Impact of CO2 On Natural Gas DensityImpact of CO2 On Natural Gas Density

3/5/2018 Impact of CO2 on Natural Gas DensityImpact of CO2 on Natural Gas Density
1 Apr, 2018
Impact of CO2 on Natural Gas Density
Due to the importance of CO2 injection for enhanced oil recovery and the increasing
interest in CO2 capture and sequestration, this study was undertaken to prepare simple
charts for accurately estimating the density for hydrocarbon systems containing nil to
100% CO2.
The September 2008 Tip of the Month (TOTM) [1] evaluated the accuracy of Katz [2]
and Wichert-Aziz [3] shortcut methods for predicting sour and acid gas density. The tip
demonstrated that for binary mixtures of CH4 and CO2, the Wichert-Aziz method gives
a more accurate result for CO2 content of between 10 and 90 mole percent.
The October 2008 TOTM [4] evaluated the accuracy of density calculations using two
process simulation software packages, NIST REFPROP program [5], the GERG-2004
equation of state [6], and AGA 8 method [7] (in addition to the above shortcut methods)
against experimental data. An experimental database was used for the basis of
comparison. The sources of experimental data were GPA RR-138 [8] and GPA RR 68
[9]. Table 1 of the October TOTM indicated that REFPROP and GERG 2004 give
equally the best results.
In continuing the September and October 2008 TOTMs, this study was undertaken to
prepare simple charts for accurate estimation of the density of hydrocarbon systems
containing nil to 100% CO2. The charts present density of CO2 + light hydrocarbons
mixtures as a function of pressure and CO2 concentration for four isotherms of -50 °C,
0 °C, 50 °C, and 100 °C (-58 °F, 32 °F, 122 °F, 212 °F). The pressure range was from
0.5 MPa to 30 MPa (72.5 psia to 4350 psia) and the CO2 concentrations range was
from 0 to 100 mole % (0, 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 100 mole%). Table 1 presents the
composition of systems studied. The default equations in REFPROP are used to
calculate the phase boundaries and densities [5].
Table 1. Composition of CO2 + light hydrocarbons systems
http://www.petroskills.com/blog/entry/00_totm/apr18-fac-impact-of-co2-on-natural-gas-density?utm_campaign=2018-5-2-FACTOTM&utm_medium=email&utm_so
The performance of REFPROP program extracted from Table 1 of the October 2008
TOTM [4] is presented in Table 2. This table indicates that the average absolute
percent error (AAPE) and average percent error (APE) are 0.46 and 0.23, respectively.
Due to the high accuracy of REFPROP program, this TOTM will use REFPROP to
calculate the density of CO2 + light hydrocarbon systems.
Table 2. Summary of error analysis for the binary system of CH4 + CO2 density
prediction by REFPROP program
We replotted the experimental density data reported in the GPA RR-138 [8] and GPA
RR 68 [9] to demonstrate the accuracy of REFPROP program. The results of this
evaluation are shown in Figures 1A through 5A (Appendix A), for CO2 content of 9.83
to 100 mole percent and the temperature and pressure ranges of Table 2...
Next, we plotted the calculated density by REFPROP as a function of pressure and

CO2 content for four temperatures in Figures 1 through 4.
Figure 1. Variation of density with pressure and CO2 concentration at -50 °C (-58 °F)
Figure 2. Variation of density with pressure and CO2 concentration at 0 °C (32 °F)
According to REFPROP the dashed lines in Figure 1 present the two-phase region for
all CO2 concentrations except for the case of 100 mole % which is in the gas phase. All
solid lines present the liquid phase region. REFPROP indicated that in Figure 2:
►For CO2 concentrations of 0, 10, and 30 mole %, the dashed lines present gas
phase for pressures up to 2.5 MPa (362.5 psia) and two-phase for pressures
more than 2.5 MPa (362.5 psia). The solid lines present the supercritical region.
►For CO2 concentrations of 50, 70, and 90 mole %, the dashed lines present
gas phase for pressures up to 2 MPa (290 psia) and two-phase for pressures
more than 2 MPa (290 psia). The solid lines present the liquid phase.
►For CO2 concentration of 100 mole %, the dashed line presents gas phase.
The solid line presents the liquid phase.
REFPROP also indicated that all dashed lines in Figures 3 and 4 present the gas
O a so d cated t at a das ed es gu es 3 a d p ese t t e gas
phase region and all solid lines present the supercritical region.
Figure 3. Variation of density with pressure and CO 2 concentration at 50 °C (122 °F)
Figure 4. Variation of density with pressure and CO2 concentration at 100 °C (212 °F)
SUMMARY
B d th kd i thi TOTM th f ll i b l d d
Based on the work done in this TOTM, the following can be concluded:
►CO2 concentration has a great impact on the mixture density. As CO2

concentration increases the mixture density increases.
►REFPROP is relatively accurate for density calculations of pure CO2 and

mixtures of light hydrocarbons and CO2 (Table 2 and Figures 1A-5A).
►Simple density charts are presented for accurate estimation of a natural gas
(relative density 0.65) as a function of pressure and CO2 concentration for four
temperatures (Figures 1-4). These charts are composition specific (Table 2),
similar charts should be developed for different compositions.
►Knowledge of phase boundaries and behavior is essential for density

