1 Basic Principles for Output
Design of the output modules is based on the following principles:

a) The results presented should be such as to facilitate the design process for surge
protection system.
b) Results which are of uncertain nature and do not directly help in the design
process, need not be documented.
In the present work analyses has been done for the following two conditions:
a) Surge Analysis of Ambala transmission mains without surge protection, (Art 5.2)
b) Surge Analysis of Ambala transmission mains with surge protection, (Art 5.3)
Prior to the use of SAP, manually three trials have been made with different
discharges of 0.333 cumec, 0.666 cumec and 0.999 cumec and the results have been
presented on a Microsoft Excel sheet. For the first and second trials that were made with
discharges of 0.333 cumec and 0.666 cumec, the pipeline was found unsafe. However, for
the third trial with a discharge of 0.999 cumec the pipeline was found safe. The details of
these trails have been presented in tabular forms. Table 5.1 (a), (b) and (c).
36
Table-5.1: Detailed Calculation Sheet including Design Pressure Conditions
(a)First trial when discharge is 0.333 cumec.
-.^^fj'H^yh
Discharge of Single pump 0.333333333 Cumec
No. of pumps Nos
Total discharge (Q) 0.999999999 Cumec
Length of Pipe (L) 14 Km
hitemal dia of PI K9 pipe (as per IS 8329:2000) 1.009 m
Outside diameter of DI K9 pipe (as per IS
8329:2000) 1.048 m
Wall thickness of pipe as per IS 8329:2000 (CQ 0.0135 m
Area of cross section (A) 0.799193585 Sqm
Normal velocity in pipe line befire sudden closure
(Vo) as per CPHEEO manual 1.25 m/s
"^T"
*'i^&S^^:ffil^^Kffi^^^^K &ji257-.^^rf-(kdmC.)} I
Bulk Modulus of Water (k) 2.07E+08 kg/m^
Internal Diameter of pipe (d) 1.009 m
Wall Thickness (CQ 0.0135 m
Modulus of Elasticity of Pipe Material (E) 1.70E+10 kg/m"
Velocity of pressure wave (C) 1031.072643 m/s
Maximum rise in pressure in the closed conduit

above normal pressure (as per CPHEEO manual)
= VoxC/g 131.5128735 m
Static Head 12.85 m
Residual Head 3.5 m
mmmma^36xcdd^-^')f''^^xL •>..'-.i..'-:
QxlO" 28799999971
140
TTsr 79475591.2
14 Km
Frictional Head 1.983080433 m
Friction due to fixtures (10% of Frictional Head) 0.198308043
Total Head 150.044262 m
Design^PressurpjlBriditibns as per CPHEEO Guidelines
1.5 times maximum sustained operating head 27.79708271 m
1.5 times maximum pipeline static head 24.525 m
Sum of maximum sustained operating head and
maximum surge head 150.044262 m
37
Sum of maximum pipeline static head and
Design Pressure (Maximum of above) ^mm
rounded up value 151 m
5
15.1 kg/cm"
in kg/cm
inMpa ^0m^ w, -M^WMB
^^mm^m^^m^mm^ffSM,^^ mm..A
Internal Pressure (p in Mpa) 1.48131 MPa
Safety Factor (SF) 2.5
Minimum tensile strength (Rm) 420 MPa
Outside Diameter of pipe (D) 1048 mm
Minimum thickness required (ti) 4.599996604 mm
Check with Ct Unsafe >13.5mm
38
(b)Second Trial when discharge is 0.666 cumec
ir-- }' gûre - ^.,

above normal pressure (as per CPHEEO manual)=
VpxC/g 131.5128735 m
Static Head 12.85 m
Residual Head 3.5 m
Wmmm il^^ft.-
QxW 5.759E-08
Cf 140
ITST
79475591.2
14 km
S'iSS.L*'!
» i a s JJer GPHEEO;-!;. <^m
m
Design Pressure (Maximum of above) WM wmm^^ "Wp-::-
in kg/cm 17.7 kg/cm
JnMpa .*! .73637-^ Mpa
ierlSO 10803 for tUckness

^m^'^
:% ^^^:mmmimmi{i^)
*^
Internal Pressure (p in Mpa) 1.48131 Mpa

Minimum thickness required (ti) 4.599996604 mm
Check with Ct Unsafe >13.5mm
39
(c)Third trial at discharge 0.999 cumec.
vmâ^mm^' •Âfiiy

above normal pressure (as per CPHEEO manual)=
VpxC/g 131.5128735 m
Static Head 12.85 m
Residual Head 3.5 m
gggl(7/43SxeP3^B^*^^)]^^^^xL,when5 pump are working

