CRITICAL BOOK REVIEW

STOICHIMETRY

Arranged by :

Name : Tati Justika Gea

ID : 4173131041

Class : Bilingual Chemistry Education 2017

Name of Course : Basic Concept in Chemistry

FACULTY OF MATHEMATIS AND SCIENCE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2017
 List of The Content

List of The Content .................................................................. i

I. Introduction ......................................................................... 1

II. Summary of The Books .................................................... 2

A. Book’s Identity ........................................................... 2

B. Summary .................................................................... 3

III. The Advantages ................................................................ 8

I. Interconnection in Concept .......................................... 8

II. Updating .................................................................... 8

IV. The Disadvantages ........................................................... 9

I. Interconnection in Concept ........................................... 9

II. Updating ..................................................................... 9

V. Conclusion and Suggestion ............................................... 10

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 I. Introduction

For this time, I will critic some book. There are 3 (three) books, the materials
of CBR is Stoichimetry.

Stoichiometry is the chemical calculations is used to determine, comparison

of the mass of elements in a compound, empirical formula and/or the molecular
formula of a compound using the concepts of basic laws of chemistry as well as
the use of the concept of moles in determining the resulting product and reactans
reacting from a reaction equation.

There are the basic law of chemistry :

- Proust Law (Comparative Law)

The ratio of mass or many of the constituent elements of a compound
is fixed
- Dalton Law (Folding Comparative Law)
If two or more elements can form more than one kind of compound,
if the mass of one elements is fixed then the ratio of the mass of the
other elements of each compound is as simple and integer.
- Lavoisier Law (The Law of Mass Determination)
The substance’s mass before and after reaction is the same

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 II. Summary of The Books

A. Book’s Identity

There are 3 (three) books, that is:

Book A

Title : Kimia Dasar 1

Title of The Chapter : Stoikiometri

Name of Author : Yayan Sunarya

Publisher : Yrama Widya

Publish Date : 2014

Number of Pages : 67-113

Book B

Title : Chemistry The Central Science

Title of The Chapter : Stoichiometry : Calculations with Chemical Formulas

and Equations

Name of Author : - Theodore L. Brown

- H. Eugene Lemay, Jr.

- Bruce E. Bruston

- Catherine J. Murphy

- Patrick M. Woodward

Publisher : Pearson

Publish Date : 2012

Number of Pages : 76-104

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 Book C

Title :

Title of The Chapter : Stoichiometry

Name of Author :

Publisher :

Publish Date :

Number of Pages :

B. Summary

Book A

Massa atom mutlak suatu unsur tida diketahui secara tepat, melainkan hanya
merupakan skala relatif hasil perbandingan dengan atom unsur lain sebagai standar
satuan massa atom. Karena massa atom bukan harga mutlak melainkan harga
relatifnya, maka digunakan istilah massa atom relatif, disingkat dengan At. Satuan
massa atom relatif adalah sma, singkatan dari satuan massa atom.

Sebagai standar satuan massa atom pertama kali adalah atom unsur hidrogen,
besarnya ditetapkan sama dengan 1 sma. Sedangkan massa atom yang lain
merupakan kelipatan dari massa atom hidrogen. Sebagai standar massa atom yang
kedua ditetapkan atom unsur oksigen sebesar 16 sma. Dengan ditetapkannya atom
oksigen sebagai standar massa atom, mengakibatkan satuan massa atom unsur-
unsur lain lebih mendekati bilangan bulat. Tetapi, setelah ditemukannya isotop-

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isotop unsur yang ada di alam, standar satuan massa atom diganti oleh isotop atom
unsur karbon-12, dan ditetapkan massa isotop atom karbon-12 adalah 12,00 sma

Dengan diciptakannya alat spektrometer massa, massa atom relatif terkini

didasarkan pada jumlah rata-rata massa atom isotop-isotopnya dengan
memperhitungkan kelimpahannya di alam.

Massa molekul relatif (Mr) suatu senyawa yang berbentuk molekular ditentukan
oleh jumlah total massa relatif atom-atom penyusunnya. Untuk senyawa yang
tersusun atas ion-ionnya (senyawa ionik), istilah massa molekul relatif diganti
menjadi massa rumus relatif.

