Assignment-III and Its Solution

1. For a 4.0 GHz downlink link, if satellite TWTA power output is 10 dBW, on axis
antenna gain is 34 dB and Feeder loss is 1 dB then the satellite EIRP on earth at −3
dB contour edge of coverage will be

A. 55 dBw
B. 50 dBw
C. 45 dBw
D. 40 dBw

Solution:
EIRP in decibel on the main axis of the antenna will be combination of the TWTA
power, antenna main axis gain and feeder loss. Hence, EIRP on the main axis of the
antenna is calculated as 10 + 34 − 1 = 43 dBw. So, on the −3 dB contour edge of the
antenna it will be 43 − 3 = 40 dBw. Hence, the correct one is D.

2. A DTH terminal is located at Goa at −2 dB contour edge of satellite transmit antenna

footprint. Assuming path loss difference is negligible, for same C/N how much the
DTH antenna gain is to be changed if it is shifted to Port Blair at −9 dB contour edge
of satellite transmit antenna foot print.

A. The antenna gain has to increased by 7 times

B. The antenna gain has to reduced by 7 times
C. The antenna gain has to increased by 5 times
D. The antenna gain has to reduced by 5 times

Solution:
The Location Port Blair is located at −9dB contour edge of the transmitting antenna
footprint, Therefore, the same station will receive 7 dB less power than that located
at Goa. Now the carrier to noise ratio in dB can be mathematically written as C/N =
EIRP−Lp + G−k −T−B. Hence, to maintain same carrier to noise ratio, the antenna
gain has to be increased by the 7 dB, which is equivalently five times of the original
one. Thus, the correct one is C.

3. Find the EIRP of the downlink operating at 4 GHz. The antenna has effective aperture
area of 10 sq-meters and 10 Watts of power is given input to it.

A. 43.5 dBw
B. 43.5 dBm
C. 53.5 dBm
D. 53.5 dBw

Solution:
The operating frequency of the down link is 4 GHz. So, gain of the antenna can
2 9 )2 ×10)
be calculated as G = 4π A = 4πfc2 Ae = 4π×(4×10
λ2 e (3×108 )2
= 22340.21 or equivalently
43.5 dBi. The input power is 10 watts which is 10 dBw. So, the EIRP is in dBw is
10 + 43.5 = 53.5dBw. hence the appropriate option is D.

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4. A receiver at 290K is having noise figure of 4 dB. The noise power density of the
receiver is

A. -228.6 dBw/Hz
B. -170 dBm/Hz
C. -202.2 dBw/Hz
D. -100 dBw/Hz

Solution:
The receiver noise figure is 4 dB. Therefore, the equivalent noise temperature can be
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calculated as, T = 290[F − 1] = 290[10 10 − 1] = 438.45K, equivalently 26.41dBK.
Now the formula for noise power density is N0 = kT , where k is Boltzmann’s constant
and has value of −228.6 dBw/K/Hz. So, the noise power density in dB is k + T =
−228.6 + 26.41 = −202.19 dBw/Hz. So, the appropriate choice is C.

5. The effective input noise temperature of a earth station receiver is 30K when the effect
of noise contributions from antenna and feeder were not taken into consideration. If
the receiver is fed from an antenna having a noise temperature of 50K via a feeder
with a loss of 2.5 dB, determine the noise temperature of the receiver considering the
effect of antenna and the feeder noise contribution. Assume T0 = 290 K

A. 28.1 K
B. 126.9 K
C. 185 K
D. 155 K

Solution:
It is mentioned in the question that the loss factor, L of the feeder is 2.5 dB, which
is 1.778 in linear scale. Now, the contribution of the antenna noise temperature when
referred to the input of the receiver noise is TLA = 1.778
50
= 28.1K.
The contribution of the feeder noise when referred to the input of the receiver is
T0 (L−1)
L
= 126.9K. Therefore, the effective input noise temperature of the receiver
, taking into account the effect of noise contributions from antenna and feeder is
28.1 + 126.9 + 30 = 185K. So, the appropriate choice is C.

6. A certain 6 GHz satellite uplink has the following data: Earth station EIRP= 80 dBw;
Earth station to satellite distance =35780 Km; attenuation due to atmosphere = 2
dB; satellite antenna’s aperture area=0.5 sq-meter; satellite receiver’s system noise
temperature = 290 K; satellite receiver’s bandwidth= 20 MHz. Determine the link
margin for satisfactory quality of service if the threshold value of received carrier to
noise ratio is 25 dB.