QxW 86399999914
Cf 140
79475591.2
14 Km
Igi^liJe^^îfloDg^s^perCRBMiiiGlH^^
Design Pressure (Maximum of above) 111

in kg/cm 16.5 kg/cm
JnMpa iW^vfipi M P a >^j#?Au,"
sSS
l ^ ^ j j ^ j i M i ^ S C M O S O a forlhicknesrcalcuiatidn of PI pipes
^m^mm^ WM
: VH*-<?-
Intemal Pressure (p in Mpa) 1.61865 MPa

Minimum thickness required (tQ 5.02444163 mm
Check with Ct Safe <13.5mm
40
5.2 Analysis of Ambala Transmission Mains Without Surge Protection
Surge Analysis Program (SAP) allows for printing minimum and maximum piezometric
heads at any number of specified locations. Usually tabular results of heads have only
limited values in interpretation and decision making regarding design. Decisions are
conveniently made based on graphical presentation of results.
The following analysis has been carried out without any appurtenances for safety. The
input and output data are compiled in the result file named as sap.res and represented by
graphs and tables.
PROJECT : Augmentationof Water Resource, Ambala
PUMPING STATION: Ambala
ANALYSIS CASE : Power failure
DESIGN DISCHARGE IN THE TRANSMISSION MAE^ (cum/sec) = 0.999
INTERNAL DIAMETER OF THE TRANSMISSION MAIN (mm) = 1009.
LENGTH OF THE TRANSMISSION MAIN (m) = 14000.
START CHAINAGE OF TRANSMISSION MAIN (m) = 0.
PUMP HEAD (m) = 40.0
PRESSURE WAVE VELOCITY (m/sec) = 1031.
WATER LEVEL IN THE SUMP (RL,m) = 253.00
DELIVERY LEVEL AT THE D/S RESERVOIR (RL,m) = 268.33
NUMBER OF WORKING PUMPS = 2
RATED DISCHARGE OF THE PUMP (cum/sec) = .500
RATED PUMP HEAD (m) = 40.0
RATED PUMP EFFICIENCY (%) = 80.0
RATED SPEED OF THE PUMP (rpm) = 1450
GD-SQUARE VALUE OF THE PUMP (kgf-sqm) = 10.47
GD-SQUARE VALUE OF THE MOTOR (kgf-sqm) = 29.94

41
IS NON REVERSE ROTATION RATCHET PROVIDED = NO
PUMP DELIVERY PIPE DIAMETER (mm) - 1048.
PRESSURE WAVE VELOCITY FOR DELIVERY PIPE (m/sec) = 1031.
CODE FOR TYPE OF PUMP HOUSE NON-RETURN VALVE = 1
DELAY IN CLOSURE OF SWING CHECK VALVE (sec) = 5.00
NOTES:
a. Where moderate to extensive occurrence of vapor pressure is indicated by analysis,

the results are to be treated as of qualitative value only.
b. Where air valves/air cushion valves are used as vacuum breaker the results are to be
treated as approximate.
DETAILS REGARDING PUMPS
TIME OF FLOW REVERSAL (sec) = ******
MINIMUM FLOW OF PUMP (%) = 68.0
MINIMUM HEAD OF PUMP (%) =-10.0
MAXIMUM HEAD OF PUMP (% = 100.0
MINIMUM SPEED OF PUMP (%) = 23.8
42
o to o ir> O t O O i O O i O C D i n O
o cx> a> 00
CO CN CN CN C N C N C N C S O J C M C N C N C s l
ui '-]^ 'uo!)eA9|3
43
0
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' • - * •
X< I -_r i- 00
[
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1
i
iv i 0
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f . 4, • 4- - 0
I CN
i
1 i 0
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1- I + T 4.- .. . \ 4 „ . „ _ 1
- 0
i
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• • + • - 0
\ i 0
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i
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(0
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CM <N CN CN <N CN r ^
Ul ' I d 'uouBAaia
44
n
51
ii
1 S
i-5
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a
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= I
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M » n r » <«> T>M
45
5.2.1 Observations
The minimum and maximum piezometric heads along the chainage, in terms of elevation
have been shown in Figure 5.1.
From the figure it may be observed that while the minimum piezometric heads are
decreasing from 249.565 at 0 m chainage to 259.291 at 4200m chainage, the maximum
piezometric heads are similarly decreasing along the chainage. Maximum piezometric
head observed 760 m at zero and minimum piezometric head 540 m respectively.
On traversing the entire length of 14000 m of the pipeline, maximum piezometric
heads are seen to decrease by 7.465 % and minimum piezometric heads are seen to
decrease by 3.751 % with respect to the piezometric heads from the starting point to
4200m chainage and after that it become equal to maximum piezometric head from
4200m to 13020 along the chainage.
Every pump is designed to bear limited negative piezometric head. In the present
study centrifugal pump has been used which can bear a negative head of-10 m. From the
figure 5.1 it has been shown that the pump is experiencing negative pressure head which
is within the permissible range. Fig. 5.2 also shows minimum piezometric head with
elevation.
Fig. 5.3 shows the rate of pressure drop of specified locations has been illustrated. The
location have been specified the topography of the study area. No. of locations for
plotting pressure drop rate were taken to be five using software Hytem. Hytem is another
software has been used for surge analysis.
From the steady flow resuh, it is observed that the ductile iron pipe DN 1000, K9 is
capable of withstanding a maximum pressure of 33.2 m head.
However, in the transient analysis it is found that negative pressure pockets are
developed along the stretch of the pipe line. Ductile kon pipe DNIOOO, K9 is able to
withstand negative pressure of-9 m head, . Maximum negative was observed is -8.898m
at 1820 m chainage, hence, the pipe is safe at the present condition.
46
5.3 Analysis of Ambala Transmission Mains With Surge Protection
After Surge Analysis without protection, it was found that pipehne is safe without
providing any safety devices. However, it is recommended to provide air valves at every
1 km distance as per CPHEEO's manual.
Two triall have been made with surge protection and following analysis has been
carried out.
5.3.1 Trial 1 with Protection Device