calculation.
To learn more about similar cases and how to minimize operational problems, we
suggest attending our G4 (Gas Conditioning and Processing)
(https://www.petroskills.com/course/gas-conditioning-and-processing-g-4), G5
(Practical Computer Simulation Applications in Gas Processing)
(https://www.petroskills.com/course/practical-computer-simulation-applications-in-gas-
processing-g-5), and G6 (Gas Treating and Sulfur Recovery)
(https://www.petroskills.com/course/gas-treating-and-sulfur-recovery-g-6) courses.
PetroSkills offers consulting expertise on this subject and many others. For more
information about these services, visit our website at http://petroskills.com/consulting
(http://petroskills.com/consulting), or email us at consulting@PetroSkills.com
(mailto:consulting@PetroSkills.com).
By: Dr. Mahmood Moshfeghian
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REFERENCES
Moshfeghian, M., “How good are the shortcut methods for sour gas density
calculations? (http://www.jmcampbell.com/tip-of-the-month/2008/09/how-good-are-the-
shortcut-methods-for-sour-gas-density-calculations/),” PetroSkills tip of the month, Sep
2008
Standing, M.B. and Katz, D.L.; “Density of Natural gas gases,” AIME Trans., 146, 140-
49 (1942)
Wichert, E. and Aziz, K., Hydr. Proc., p. 119 (May 1972).
Moshfeghian, M., “How good are the detailed methods for sour gas density
calculations? (http://www.jmcampbell.com/tip-of-the-month/2008/10/how-good-are-the-
detailed-methods-for-sour-gas-density-calculations/),” PetroSkills tip of the month, Oct
2008
Lemmon, E.W., Huber, M.L., McLinden, M.O. NIST Standard Reference Database 23:
Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, Version 9.1,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program,
Gaithersburg, 2013.
Kunz, O., Klimeck, R., Wagner, W., and Jaeschke, M. “The GERG-2004 Wide-Range
Equation of State for Natural Gases and Other Mixtures,” GERG Technical Monograph
15 (2007)
K. E. Starling, et al., “Self-Consistent Correlation of Thermodynamic and Transport
Properties,” GRI/AGA Project No. Br-1111; OU-ORA Project No. 2036 156-716. Report:
GR/AGA/BR-1111/77-36.
Hwang, C-A., Duarte-Garza, H., Eubank, P. T., Holste, J. C. Hall, K. R., Gammon, B.
E., March, K. N., “Thermodynamic Properties of CO2 + CH4 Mixtures,” GPA RR-138,
Gas Processors Association, Tulsa, OK, June 1995
Hall, K. R., Eubank, P. T., Holste, J., Marsh, K.N., “Properties of C02-Rich Mixtures
Literature Search and Pure CO2 Data, Phase I,” GPA RR-68, A Joint Research Report
by Gas Processor Association and the Gas Research Institute, Gas Processors
Association, Tulsa, OK, June 1985
APPENDIX
Figure 1A. REFPROP (solid line) and experimental (symbols) [8] density for binary
mixture CH4 + CO2 (9.93 mole% CO2)
gu e 3 O (so d e) a d e pe e ta (sy bo s) [8] de s ty o b a y
mixture CH4 + CO2 (66.82 mole% CO 2)
Figure 5A. REFPROP (solid line) and experimental (symbols) [9] density for 100
mole% CO 2
DR. MAHMOOD MOSHFEGHIAN

SENIOR TECHNICAL ADVISOR & INSTRUCTOR
DR. MAHMOOD MOSHFEGHIAN is a Senior Technical Advisor and Senior Instructor. He is the author of
most Tips of the Month and develops technical software for PetroSkills. He has 40 years teaching
experience in universities as well as for oil and gas industries. Dr. Moshfeghian joined John M. Campbell
& Co. in 1990 as a part time consultant and then as full time instructor/ consultant in 2005. Dr.
Moshfeghian was Professor of Chemical Engineering at Shiraz University. Dr. Moshfeghian is a senior
member of AIChE and has published more than 125 technical papers on thermodynamic properties and
Process Engineering. Dr. Moshfeghian has presented invited papers at international conferences. He is a
member of the Editorial Board for the International Journal of Oil, Gas, and Coal Technology. He is also a
member of the GPSA Technical Committee Group F. He holds BS (74), MS (75) and PhD (78) degrees in
Chemical Engineering, all from Oklahoma State University.
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3/5/2018 Impact of CO2 on Natural Gas DensityImpact of CO2 on Natural Gas Density

Table 1. Composition of CO2 + light hydrocarbons systems

Next, we plotted the calculated density by REFPROP as a function of pressure and

Figure 3. Variation of density with pressure and CO 2 concentration at 50 °C (122 °F)

►CO2 concentration has a great impact on the mixture density. As CO2

►REFPROP is relatively accurate for density calculations of pure CO2 and

►Knowledge of phase boundaries and behavior is essential for density

By: Dr. Mahmood Moshfeghian

Sign up for Tip of the Month email updates!

DR. MAHMOOD MOSHFEGHIAN

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