Dalam stoikiometri, bilangan sebesar 6,022 x 1023 dinamakan tetapan Avogadro,

dilambangkan dengan huruf L. Lambang ini diambil dari nama Lochsmidt, pakar
fisika Austri yang pertama kali menentukan besarnya tetapan Avogadro. Zat yang
mengandung partikel sebanyak tetapan Avogadro (6,022 x 1023 partikel) ditetapkan
satumol. Dengan kata lain, satu mol setiap zat mengandung 6,022 x 1023 partikel
baik berupa atom, molekul, atau ion penyusun zat itu.

Massa molar adalah massa satu mol setiap zat dalam satuan gram, besarnya sama
dengan nilai massa atom relatifnya atau massa molekul relatif senyawa itu. Volume
molar gas adalah volume satu mol gas pada keadaan 0oC dan tekanan 1 atm sebesar
22,4 L. Pengukuran suatu gas pada 0oC dan 1 atm dinamakan keadaan standar atau
STP, singkatan dari Standar Temperature and Pressure.

Koefisien reaksi dalam suatu persamaan kimia, selain menunjukkan

perbandingan volume dan jumlah partikel yang bereaksi, juga menyatakan
perbandingan mol zat-zat yang bereaksi. Perbandingan koefisien reaksi ini
dinamakan nisbah stoikiometri, NS.

Konsentrasi suatu zat dalam larutan biasa dinyatakan dalam mol zat terlarut per
liter larutan. Konsentrasi seperti ini dinamakan molaritas atau konsentrasi molar,
disingkat M. Terdapat beberapa hukum dasar gas yaitu hukum Boyle, hukum
Charles, hukum Boyle-Gay Lussac, hukum Dalton, dan hukum gas ideal.

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 Hukum Boyle menyatakan bahwa pada suhu tetap, volume gas berbanding
terbalik dengan tekanan gas. Hukum Charles menyatakan bahwa pada tekanan
tetap, volume gas berbanding terbalik dengan suhu mutlaknya. Hukum Boyle-Gay
Lussac menyatakan bahwa perbandingan antara perkalian tekanan dan volume
terhadap suhu mutlak adalah tetap. Hukum Dalton menyatakan bahwa tekanan total
campuran gas merupakan jumlah aljabar dari tekanan parsialnya. Dari hukum dasar
gas melahirkan hukum gas ideal yang dinyatakan dengan persamaan PV=nRT,
dengan P adalah tekanan, V volume gas, R tetapan gas, T suhu mutlak dan n adalah
jumlah mol gas.

Stoikiometri dapat diterapkan dalam perhitungan reaksi-reaksi kimia, beberapa

konsep yang terlibat dalam perhitungan kimia seperti massa molar, volume molar,
nisbah stoikiometri, massa jenis, konsentrasi zat dan pereaksi pembatas serta rumus
kimia.

Book B

The study of the quantitative relationships between chemical formulas and

chemical equations is known as stoichiometry. One of the important concepts of
stoichimetry is the law of conservation of mass, which states that the total mass of
the products of a chemical reaction is the same as the total mass of the reactants.
The same numbers of atoms of each type are present before and after a chemical
reaction. A balanced chemical equation shows equal numbers of atoms of each
element on each side of the equation. Equations are balanced by placing coefficients
in front of the chemical formulas for the reactants and products of a reaction, not
by changing the subscripts in chemical formulas.

Among the reaction types described in this chapter are (1) combination
reactions, in which two reactants combine to form one product; (2) decomposition
reactions, in which a single reactants form two or more products; and (3)
combustion reactions in oxygen, in which a hydrocarbon or related compound
reacts with O2 to form CO2 and H2O.

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 Much quantitative information can be determined from chemical formulas and
balanced chemical equations by using atomic weights. The formula weight of a
compound equals the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in its formula. If the
formula is a molecular formula, the formula weight is also called the molecular
weight. Atomic weights and formula weights can be used to determine the
elemental composition of a compound.

A mole of any substance is Avogadro’s number (6,02 x 1023) of formula units

of that substance. The mass of a mole of atoms, molecules, or ions (the molar mass)
equals the formula weight of that material expressed in grams. The mass of one
molecule of H2O, for example, is 18 amu, so the mass of 1 mol of H2O is 18 g. That
is, the molar mass of H2O is 18 g/mol.