In the first phase of protection three number of Air Valve have been provided at
corresponding cahinage Om, 6000 m, and 12000 m From Fig. 5.4 and Fig. 5.5, it has been
shown that minimum pressure was occurred at a elevation of 255 m while it was occurred
at a elevation of 249.56 m. Minimum negative head was found is - 0.815 m, which is
negligible and within the permissible range, hence it is safer than analysis without
protection devices.
5.3.2 Trial 2 with Protection Device
In the second phase of protection three number of Air Valve have been provided at
corresponding cahinage Om, 3000 m, and 9000 m. Air Valves are able to reduce negative
pressure. From Fig. 5.6 and Fig. 5.7, it has been shown that minimum pressure was
occurred at a elevation of 255 m while it was occurred at a elevation of 249.56 m.
Minimum negative head was found is - 1.495 m, which is negligible and within the
permissible range, hence it is safer than analysis without protection devices. More
numbers of trials can also be conducted for further analysis.
Table 5.3 Details of Protection Devices Provided
Appurtenances Chainage Elevation

(m) (m)
Trial 1
Air Valve 1 0 258.79
Air Valve 2 6000 262.76
Air Valve 3 12000 265.72
Trial 2
Air Valve 1 0 258.79
Air Valve 2 3000 257.86
Air Valve 2 9000 265
47
300
295 Alianment--
290 : - - . *«**i^
A/taxirnumh-ead
a 285
280
o 275
••c
270
:a265
ti
260
255
250
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000100001000200013000
Chainage, m
Fig 5.4: Minimum and Maximum Piezometric Heads
290
A lignm ent
285
- ^ ^linimi im
S280
Head
^'275
§270
I 265
»
W260 ^T-IioT--^ e»*^
255
250 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 900010000100020003000
Chainage, m
Fig 5.5: Minimum Piezometric Heads
48
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 90001000010001200013000
Chainage, m
Fig 5.6: Minimuiii and Maximum Piezometric Heads
290
—A ignnrii jnt
285
S280 - ^ M inimu m.He ad f ^
^^275
e 270
265
W260
^ff!!»»«^
255 i^^
250
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 90001000011000 200CI3000
Ciiainage, m
FigS.7: Minimum Piezometric Heads
49
Table 5.2 Shows the Head, HGL and TEL with respect to pipe RL
Node Head Pipe HGL TEL

