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How Are Machine Languages Different from
Learn It Online Assembly Languages?
Web Research
A computer program is a series of instructions that directs
a computer to perform tasks. A programming language is
a set of words, symbols, and codes that enables a
Career Corner
programmer to communicate instructions to a computer.
Companies Two low-level programming languages are machine
FAQ language and assembly language. A machine language
High-Tech Talk uses a series of binary digits, or combinations of numbers
and letters that represent binary digits, and is the only
Looking Ahead
language a computer directly recognizes. With an
Trailblazers assembly language, a programmer writes instructions
Web Links using symbolic instruction codes, which are meaningful
abbreviations.

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Computer Forensics
Forum What Is the Purpose of Procedural
Install Computer Programming Languages?
Vista Exercises In a procedural language, or third-generation language
Maintain Computer (3GL), a programmer writes instructions that tell a
computer what to accomplish and how to do it.
Making Use of the Web
Programmers use English-like words to write instructions,
Personal Mobile Devices which simplifies the program development process. A
Tech News compiler or an interpreter translates the 3GL source
Timeline program into machine language object code that a
computer can execute. Standard procedural languages
include COBOL (a language designed for business
applications) and C (a powerful language that requires
professional programming skills).

What Are the Characteristics of

Object-Oriented Programming Languages
and Program Development Tools?

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Programmers use an object-oriented programming (OOP)

language or object-oriented program development tool to
implement object-oriented design. A program that
provides a user-friendly environment for building
programs often is called a program development tool. An
object is an item that can contain both data and the
procedures that read or manipulate the data. A major
benefit of OOP is the ability to reuse and modify existing
objects, allowing programmers to create applications
faster. Often used in conjunction with OOP, RAD (rapid
application development) is a method of developing
software, in which a programmer writes and implements a
program in segments instead of waiting until the entire
program is completed. OOP languages include Java, C++,
and C#. Java uses a just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert
bytecode into machine-dependent code. C++ is an
object-oriented extension of the C programming language.
C# is based on C++ and has been accepted as a standard
for Web applications and XML-based Web services. Visual
Studio is Microsoft's suite of program development tools
and includes the programming languages Visual Basic,
Visual C++, Visual C#, and Visual J#. A visual
programming language uses a visual or graphical
interface, called a visual programming environment (VPE),
for creating all source code.

What Are the Uses of Other Programming

Languages and Other Program Development
Tools?
RPG (Report Program Generator) is a language that helps
businesses generate reports. A 4GL (fourth-generation
language) is a nonprocedural language that enables users
to access data in a database. A popular 4GL is SQL, a
query language for relational databases. An application
generator creates source code or machine code from a
specification of the required functionality. A macro is a
series of statements that instructs an application how to
complete a task.

What Are Web Page Program Development

Techniques such as HTML, Scripting
Languages, DHTML, XML, WML, and Web
Page Authoring Software?
Web developers use a variety of techniques to create Web
pages. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a special
formatting language that programmers use to format
documents for display on the Web. A scripting language is
an easy-to-use, interpreted language that programmers
use to add dynamic content and interactive elements to
Web pages. Dynamic HTML (DHTML) is a type of HTML
that allows developers to include more graphical interest
and interactivity in a Web page. XML (eXtensible Markup
Language) is a popular format for sharing data that allows
Web page developers to create customized tags, as well
as predefined tags. RSS 2.0 is a specification that content
aggregators use to distribute content to subscribers. WML
is a subset of XML used to design Web pages for
microbrowsers. Developers use Web page authoring
software to create sophisticated Web pages that include
graphical images, video, audio, animation, and other
special effects. Three popular Web page authoring

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programs are Dreamweaver, Expression Web, and Flash.

How Are Popular Multimedia Authoring

Programs Used?
Multimedia authoring software allows developers to
combine text, graphics, animation, audio, and video into
an interactive presentation. Popular authoring software
includes ToolBook, Authorware, and Director. ToolBook
has a graphical user interface and uses an object-oriented
approach. Authorware provides the tools developers need
to build interactive multimedia training and educational
programs. Director has powerful features that allow
programmers to create highly interactive multimedia
applications.

What Are the Six Steps in the Program

Development Cycle?
The program development cycle is a series of steps
programmers use to build computer programs. The
program development cycle consists of six steps: (1)
analyze requirements, (2) design solution, (3) validate
design, (4) implement design, (5) test solution, and (6)
document solution.

How Is Structured Design Different from

Object-Oriented Design?
In structured design, a programmer typically begins with a
general design and moves toward a more detailed design.
A programmer starts with the program’s major function,
called the main routine, and breaks it down into smaller
sections, called subroutines. Structured design results in
programs that are reliable and easy to read and maintain,
but it does not provide a way to keep the data and the
program together and can result in redundant
programming code. With object-oriented (OO) design, the
programmer packages the data and the program (or
procedure) into a single unit, an object. Objects are
grouped into classes. A detailed class diagram represents
each object, its attributes (data), and its methods
(procedures). The programmer translates the methods
into program instructions.

What Are the Basic Control Structures and

Design Tools Used in Designing Solutions to
Programming Problems?
A control structure depicts the logical order of program
instructions. A sequence control structure shows one or
more actions following each other. A selection control
structure tells the program which action to take, based on
a certain condition. Two types of selection control
structures are the if-then-else control structure, which
yields one of two possibilities (true or false), and the case
control structure, which can yield one of three or more
possibilities. The repetition control structure enables a
program to perform one or more actions repeatedly as

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long as a certain condition is met. Two forms of the

repetition control structure are the do-while control
structure, which tests a condition at the beginning of the
loop, in a process called a pretest, and continues looping
as long as a condition is true; and the do-until control
structure, which tests a condition at the end of the loop, in
a process called a posttest, and continues looping until the
condition is true. Some design tools include a program
flowchart, or simply flowchart; pseudocode; and the UML.

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