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Department of Botany, Karpagam University, Coimbatore - 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
Introduction
Plants cannot run away from their predators, Leaves often contain various kinds of
hence evolved so many mechanisms to alkaloids that either kill the animals or make
escape from predators by means of physical, them sick. This chemical warfare typical of
morphological and chemicals. Biologists most ecosystem but is most noticeable in
call these adaptations defence mechanism . tropical rainforests.
A complicated array of chemical
compositions help to deter herbivores and Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani have been in
insects from eating them. It also produces existence in India from ancient times.
adverse effects in human or economic Siddha system is capable of treating all
animals such as livestock, laboratory types of diseases by using poisonous plants.
animals, pets, wild animals, birds, fish and These plants comprise the third largest
bees. These chemical substances may be category of poisons known around world.
toxic to some predators. Poisons are the According to World Health Organization,
most common method employed against 80% of the population of developing
herbivores. Vascular plants include ferns, countries depends on plant drugs for regular
fern allies, cycads and flowering plants. source of medicines.
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Most poisoning cases result from ingestion Western Ghats which run almost north-south
or other type of exposure to a plant for for a length of 1600 km river Tapti to
nutritional, therapeutic or recreational Kanyakumari get divided practically into
interest. Symptoms include gastro-enteritis, two by the Palakkad Gap, which falls in this
diarrhea and vomiting, nervous, respiratory Division. To the north of the gap is the
and cardiac problems. Nilgiris with the highest peak Doda Betta.
The rainfall in Palakkad District during the
Knowledge of plant toxicity has always been rainy season is comparatively lesser than
important but has not always been reliable. that in the neighbouring districts of Thrissur
Prehistoric peoples learned which plants to and Malappuram because of the presence of
eat and which to avoid. In the Bibilical this gap.
account, the fruits of one tree produced life,
while another caused death (Genesis, Holy Collection and Identification of Plants
Bible).
Plants mentioned in this study are all
The Journal of Ethnopharmacology, a US collected from Dhoni Forests, Kerala. These
publication, published a study in 2004 were identified using The Flora of
described the Cerebea odollam, commonly Presidency of Madras (Gamble), Flowering
known as suicide tree is consumed by Plants of Kerala (Sasidharan) and from other
more people to commit suicide than any journals.
other plant in this world. The fruit of this
plant has the potential to block the calcium Interview and reference method
ion channels in heart muscle causing
disruption of the heartbeat that ultimately Information s are gathered from
leads to death. knowledgeable informants during field trips
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and questionnaire and discussion with mother uses for asthma, results in
tribesmen. Plants reported as poisonous was desensitizing nicotine receptors, causing
collected, dried and pasted on the herbarium permanent damage to the foetus (Pretorius &
sheet. Identification is done through Marx, 2006).
authentic literature and from Herbaria.
Asparagus racemosa Willd., Family :
Field Study Liliaceae, Local name : Sathavari
Extensive field trip was conducted covering Woody perennial climbers; stem spinescent,
all seasons during the study period. Field terete, green; rootstock with fascicled
notes were prepared and processed the elongated tuberous roots. Cladodes from the
specimen in the conventional way. axils of scale leaves in clusters of 2-6,
linear-falcate, slightly triquetrous, base
Result and Discussion narrow, apex acute. Racemes long, slender,
axillary, solitary or clustered. Flowers
Taxonomic, general properties and bisexual. Perianth-lobes 6, white, oblong,
chemical constituents of toxic plants acute. Stamens 6, adnate to the perianth
lobes; filaments subulate. Ovary globose
Datura stramonium L., Family : 3-celled; ovules 2 per cell; stigma 3,
Solanaceae, Local name : Ummam recurved. Berries globose, purple on
ripening; seeds globose.
Subshrubs, 60-120 cm tall, branched,
pubescent; the branches often purplish. Asparagus is unsafe to use in medicinal
Leaves alternate, simple, sinuately dentate, amounts during pregnancy. As extracts
minutely puberulose; petiole 2-5 cm long. have been used for birth control, so they
Flowers single or paired, axilary, white; might harm hormone balances during
Calyx tubular, 5-dentate, puberulous, pregnancy. Asparagus might cause an
persistent; strongly reflexed in fruit, allergic reaction in people who are sensitive
apiculate. Corolla white or purplish to other members of the Liliaceae family
suffused; shallowly 5-lobed, with the including onions, garlic etc, symptoms
lobes,triangular-acuminate. Stamens 5; include a runny nose, trouble breathing,
anthers long, with the lobes narrow oblong, puffiness or swelling around the mouth and
usually white. Capsule erect, ovoid, spiny lips. Berries contain several furostanol and
and densely pubescent, splitting by 4 valves; spirostanol glycosides.