no. HGL (m) RL(m) (gauge), (m)
Head Pipe RL (gauge), TEL (m)
(m) (m) (m) (m)
Pump 1,
pipe-1 33.13 258.79 291.92 291 31.15 258.01 289.16 289.24
33.09 258.75 291.84 291.92 30.96 258.12 289.08 289.16
33.05 258.71 291.84 291.84 30.77 258.23 289 289.08
33.01 258.68 291.68 291.76 30.58 258.33 288.92 289
32.97 258.64 291.6 291.68 30.4 258.44 288.84 288.92
32.92 258.6 291.52 291.61 AIRV4 30.21 258.55 288.76 288.84
32.88 258.56 291.45 291.53 30.21 258.47 288.68 288.76
32.84 258.52 291.37 291.45 30.21 258.39 288.6 288.68
32.8 258.49 291.29 291.37 30.22 258.31 288.52 288.61
32.76 258.45 291.21 291.29 30.22 258.23 288.45 288.53
32.72 258.41 291.13 291.21 30.22 258.15 288.37 288.45
32.68 258.37 291.05 291.13 30.22 258.07 288.29 288.37
32.64 258.34 290.97 291.05 30.22 257.99 288.21 288.29
32.6 258.3 290.89 290.97 30.23 257.9 288.13 288.21
32.55 258.26 290.81 290.9 30.23 257,82 288.05 288.13
AIRV2 32.55 258.26 290.81 290.9 30.23 257.74 287.97 288.05
32.58 258.16 290.74 290.82 30.23 257.66 287.89 287.97
32.6 258.06 290.66 290.74 30.23 257.58 287.81 287.89
32.62 257.95 290.58 290.66 30.23 257.5 287.73 287.82
32.64 257.85 290.5 290.58 JUNC5 30.24 257.42 287.66 287.74
32.67 257.75 290.42 290.5 29.81 257.77 287.58 287.66
32.69 257.65 290.34 290.42 29.38 258.12 287.5 287.58
32.71 257.55 290.26 290.34 28.95 258.47 287.42 287.5
32.74 257.45 290.18 290.26 28.52 258.82 287.34 287.43
32.76 257.35 290.1 290.18 28.1 259.17 287.27 287.35
32.78 257.24 290.02 290.11 27.67 259.52 287.19 287.27
32.8 257.14 289.95 290.03 27.24 259.87 287.11 287.19
JUNC3 32.83 257.04 289.87 289.95 26.81 260.22 287.03 287.11
32.64 257.15 289.79 289.87 26.39 260.57 286.96 287.04
32.45 257.26 289.71 289.79 25.96 260.92 286.88 286.96
32.27 257.36 289.63 289.71 25.53 261.27 286.8 286.88
32.08 257.47 289.55 289.63 25.1 261.62 286.72 286.8
31.89 257.58 289.47 289.55 AIRV6 24.68 261.97 286.65 286.73
31.71 257.69 289.39 289.47 24.55 262.02 286.56 286.65
31.52 257.8 289.31 289.39 24.42 262.06 286.48 286.57
50
31.33 257.9 289.23 289.23 24.3 262.11 286.4 286.49
24.17 262.15 286.32 286.41 18.15 264.94 283.09 283.17
24.05 262.2 286.24 286.33 17.98 265.03 283.01 283.09
23.92 262.24 286.16 286.25 17.81 265.11 282.93 283.01
23.8 262.29 286.08 286.16 17.64 265.2 282,85 282.93
23.67 262.33 286 286.08 17.48 265.29 282.77 282.85
23.55 262.38 285.92 286 17.31 265.38 282.69 282.77
23.42 262.42 285.84 285.92 17.14 265.46 282,6 282.69
23.29 262.47 285.76 285.84 16.97 265.55 282,52 282.61
