2nd Regional Consultation Meeting

Economics of Climate Change and Low Carbon Growth Strategies in Northeast Asia
11-12 October, 2010
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Engineering Principles and Systems for

Green Urban Infrastructure Development
in Developing Countries

Heekyung (Young) PARK, Ph.D., P.E.

Dean of Academic Planning & Professor, KAIST

Director for a National Research Project of

“Green Urban Infrastructure Regeneration”
 Green City
Most Famous Example of Green Urban Infrastructure
Regeneration
• Regeneration of Cheonggye Stream in Seoul

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 How to Develop? : Poverty driven development
Three types of Urban development
• Type I :

Old views of Cheonggye stream

KAIST Heekyung PARK 카이스트 미래도시연구소 도시재생연구센터 박희경 3

 How to Develop? : Industry driven development
Three types of Urban development
• Type II :

Industrialization of Cheonggye stream

KAIST Heekyung PARK 카이스트 미래도시연구소 도시재생연구센터 박희경 4
 How to Develop? : Lifestyle driven development
Three types of Urban development
• Type Ⅲ :

General information
Construction duration 2003. 7. 1 – 2005. 9. 30
Cost US$ 376.82milion
Total Length (km) 5.84
Length for walking (km) 12.04
Water flow rate (t/d) 120,000
Average Visitors 170,000/day
Price rise of neighbor appartment (%) 72.5

Present views of Cheonggye stream

KAIST Heekyung PARK 카이스트 미래도시연구소 도시재생연구센터 박희경 5
 Definition of SD: Status-dependent

SD = status
dependent –
economic, social,
political, cultural,
historical,
? locational etc.

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 Definition of Green Growth
Lessons from Cheonggye stream regeneration
 Status-dependent for Green Growth
• Urban Chaos
(traffic jam, environmental and safety problems etc)
• Slumism in urban areas.
 Inherent change is required
• To heal the urban chaos, partial treatment has not been
attempted.
• A more fundamental regeneration has been done for
Cheonggye stream.
 Most efficient development for ‘Greenization’
• Best way: Benefit/Cost
• Eco-friendly attempts etc.
 Requirements for other cities
• Must consider their circumstances.
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Urban Infra Regeneration R&D Project-US$44M

Project Vision
Environmental Sustainability
Social Sustainability
Economic Sustainability

Keywords for Urban Infrastructure Regeneration

Systemization Verification Adaptation

/ Integration (Test-Bed) / Localization
Innovation / High-efficiency / Decentralization /
High-density / Convenience / Safety(Reliability)
Ecological conservation / Resource conservation /
Recycle / Interconnectedness

Need to develop Engineering Principles for Green Urban Infra Regeneration (Green
Urban Engineering Principles) applicable to many cities in various status in Korea.

Heekyung PARK
 Green Urban Engineering Principles & systems

Green urban engineering principles & systems

• Saving ( & Conservation)

• Reuse/Recycling
• Renewable energy
• Green Transportation
• Smart Technology
• Green building, land use and planning

 Main concept :Maximizing “Material consumption efficiency

(Resource efficiency)”
 Produce More with Less
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 Definition of Green City
• A Green City

 Similar to ‘Compact City’

 Combining green technologies or projects to
lead urban sustainable development,
enhancing urban development and
conserving environment
 High resource efficiency due to high
density and reuse

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 City population density vs.
Energy consumption per capita in transportation

(MJ)

(명/ha)
Compact City 자료 : P. Newman, J. Kenworthy, Cities and Automobile Dependence, Avebury Technical, 1989
일본의 경우 메이지 시대에 철도의 발달로 인해 철도를 따라 시가지가 확대되기 시작했으며, 그 후, 자가용차량의 대량공급이 도시의 모
습을 근본적으로 변화시켜, 시가지가 저밀도로 확대되어 왔다. 저밀도도시의 전형적인 예는 미국이나 오스트리아의 자동차의존형도시를
들 수 있다. 주택지나 업무용지의 교외화가 진행되어 도시는 평면적으로 확대되어, 그 결과 교통에 필요한 에너지가 증가함으로, 환경부
하가 증가되게 된다.

주환경의 향상을 무제한적인 교외화나 도시의 평면적 확대를 통해 이루는 것이 아니라, 중심부의 건물을 중∙고층화 시키며 오픈 스페이
스를 확보하고, 공공교통 축을 따른 고밀도지구 구축 등에 의해 컴팩트한 도시를 형성하는 것이 필요하다. 최근의 도시계획상의 문제가
되고 있는 중심시가지의 활력저하에 대한 대책으로서도 컴팩트한 시가지형성이 유효하리라 생각된다.

