1.

Centrifugal Pumps Pumps are machines that are used to transfer liquid from a location of low
elevation to ahigher elevation. There are various types of pumps and they are classified in two major
categories:(1) dynamic or kinetic and (2) positive displacement. Dynamic or kinetic are types of pumps in
which energy is continuously added to the fluid toincrease its velocity. Centrifugal, jet and turbine pumps
falls under this category. Positive displacement pumps, however, are types, in which energy is
continuously added byapplication of force to an enclosed volume of fluid and resulting to a direct
increase in its pressure.Reciprocating, rotary and diaphragm pumps falls under this
category.CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS A centrifugal pump consists of a stationary casing and an impeller
connected in rotatingshaft. Liquid enters the center of the rotating impeller and leaves at a high velocity
and passes to astationary volute casing which transforms kinetic energy into pressure. The term
“centrifugal” camefrom the centrifugal force created as the water move outward from the center of the
impellerrotation. Figure 1.1 shows a schematic diagram of a centrifugal pump. Discharge Connecting
shaft Impeller center Volute Suction Impeller FIGURE 1.1: A wind turbine converting kinetic energy from
the wind to produce electrical powerAdvantages and Disadvantages of Centrifugal Pumps Advantages 
Simple and compact  Easy to maintain  Adaptability to motor with high rpm  Little vibrations  Flow
can be controlled from full to non-discharge without shutting the pump

2. Disadvantages  Poor suction power  Usually needs priming  Cavitation may develop during
operation  Needs multistage to increase discharge pressure  Cannot handle very viscous fluid  Check
valve is required to avoid back flowPUMP INSTALLATION The following are some of the guidelines and
precautions in installing a pump. It is alsoimportant to consult the pump manufacturer for additional
recommendations and furtherinformation regarding the pump to be used. Note that the task of the
designer is to keep the headlosses at a low value as possible. Figure shows a typical pump installation of
a pump.  Make sure that the suction line is air tight. Any air leaking in the suction line forms air pockets
that reduce the pump capacity. Plan to install the suction line of the pump in a manner that air pockets
cannot form inside it.  Both the suction and discharge lines should be supported independently to
protect the casing from strains that may cause distortion to the pump.  All piping lines should be short
and straight as possible, with minimum elbows, valves and fittings.  The suction line should be at least
one or two sizes larger than the suction flange. Use eccentric reducer between the suction pipe and
suction flange to have a better fluid flow.  The inlet end of the suction line should be at least 3 to 6 feet
below the minimum water level of the water source. Keep the suction inlet end away from agitation,
because there is a tendency for the air to mix with the liquid and may impair the operation of the pump.
 Maintain a length of straight piping of at least four to six pipe diameters long between the elbow and
suction flange of the pump to even out the flow of the water before it enters the pump. An elbow
attached at the suction side should have a large radius.  Install a gate valve and a check valve at the
discharge line near the pump. The gate valve is used to regulate the flow and the check valve prevents
backflow of liquid into the pump. Install a foot valve at the end of the suction line to hold the water in
the suction line of the pump. If foot valve is not used, end of the suction end should be belled out to
reduce the entrance velocity of the liquid.  Install the pump in a secure location and at the same time,
available for inspection and maintenance. If possible, place the pump as near the water source to keep
suction lift at a minimum.  The foundation should be heavy and rigid to reduce vibrations that may
cause misalignment between the pump shaft and motor or prime mover.
3. PUMP IN SERIES AND PARALLEL Pumps can be installed in series or in parallel operation to achieve
addition total dynamichead or capacity.Pumps in Series Pumps in series are done by staging two pumps
as shown in Figure 1.2. The total dynamichead is increased at a given capacity as shown in the
performance curve. TWO PUMPS IN SERIES CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 160 TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD IN FEET 140
Curve for 2 pumps in 120 series 100 Curve for 1 pump 80 60 40 20 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 GALLONS
PER MINUTE FIGURE 1.2: Pumps installed in seriesPumps in Parallel Pumps in parallel are the result of
installing two pumps as shown in Figure 1.3. The capacityis doubled while maintaining the total dynamic
head. TWO PUMPS IN PARALLEL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 160 TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD IN FEET 140 120 Curve
for 2 pumps in 100 Parallel 80 Curve for 1 pump 60 40 20 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 GALLONS PER
MINUTE FIGURE 1.3: Pumps installed in parallel

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