23.17 262.51 285.68 285.76 AIRV10 16.8 265.64 282.44 282.53
JUNC7 23.04 262.56 285.6 285.68 16.69 265.68 282.37 282.45
22.83 262.7 285.53 285.61 16.57 265.72 282.29 282.37
22.61 262.84 285.45 285.53 16.46 265.76 282.21 282.3
22.39 262.98 285.37 285.45 16.34 265.79 282.14 282.22
22.17 263.12 285.3 285.38 16.23 265.83 282.06 282.14
21.96 263.26 285.22 285.3 16.11 265.87 281.98 282.07
21.74 263.4 285.14 285.22 16 265.91 281.91 281.99
21.52 263.54 285.07 285.15 15.88 265.95 281.83 281.91
21.3 263.69 284.99 285.07 15.77 265.99 281.75 281.84
21.09 263.83 284.91 284.99 15.65 266.03 281.68 281.76
20.87 263.97 284.84 284.92 15.54 266.06 281.6 281.68
20.65 264.11 284.76 284.84 15.42 266.1 281.52 281.61
20.43 264.25 284.68 284.76 15.31 266.14 281.45 281.53
20.22 264.39 284.61 284.69 AIRVll 15.19 266.18 281.37 281.45
AIRV8 20 264.53 284.53 284.61 15.12 266.17 281.29 281.37
19.92 264.53 284.45 284.53 15.04 266.17 281.21 281.29
19.84 264.53 284.37 284.45 14.97 266.16 281.13 281.21
19.77 264.52 284.29 284.37 14.9 266.15 281.05 281.13
19.69 264.52 284.21 284.29 14.82 266.15 280.97 281.05
19.61 264.52 284.13 284.21 14.75 266.14 280.89 280.97
19.53 264.52 284.05 284.13 14.68 266.13 280.81 280.89
19.45 264.51 283.97 284.05 14.6 266.12 280.73 280.81
19.38 264.51 283.89 283.97 14.53 266.12 280.65 280.73
19.3 264.51 283.81 283.89 14.46 266.11 280.57 280.65
19.22 264.51 283.73 283.81 14.38 266.1 280.49 280.57
19.14 264.5 283.65 283.73 14.31 266.1 280.41 280.49
19.06 264.5 283.57 283.65 A(RV 12 14.24 266.09 280.33 280.41
JUNCg 18.99 264.5 283.49 283.57 14.19 266.06 280.25 280.33
18.82 264.59 283.41 283.49 14.14 266.03 280.17 280.25
18.65 264.68 283.33 283.41 14.08 266 280.09 280.17
18.48 264.76 283.25 283.33 14.03 265.98 280.01 280.09
51
18.32 264.85 283.17 283.25 13.98 265.95 279.93 280.01
13.93 265.92 279.85 279.93 12.29 266.61 278.9 278.98
13.88 265.89 279.77 279.85 12.04 266.79 278.83 278.91
13.82 265.86 279.69 279.77 11.78 266.97 278.75 278.83
13.77 265.83 279.61 279.69 11.53 267.14 278.67 278.75
13.72 265.81 279.53 279.61 11.28 267.32 278.6 278.68
13.67 265.78 279.45 279.53 11.02 267.5 278.52 278.6
13.62 265.75 279.37 279.45 10.77 267.68 278.44 278.52
JUNC13 13.57 265.72 279.29 279.37 10.51 267.85 278.37 278.45
13.31 265.9 279.21 279.29 10.26 268.03 278.29 278.37
JUNC
13.06 266.08 279.13 279.21 14 10 268.21 278.21 278.29
12.8 266.25 279.06 279.14 9.86 268.27 278.13 278.21
12.55 266.43 278.98 279.06 9.72 268.33 278.05 278.14
•HEAD (m)
256 258 260 262 264 266 268 270