자료 : 東京都立大学土木工学教室, 都市の技術, 技報堂出版, 2001, p12,13재정리

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 Green Urban Engineering Principles & systems

Green urban engineering principles

 Principles that are suggested for green city development.
(The principles are not mutually exclusive but interdependent.)

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 Green Urban Engineering Principles & systems
PRINCIPLE 10: Considering affordability

• Green growth is to be affordable depending on the status of the target area/country.

• Urban regeneration not affordable will rather interfere to green city development.
Freiburg Hammarby Masdar Korean Urban
Regeneration

More Regenerating More than new urban Regenerating

social/residential
Project participation than Infrastructures planning than urban urban areas
characteristics infrastructure (Though not regeneration through systems
regeneration inherent) and technologies
Population 202,500 25,000 50,000 2,880
Area(km2) 153.06 2 2 0.024
Investment(USD) N/A 6.36 billion 22 billion

CAN IT BE AFFORDED?
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 Dakar, Capital of Senegal

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 Dakar, Capital of Senegal

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 Dakar, Capital of Senegal

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 Green Urban Engineering Principles & systems
PRINCIPLE 10: Considering affordability
 Most of the green city development cases are based on high-tech
applications

[Masdar city, UAE] : Extremely high technology [Hammarby, Sweden] : High-technology

Cities investing large funding to apply A difficult

high technologies to achieve green green city role model for
urban development
developing countries to
(mostly for developed countries)
afford.
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 Stepwise greenization in developing countries
PRINCIPLE 11: Stepwise greenization (in developing countries)
 Using green urban engineering principles and systems, various approaches for green city
development are possible considering social, cultural, economic and geometric
characteristics of cities.
 Especially, role model of stepwise greenization should be established for developing
countries, considering affordability.

Application of
green urban engineering systems
considering
local characteristics

Low Income Middle Income High Income

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 Stepwise greenization in developing countries
PRINCIPLE 11: Stepwise greenization (in developing countries)
 Stepwise ‘greenization’ in energy sectors
 Structural ‘greenization’ in energy sectors for developing countries ; Wood  Coal  Oil

 Structural greenization in energy sector

STEP1 STEP3 STEP5-1
STEP2 (Coal) STEP4 (Gas)
(Waste) (Petroleum) (Renewable)
Discarded 450~ Anthracite 870 Crude oil 640 Coke oven 370 Solar 57
1600
gas
tire Other Natural gas
bituminous 560 Wind 14
840 liquids
Municipal 450~ coal Natural gas 380
waste 1900 Liquefied Nuclear 10
Lignite/ 950
brown coal petroleum 480 Water 8
Wood gases
Coke oven
coke 500 Kerosene 630 STEP5-2
Peat 720~ (Biomass)
briquettes 1200 Gas/Diesel oil 750
Biomass 70

1100gCO2/kWh*) 823gCO2/kWh*) 666gCO2/kWh*) 375gCO2/kWh(Gas)*) 32gCO2/kWh**)

Stepwise Greenization of energy structure

Source : *)IEA, 2009, “CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion”

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 Stepwise greenization in developing countries
PRINCIPLE 11: Stepwise greenization (in developing countries)
 For developing countries which apply low level green technologies, a higher
level of green technology should be applied before applying extremely high
level technology considering affordability.
 This should be done in connection with industrial and economic development

Unreasonable
Reasonable
Role Model
Role Model

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 Preliminary study for stepwise greenization
 Energy structure greenization: Khoroo 4, Ulaanbaatar Mongolia

 Summary
Location Khoroo 4, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Area 1.72㎢
Regional GDP 1,489 US$(2007)
Households 300 households
Population 1,950 people (6.5 people per household)

Energy supply Supplied by central energy system

Buildings Mostly Gers
Cooking & Heating Low efficiency coal stoves
system
Appliances TV, refrigerator, lamps etc
Landuse Mostly pastureland
Livestock 0.7 cattle, 1.6 goats, 1.5 sheep per household
Waste treatment No appropriate waste treatment

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 Preliminary study for stepwise greenization
 Example application for Khoroo 4, Ulaanbaatar
Enhancing
energy structure

Green Buildings and homes

with low-cost technologies Water supply system
and materials

Localized distributed Small wastewater

renewable energy application reuse system.

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 Preliminary study for stepwise greenization
Examples of green technology & system application

a) Residential sector : Energy structure greenization

Low efficient energy structure Enhancing energy structure

 Apply heating and cooking system using briquette

 150,000 Gers in Ulaanbaatar.
based on the plentiful coal resource in Mongolia.
 Lump coal, brown coal, firewood, discarded tires
 Most probable method to enhance the energy
are used for cooking and heating.
structure in the area.