A. 18.9 dB
B. 16.8 dB
C. 14.2 dB
D. none of these

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 Solution:
The uplink frequency is higher than that of down link. Therefore, the uplink wave
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length is λ = 3×10
6×109
= 0.05m. Now, the satellite antenna gain can be calculated as
4πAe
G = λ2 = 2513.27, which is equivalently 34 dB.
The receiver’s noise temperature and effective bandwidth is mentioned in the question,
and hence very easily we can determine the noise power of the satellite receiver. So,
N = 10 log(kT B) = −130.96 dB.
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The path loss can be calculated as 20 log 4πR λ
= 20 log 4π35780×10
0.05
= 199.08 dB. There-
fore, the carrier to noise ratio of the received signal is (80−2−199.08+34)−(−130.96) =
43.88 dB. Hence, the link margin is 43.88 − 25 = 18.88dB. So, the appropriate choice
is A.

7. A LNB with gain of 12 dB, a bandwidth of 150 MHz and a noise figure of 4 dB feeds
a receiver with equivalent noise temperature of 900 K. Determine the noise figure of
the overall system.

A. 4.71
B. 5.1
C. 3.2
D. 2.71

Solution:
the entire system can be represented by the figure given below:
From the noise temperature specification of the receiver, we can calculate the noise

Figure 1: Representation the cascaded system of the Q7

figure of the receiver. So, the noise figure of the receiver in ratio nf2 = 1 + TTe0 =
900
1 + 290 = 4.1. Now by using the formula of the noise figure of the cascaded system,

nf2 − 1
nf = nf1 +
G1
4.1 − 1
= 100.4 +
101.2
= 2.71

Hence, the correct choice id D.

8. An RF amplifier has 20 dB gain and 1 GHz bandwidth. Hot and cold load temperatures
(T1 and T2 ) and corresponding amplifier output powers (N1 and N2 ) were measured
as at T1 = 290 K, N1 is −62dBm and at T2 = 77 K, N2 is −64.7 dBm. If the amplifier
is used with input source temperature Ts = 450 K, Find the output noise power.

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 A. -100 dBw
B. -60 dBw
C. -100 dBm
D. -60 dBm

Solution:
Assume Te is the equivalent noise temperature, G is gain and B is bandwidth of the
amplifier N1 = GkT1 B + GkTe B and N2 = GkT2 B + GkTe B.

So, Y factor in dB is Y = (N1 − N2 ) = (−62.0) − (−64.7) = 2.7 dB, equivalent

to Y = 1.86 in linear scale. The equivalent noise temperature due to noise factor is
Te = T1Y−Y
−1
T2
= 290−1.86×77
0.86
= 170 K Therefore, the overall system noise temperature for
source Temperature Ts = 450 + 170 = 620 K and G = 20dB and B = 1 × 109 Hz The
Noise power of the amplifier is (−228.6+10 log(6200)+10 log(109 )+20) = −90.67dBw
or equivalently −60.67 dBm. Hence, the appropriate answer is D.

9. In a satellite link, operating in 11 GHz, the power received by the earth station is −126
dBw. The power amplifier of the satellite supplies 100 watts power to the antenna.
Determine the diameter of the down link antenna of the satellite if the gain of the
earth station is 1.7 dBi. Assume the downlink satellite antenna has efficiency of 60%
and the path loss occurred is 205 dB.

A. 2.8 meter
B. 8.2 meter
C. 4.2 meter
D. 2.6 meter

Solution:
The received power in decibel, in ideal case can be mathematically modelled as

Prx = Ptx + Gtx + Grx − Lp

The satellite power amplifier transmits a power of 100 W, which is equivalently 42

dBw. The power received by the earth station is −126 dBw, and the free space loss is
specified as Lp = 205 dBw. So, by replacing the parameters with their corresponding
values, we get the gain of the downlink antenna

Gtx = 205 − 126 − 20 − 1.7

= 57.3 dB

Now, we know that, the gain of a parabolic reflector antenna is related to the diameter
of the aperture an efficiency of the antenna. S, G = η( πDfc
)2 . Where the entity D

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represents the diameter of the antenna. Hence, by using above formula, we get
πDf 2
η( ) = 105.7
c s
πDf 105.7
=
c η
s
105.7 c
D= ×
η πf
r
105.7 3 × 108
= ×
0.6 π × 11 × 109
= 496.072 × 8.681
= 8.21 m

Thus, the appropriate option is B