Pipe RL(iii)
Fig. 5.8 Variation of head with pipe RL
52
PIPE RL vs HGL (Gauge) (m)
X-axis-Pipe RL(m)
294
292 Y-axis-HGL (m)
290
288
286 t -
284 •HGL (Gauge) (m)
282
280
278
276
256 258 260 262 264 266 268 270
Fig. 5.9 Vaiiatioji of HGL (Gauge) with pipe RL
Xaxis- Total Energy Line(m)

PIPE RLvs TEL (m)
Y axis-Pipe RL(m)
•TEL(m)
256 258 260 262 264 266 268 270
Fig. 5.10 Variation of Total Energy Line with pipe RL
53
Fig 5.8, Shows that head decreasing from 33.16 m at 256 m pipe RL to 9.82 at pipe Rl
268.73 m. Similarly Fig.5.9 HGL gauge decreasing from 291.92 m to 278.05 m and
Fig.5.10 Total Energy line also decreasing from 291 m to 278.14 m.
5.4 Summary of Results

a) Maximum piezometric head was 760 m and it decrease by 7.465 %.
b) Minimum piezometric head was 540 and it decrease by 3.751 %.
c) Maximum negative pressure was observed as -8.89 at a chainage of 1820, which is
within the permissible range.
d) The system was found safe after Surge Analysis, therefore it is recommended to
provide air valve at every one km distance as per codal provision.
Two trial have been performed with safety devices by which the elevation at which
negative pressure was occurred, reduced from 249.56 m to 255m and in first trial
minimum piezometric head decreasing with -0.815% and in second trial minimum
piezometric head decreasing with -1.495 %. After two trials system was found more safer
than the analysis has been done without protection.
5.5 Limitations of Analysis
The results of the analysis should be interpreted with an understanding of the limitation
of the analysis.
i. i. When minimum piezometric head profile shows minimum pressures lower than
-10 m, the results are to be treated as of qualitative values. Spurious minimum
pressures with negative values in excess -10 m will be indicated which has some
practical advantages,
ii. Effect of Air Valves: Where air valve effect as vacuum breaker is used, the
analysis should be treated as approximate as the present software does not
consider two phase flow effects.
54
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
In the present work, a case of surge analysis of water transmission main in Ambala (HR)
has been analysed. A pipeline had been laid for supplying water for domestic use. It was
laid from Narwana Branch to canal water Pump House Ismailpur and up to canal based
water works, Ambala city.
Analysis has been done manually with the help of Hazen William's formula, and
using software Surge Analysis Program (SAP). SAP provides with salient features to
design the pumping main with surge protection for proper functioning, Chainage,
Elevation, the alignment of the pipeline and pump details constituted the input to the
software. Based on the observations and the output of the software and manually analyses
following conclusions have been drawn:
A. Manual Analysis
Based on the observation a DI 1000 K9 pipe has been designed as per the design and
hydraulic data available, manually the 1000mm pipe line has been found to be safe at
0.999 cumec discharges while it was not safe at discharge 0.333 cumec and 0.666 cumec
.The calculated pressures at the discharge of the pumps while miming one, two and three
pumps including the surge pressure is about 7 kg/cm^, 12. kg/cm^ and 17 kg/cm'^
respectively. This is less than the 36 kg/cm'^ pressure (Maximum allowable pressure
including surge) as recommended by IS 8329:2000.
B. Software SAP Analysis
i. The maximum piezometric head observed 760 m at zero chainage.
ii. The minimum piezometric head observed 540 m at zero chainage.
iii. The HGL falls from 291.92 to 278.04 at corresponding elevations 258.79 and
258.01 .
55
iv. The TEL falls from 291 to 278.14 ay corresponding elevations 258.79 and
258.01.
With Protection Devices
Three Air Valves have been provided in trial 1 at corresponding chainage Om, 6000 m
and 12000 m, and in trail 2 at corresponding chainage 0 m, 3000 m, and 9000 m.
6.1 Generals Recommendations
a) One number zero velocity valve is to be placed on the headed pipe just after the
pump house. More than one valve may be provided on the same line to improve the
reliability of arrangement.
b) One number surge relief valve is to be placed on the headed pipe just after the
pump house. More than one valve may be provided on the same line to improve the
reliability of arrangement.
c) The air relief valves are recommended to be provided at every one km of the pipe
aligrmient and in addition to this also at all the location where the pipe gradient
changes. Recommended sizes as per this criteria fall between 80mm and 125mm. an
optimum 100mm size may be adopted.
d) Butterfly valves are required for isolating or regulating flow in a pipeline. Since in
this case, it is a single rising main with no branches, the decision to provide this
(these) valve(s) is left to the Engineer-in-Charge. However, if these valves are to be
provided, the following factors may be duly considered.
i. The valve(s) should divide the total pipeline into appropriate segments
ii. Easeof approach for operation
It may be duly noted that any increase in the number of such valves entails additional
pressure drop.
56
6.2 Scope for Further Studies
a) The present case study needs to be studied by using different software and a
comparison made thereof.
b) Column Separation effect can also be considered besides the surge effect in
designing of the pipeline.
c) More real time case studies on varying terrain must be studied.
d) More and different options with varying parameters can be used for further
studies.
e) Sensitivity Analysis varying unit length and unit elevation may be carried out.
57
REFERENCES
Allievi, L., 1913, "Teoria del colpo d'ariete," Atti CoUegio Ing. Arch. (English
translation by Halmos EE 1929), "The Theory of Water hammer," Trans. ASME.
Avi Ostfeld "Water Supply Analysis - selected topics" In Tech Publishers Janeza Trdine
9.51000 Rijeka, Croatia, December, 2012.
Bergant Anton, Simpson Angus R and Tusseling Arris S, 20* Century, "Water Hammer
with Column Separation, A review of Research in the Twentieth Century".
Bong Seog Jung, Paul F. Boulos, and Don J. Wood, 2007, " Pitfalls of Water Distribution
Model Skeletonization for Surge analysis ".
Frizell, J. P., 1898, "Pressures Resulting from Changes of Velocity of Water in Pipes,"
Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 39, pp. 1-18.
Ghigaoui S, Mohamed S. and Ming Zhao, 2005, "A Review of Water Hammer Theory
and Practice", Hong Kong, China.
IS 8329:2000; Indian Standard for Centrifugally Cast (Spun) Ductile Iron Pressure Pipe
for Water, Gas and Sewage- Specification.
Ivo Pothof and Bryan Kamey, 26/02-29/02/ 2012, "Guidelines For Transient Analysis In
Water Transmission and Distribution System".
Johannes Von BCries, 1883, "A Precursor in Waterhammer Analysis-Rediscovering".
Jolene G. Northrop, P.E.- Olver Incorporated A CHA Company, " Surge Suppression
And In Pumping Systems".
Manual On Water Supply And Treatment, Central Public Health And Environmental
Engineering Organisation, 1999.
Rajeshwari Raj„2013,M.Tech Thesis "Design Of Surge Protection System For Water