?
Source: http://ehome.konetic.or.kr/lumi00/archive/201004?page=26

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 Preliminary study for stepwise greenization

b) Residential sector: Enhancing system efficiency

Green buidlings and homes
Not efficient heating system
with low-cost technologies and materials
 Improving structures suitable to high latitude.
 Structures build by felt, wood etc.
 Applying insulation materials to structure
 Cold in winter, not efficient heating resulting in
 Apply double pane window to maintain indoor
low resource efficiency and high CO2 emission
temperature

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 Preliminary study for stepwise greenization
c) Energy sector : Energy structure greenization

Localized & distributed renewable energy

Low energy structure
application
 Energy supplied by central energy generation
system.  Using renewable energy is encouraged.
 Mostly generated using coal.  Considering local characteristics and affordability
 Due to large territory and low population density,  Small size independent solar & wind power system
full energy supply is difficult.

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 Preliminary study for stepwise greenization
d) Resource circulation : secure water source (develop a new water source)

Unstable water supply Water supply system

 Lack of water source (water supplied by tanks, ice  Applying technologies to develop new water
melting etc.) sources (i.e., groundwater )
 Severe regional difference in water supply  Apply systems & technologies for water treatment

Source: http://blog.daum.net/taesoo214ts235602/7420922
Source: http://godislove.textcube.com/352

Source:
http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=119&aid=0000020824

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 Preliminary study for stepwise greenization
d) Resource circulation : secure water source (promoting wastewater reuse)

Small wastewater
Lack of wastewater
treatment system for reuse
treatment & reuse system

 Water quality of local river is deteriorated due to  Independent small treatment systems for reuse
residential and industrial wastewater.  Discharge treated water to rivers which can be
 Low efficiency in wastewater treatment. used as a new water resource.

Source: Internet news of Catholic perish in Soowon, 2009-

Source : Survey of current 08-04
environmental sector of Mongolia

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 Preliminary study for stepwise greenization
f) U & Smart life and education
 Low carbon green city should be established in an affordable level, additional education for future
smart technology is essential for future development.
 For this, ‘Green schools’ and ‘Green libraries’ are required. These facilities will provide
Information services, Experiential learning, Continuous education program and Local archives

 INFORMATION SERVICES
- Provide more advanced green & U
technologies

 LOCAL ARCHIVES  EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING

- Expansion of continuous education - Offer experiences of U & green
- Provide forums for discussion to technologies
share knowledge for establishing low
carbon green city
 CONTINUOUS EDUCATION PROGRAM
- Lifetime education having no limits of age.

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 Preliminary study for stepwise greenization
 Schematic view of U & Smart life and education

Community Personal learning Multimedia education Personal smart

board device library card

Street lamps using renewable energy

GREEN SCHOOL & LIBRARY

U-bike Play Pump

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 Preliminary study for stepwise greenization

 GHG emission before and after green technology application

21% reduction of
GHG emission

Landuse: -

Renewable energy: (24)

Generation
(1,019  842,
178↓)

Residential : Combustion Waste(1,226)

(1,644  872, 772↓)

Agriculture: Livestock(527)
After green
Before
tech. applied
[GHG emission by sector(kgCO2/day)] unit: kg eq.CO2/day

- What local industry or commercial facility to bring in in order

to provide residents of more jobs and incomes ???
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 Conclusion

Making a Green City

 For Green Growth(or sustainable development),
Urban infrastructure must be concerned.

 For regeneration or new construction, more clear

engineering principles (or guidelines) are needed.
(Green Urban Engineering Principles)

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 Conclusion

Making a Green City

 Green Urban Engineering Principles
– Innovation for changing Intrinsic nature (Intrinsic rather than circumstantial)
– Interconnectivity for Reuse & Recycling (Urban Built- Ecology)
– Use Renewable Energy (=Establishing interconnectivity with the Nature for
Reuse)
– High Efficiency (of Mass, Energy, Space and Time)
– Decentralization (of Urban Facilities)
– High Density (=Maximizing Efficiency of Space Use)
– Ecological Conservation
– Convenience
– Coupling with Cultural and Historical Backgrounds
– Considering affordability
– Stepwise greenization with local economic development expecially in
developing countries

(The principles are not mutually exclusive but interdependent.)

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 Conclusion

Making a Green City

For greenization in developing countries, affordability
should be considered with other social, cultural, economic and
geometric characteristics.

 Stepwise greenization together with local economic

development projects is suggested for developing countries
which apply inexpensive green technologies in earlier stages
for further development.

 This is a more sustainable green approach as shown

in the case of Cheonggye stream for green city
development.

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 Thank You

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