The empirical formula of any substance can be determined from its percent
composition by calculating the realtive number of moles of each atom in 100 g of
the substance. If the substance is molecular in nature, its molecular formula can be
determined from the empirical formula if the molecular weight is also known.

The mole concept can be used to calculate the relative quantities of reactants and
products in chemical reactions. The coefficients in a balanced equation give the
relative numbers of moles of the reactants and products. To calculate the number of
grams of a product from the number of grams of a reactant, first convert grams of
reactant to moles of reactant. Then use the coefficients in the balanced equation to
convert the number of moles of reactant to moles of product. Finally, convert moles
of product to grams of product.

A limiting reactant is completely consumed in a reaction. When it is used up,

the reaction stops, thus limiting the quantities of products formed. The theoretical
yield of a reaction is the quantity of product calculated to form when all of the
limiting reactant reacts. The actual yield of a reaction is always less than the
theoretical yield. The percent yield compares the actual and theoretical yields.

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 Book C

The Arithmetic of Equations

A balanced chemical equation provides the same kind of quantitative

information that a recipe does.

Chemists use balanced chemical equations as a basis to calculate how much

reactant is needed or product is formed in a reaction.

A balanced chemical equation can be interpreted in terms of different quantities,

including numbers of atoms, molecules, or moles; mass; and volume.

Mass and atoms are conserved in every chemical reaction.

Chemical Calculation

In chemical calculation, mole ratios are used to convert between moles of

reactant and moles of product, between moles of reactants, or between moles of
products.

In typical stoichiometric problem, the given quantity is first converted to moles.

Then the mole ratio from the balanced equation is used to calculate the moles of the
wanted substance. Finally, the moles are converted to any the unit mole.

Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield

In a chemical reaction, an insufficient quantity of any of the reactants will limit

the amount of product that forms.

The percent yield is a measure of the efficiency of a reaction performed in the

laboratory.

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 III. The Advantages
a. Interconnection in Concept

Book A Book B Book C

In this textbook we In this textbook we can From this textbook we
learn about the basics in know what is chemical can learn about the
chemical calculations equations. We also learn arithmetic of equation,
that connect quantities some simple patterns, we can practice the
or units of atoms with weight formulas, moles chemical calculation,
quantities that can be and Avogadro numbers, until limiting reagent and
measured empirical formulas and percent yield.
laboratoryally. Besides, even limitting reactants.
we can also study the
relative masses of
atoms so that we know
the physical properties
of atoms, both physical
and chemical.

b. Updating

Book A Book B Book C

In this textbook there are The images in this This textbook is full of
images that support textbook are very color. Lots of interesting
learning, there are interesting because the pictures. There is an
exercises that can be images are colorful. The assessment section,
done on any material that delivery method is problem solving. Each
exists. There are also simple but material is related to life
formulas that support the understandable. In this (seen from the image
calculation of reactions. textbook is also linked shown in the textbook).
between chemistry and

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 life that can add to the
pengetahunan. In
addition, the
workmanship is quite
easy to understand.

IV. The Disadvantages

a. Interconnection in Concept

Book A Book B Book C

Too many theories / Not explained the
materials are given in this defenition of mass-mass
chapter, so it sometimes calculation
causes confusion in
learning it. In the mole
section, no formula is
given how to find the
mole.

b. Updating

Book A Book B Book C

there is material that is There are pictures that do
not accompanied by the not fit with the recipe
image as in the limiting material on page 353.
reaction

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 V. Conclusion and Suggestion

From the results of my research based on the definition, advantages,

disadvantages, even completeness of the three books, I draw the conclusion that the
Book B is Chemistry The Central Science is suitable for use. The reason why I say
that, because it is an international book. In addition to that, the book also attracted
my attention in the provision of learning studies. The material presented is easily to
understood, accompanied by a picture that is not monotonous. In the images/picture
shown are described the chemical figures and chemical reactions. In this book also
explains some examples where chemistry is closely related to life. In addition, many
examples are given so we can learn them well.

And my advice on two more books. Both books are good. However, for
example in Book A, in the book too many theories presented. Sometimes when a
book or material more theories more than the picture/discussion/question, people
tend to be bored to learn it. Well let the book or material loaded for the better.

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