Supply Scheme In Una(HP)", submitted to NIT Kurukshetra.
Lingireddy S, Wood DON J, and Zloczower Naftali, 2004, "Pressure Surges in Pipelines
Systems Resulting from Air Releases".
Sridharan K. and Majumdar P.P., (1999) User Manual of Surge Analysis Program,
Department of Civil engineering, Indian Institute Of Science,.
58
Streeter, V. L. and Wylie, E. B., 1967, Hydraulic Transients, McGraw-Hill, New
York.Surge Analysis Report for Sohna Town, Delta System, Pune, 2011.
Rani Seema, Setia Baldev and Bhatia Upain(2013) "Surge Analysis Of Water
Transmission Main,A Case Study" Paper presented at the National Conference on
Current Advance in Hydraulics, Hydropower Engineering and Water Conservation
(CAHHEWC-2013), NIT Kurukshetra, Haryana, India, Nov., 15-16, 2013.
Rani Seema, Setia Baldev, "Surge Analysis Of Water Transmission Main In Ambala, A
Case Study" Paper presented at the National Conference on Water Resources
Management-Achievement & Challenges (WRM-AC 2014) Department of Civil
Engineering Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India, March, 22,2014.
59
APPENDIX
FROM IS 8329:2000
Table No. I: Value of K and its following service condition
Service Conditions
Nominal Water Sewer Gas mains
Dia Main
80-300 K9-K12 K7-K12 K9-K12

350-600 K8-K10 K7-K10 K9-K10
700-2000 K7-K10 K7-K10 K9-K10
Table No. II: Minimum Class for Ductile Iron Flanged Pipes
Nominal Screwed on Flange Welded on Flange

Dia. Minimum Minimum
PNIO PN16 PN25 FN 40 PNIO PN16 PN25 PN40
80-450 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9
25500-600 KIO KIO KIO K9 K9 K9 KIO
700-1200/ KIO KIO - K9 K9 K9 -
\mS^ KIO KIO - K9 K9 -
im^
Table No. Ill: Hydrostatic test Pressure at Works for Ductile Iron Pipes
(Clauses 4.6 and 11.1)
Nominal Minimum Hydrostatic Test Pressure at Works, Mpa

Diameter (DN) Centrifugally case pipes Pipes with screwedor welded-on
Mm with flexible joints flanges
Class
Class K8 Class K9, PNIO PN16 PN25 PN40
K7
Class KIO, Flange flange flange flange
Class K12
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
80 to 300 3.2 4.0 5.0 1.6 2.5 3.2 4.0
350 to 600 2.5 3.2 4 1.6 2.5 3.2 4.0
700 to 1000 1.8 2.5 3.2 1.6 2.5 3.2 -
1100 to 2000 1.2 1.8 2.5 1.6 2.5 3.2 -
60
Note - Recommended hydrostatic site test pressure and hydraulic working pressure are given in Table IV
Table No. IV: Hydrostatic Site test Pressures and Hydraulic Working Pressure.
Allowable Operating
Allowable Maximum Allowable Site Test
DN (excluding surge) AOP Operating Pressure 'ressure STP
(including surge) MOP
K7 K8 K9 KIO K7 K8 K9 KIO K7 K8 K9 KIO
Mm M 5a M 3a Mpa
80 0.8 6.4 6.4 6.4 1.25 7.7 7.7 7.7 1.75 9.6 9.6 9.6
100 0.8 6.4 6.4 6.4 1.25 7.7 7.7 7.7 1.75 9.6 9.6 9.6
125 0.8 6.4 6.4 6.4 1.25 7.7 7.7 7.7 1.75 9.6 9.6 9.6
150 0.8 6.4 6.4 6.4 1.25 7.7 7.7 7.7 1.75 9.6 9.6 9.6
200 0.8 1.0 6.2 6.4 1.25 1.5 7.4 7.7 1.75" 2.0 7.9 9.6
250 0.8 1.0 5.4 6.1 1.25 1.5 6.5 7.3 1.75 2.0 7.0 7.8
300 0.8 1.0 4.9 5.6 1.25 1.5 5.9 6.7 1.75 2.0 6.4 7.2
350 0.8 1.0 4.5 5.1 1.25 1.5 5.4 6.1 1.75 2.0 5.9 6.6
400 0.8 1.0 4.2 4.8 1.25 1.5 5.1 5.8 1.75 2.0 5.6 6.3
450 0.8 1.0 4.0 4.5 1.25 1.5 4.8 5.4 1.75 2.0 5.3 5.9
500 0.8 1.0 3.8 4.4 1.25 1.5 4.6 5.3 1.75 2.0 5.1 5.8
600 0.8 1.0 3.6 4.1 1.25 1.5 4.3 4.9 1.75 2.0 4.8 5.4
700 0.8 1.0 3.4 3.8 1.25 1.5 4.1 4.6 1.75 2.0 4.6 5.1
750 0.8 1.0 3.3 3.7 1.5 1.5 3.9 4.4 1.75 2.0 4.4 4.9
800 1.0 1.0 3.2 3.6 1.5 1.5 3.8 4.3 2.0 2.0 4.3 4.8
900 1.0 1.0 3.1 3.5 1.5 1.5 3.7 4.2 2.0 2.0 4.2 4.7
1000 1.0 1.0 3.0 3.4 1.5 1.5 3.6 4.1 2.0 2.0 4.1 4.6
1100 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.3
1200 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.3
1400 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.2
1600 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.1
1800 2.6 2.6 2.6 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 4.1
2000 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 4.0
61
Table No. V: Dimensions of Sockets and Spigot Pipes, Classes K7, K8,K9 and KIO
Clauses 3.21, 12.2, 13.3, and 15.3.2
All dimensions are in millimetres
Nominal External Barrel Wall Thickness