spines up to 5 mm long; seeds many,
reniform and black. Strychnos nux-vomica L., Family :
Loganiaceae, Local name : Kanjiram
Maibam Rasila Devi, Meenakshi Bawari,
S.B.Paul, G.D.Sharma (2011) studied about Trees, bark yellowish or blackish-grey,
the neutoxic and medicinal properties of smooth or scurfy with lenticels. Leaves
Datura stramonium. They found the simple, opposite, elliptic, shiny, coriaceous;
presence of tropane alkaloid and glabrous; 3-5 nerved from base, prominent,
anticholinergic drugs atropine, scopolamine glabrous; intercostae reticulate. Flowers
and narcotic cocaine. All parts of the plants bisexual, greenish-white. Flowers greenish-
are toxic but the highest amount of the yellow. Stamens 4, anthers sessile inserted at
alkaloids is contained in ripe seeds. When a the throat of corolla tube. Ovary 2-celled.
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Globose berry, yellowish-red or orange, etc are highly susceptible. Lethal dosage is
glabrous; seeds 3 or 4, orbicular, flat, shiny, 60mg in adult. Within a few hours of
greenish-white. ingestion, the victim may experience nausea,
vomiting, abdominal pain and bloody
Strychnine is a highly toxic, colourless, diarrhea. As the toxic syndrome progresses,
bitter crystalline alkaloid extracted from the it causes respiratory depression,
seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica. It is used hypotension, haematuria, seizures, and
as a pesticide, particularly for killing small ascending polyneuropathy. Long term
vertebrates such as birds and rodents. effects include peeling of the skin and
Strychnine, when inhaled, swallowed or prolonged vaginal bleeding in women. In
absorbed through eyes or mouth, causes a 2005, Ashok Kumar Samanta and Uday
poisoning which results in muscular Kumar reported a case study outlining the
convulsions and eventually death through Clinico-Pathological aspects of poisoning by
eyes or mouth, causes a poisoning which Gloriosa. They insist the awareness to
results in muscular convulsions and people not going for dangerous, non-tested
eventually death through asphyxia. In remedies and save themselves from the toxic
smaller doses acts as an athletic performance effects.
enhancer.
Mimosa pudica L., Family : Fabaceae,
Gloriosa superba L., Family : Liliaceae, Local name : Thottavadi
Local name : Menthonni
Straggling herbs; stem 4-angular, with
Herbaceous climbers with tuberous roots. prickles. Leaves alternate, pinnae 5-10 pairs;
Leaves subsessile, alternate, opposite or leaflets ca 20 pairs, oblong, overlapping,
whorled, 5-ovate-lanceolate, apex apex acute-mucronate, base oblique-
acuminate, ending in a tendril. Flowers truncate; rachis, tomentose. Flowers pink.
bisexual, showy, axilliary, solitary or in few- Lomentum flat, margin with recurved
flowered, terminal racemes. Perianth-lobes prickles; seeds 3-5, subrhombic.
6, free, linear-oblong, reflexed or spreading,
base narrow, margin undulate, apex Hafsa Ahmad, Sakshi Sehgal, Anurag
acuminate, yellowish below and reddish Mishra and Rajiv Gupta in Jun-december
above. Stamens 6; filaments 3-4 cm long; 2012 are studied about pharmacognostic
anthers oblong-linear, versatile. Ovary aspects of Mimosa pudica. The dried
oblong, 3-locular; stigmas 3. Capsule methanol extract of the root was
ellipsoid-oblong. administered orally to Swiss albino mice for
21 consecutive days. It has an antifertility
All parts of Gloriosa superba are poisonous effect as it prolongs the estrous cycle and
and specifically the roots are highly disturbs the secretion of gonadotropin
poisonous. The active principle hormone in albino mice. Also noticed a
constitutents includes highly active alkaloids significant reduction in the number of ova in
like Colchicine, Gloriosine, Superbrine, rats with the root powder compared with the
Chelidonic acid and salicyclic acid. Mode control rats and a significant icrease in the
of poisonous action is attributed to its anti- number of degenerated ova.
mitotic activity that arrests mitosis in
metaphase. Cells with high turn over and Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew, Family :
high metabolic rate like intestional Urticaceae, Local name : Anachoriyan
epithelium, hair follicle, bone marrow cells
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