Diameter Diameter 'e'
DN DE K7 KB K9 KIO
80 98 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
100 118 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.1
125 144 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.3
150 170 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.5
200 222 5.0 6.0 6.3 7.0
250 274 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.5
300 326 5.6 6.4 7.2 8.0
350 378 6.0 6.8 7.7 8.5
400 429 6.3 7.2 8.1 9.0
450 480 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.5
500 532 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
600 635 7.7 8.8 • 9.9 11.0
700 738 9.0 9.6 10.8 12.0
750 790 9.7 10.0 11.3 12.5
800 842 10.4 10.4 11.7 13.0
900 945 11.2 11.2 12.6 14.0
1000 1048 12.0 12.0 13.5 15.0
1100 1152 14.4 14.4 14,4 16.0
1200 1255 15.3 15.3 15.3 17.0
1400 1462 17.1 17.1 17.1 19.0-
1600 1668 18.9 18.9 18.9 21.0
1800 1875 20.7 20.7 20.7 23.0
2000 2082 22.5 22.5 22.5 25.0
62

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SURGE ANALYSIS OF WATER TRANSMISSION MAIN IN AMBALA, A

SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

(WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Lastly, I would like to show gratitude to every individual who assisted me in

Date: 2.5 10 6 120/ 4 (Seema Rani)

Place: Kurukshetra (3120503)

1.1 About Surge Analysis in Pipeline 2

1.2 Controlling Surge Pressures 2

1.3 Scope and Objective of the Study 3

1.4 Methodology and Techniques Adopted 3

1.5 Structure of Thesis 4

CHAPTER 2 2.1 Surge Effect 5

2.2 Review of Water Hammer Theory and Practice 6

2.3 Historical Background 6

2.4.1 Air Valve 9

2.4.2 Butterfly Valve 10

2.4.3 Check Valve 11

2.4.4 Sluice Valve 12

2.4.5 Zero Velocity Valve 12

CHAPTER 3 CASE DETAILS 14

3.1 Geographical Location 14

3.2 Topographical Details of the Pumping Main 15

3.3 Detail of Proposed Conveyance System 21

CHAPTER 4 METHOD OF ANALYSIS 22

4.1 Basic Equations Governing the Surge Analysis Program 22

CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 36

5.1 Basic principles for output 36

AH Piezometric head rise

a Pressure Wave Velocity

APF All Pump Failure

Co Air Volume under Working Condition

E Modulus of Elasticity of Pipe Material

e Pipe Wall Thickness

GD2 Moment of inertia of the rotor of any rotating equipment

K Bulk modulus of elasticity of water

KAV The sizes parameter of the air vessel

L Length ofthe pipe

SPF Single Pump Failure

S Slope of hydraulic grade line

Tc Valve Closure Time

Vo Initial flow velocity

X The spatial co-ordinate along the pipeline

2.2 Open and closed condition of butterfly valve

2.3 Open and closed condition of check valve

2.4 Open and closed condition of gate valve

2.5 Open and closed condition of zero velocity valve

3.1 Location of Ambala District

3.2 Location of Ismailpur and panjokra

3.3 L-section of the pumping main area

3.4 Idealised diagram of pipeline

5.1 Maximum and Minimum piezometric head

5.2 Minimum piezometric head

5.3 Pressure drop at different points

5.4 Maximum and Minimum piezometric head

5.5 Minimum piezometric head

5.6 Maximum and Minimum piezometric head

5.7 Minimum piezometric head

5.8 Variation of head with pipe RL

5.9 Variation of HGL (Gauge) with pipe RL

5.10 Variation of TEL with pipe RL