The Millennium Development Goals - Report 2010 (ONU 2010)

The Millennium Development Goals Report
2010
U N I T E D N AT I O N S
MDG Report 2010 En 20100604 r14 Final.indd 1 6/15/2010 12:51:26 PM

UNITED NATIONS
This report is based on a master set of data that has been compiled by an Inter-Agency and Expert
Group on MDG Indicators led by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United
Nations Secretariat, in response to the wishes of the General Assembly for periodic assessment of
progress towards the MDGs. The Group comprises representatives of the international organizations
whose activities include the preparation of one or more of the series of statistical indicators that were
identified as appropriate for monitoring progress towards the MDGs, as reflected in the list below. A
number of national statisticians and outside expert advisers also contributed.
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
Cover Inside
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
THE WORLD BANK
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA
JOINT UNITED NATIONS PROGRAMME ON HIV/AIDS
UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT FUND FOR WOMEN
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES
UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME
UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND
INTERNATIONAL TRADE CENTRE
INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
MDG Report 2010 En 20100604 r14 Final.indd 2 6/15/2010 12:51:29 PM

THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS REPORT 2010
The Millennium
Development Goals
Report 2010
U N I T E D N AT I O N S
N E W Y O R K , 2010
MDG Report 2010 En 20100604 r14 Final.indd Sec1:3 6/15/2010 12:51:29 PM

UNITED NATIONS

Foreword
The Millennium Declaration in 2000 was a milestone the Goals are achievable when nationally owned
in international cooperation, inspiring development development strategies, policies and programmes
efforts that have improved the lives of hundreds of are supported by international development partners.
millions of people around the world. Ten years later, At the same time, it is clear that improvements in
world leaders will gather again at the United Nations the lives of the poor have been unacceptably slow,
in New York to review progress, assess obstacles and some hard-won gains are being eroded by the
and gaps, and agree on concrete strategies and climate, food and economic crises.
actions to meet the eight Millennium Development
Goals by 2015. The world possesses the resources and knowledge
to ensure that even the poorest countries, and others
The Goals represent human needs and basic rights held back by disease, geographic isolation or civil
that every individual around the world should be strife, can be empowered to achieve the MDGs.
able to enjoy—freedom from extreme poverty and
hunger; quality education, productive and decent Meeting the goals is everyone’s business. Falling
employment, good health and shelter; the right of short would multiply the dangers of our world – from
women to give birth without risking their lives; and a instability to epidemic diseases to environmental
world where environmental sustainability is a priority, degradation. But achieving the goals will put us on
and women and men live in equality. Leaders also a fast track to a world that is more stable, more just,
pledged to forge a wide-ranging global partnership and more secure.
for development to achieve these universal
objectives. Billions of people are looking to the international
community to realize the great vision embodied in the
This report shows how much progress has been Millennium Declaration. Let us keep that promise.
made. Perhaps most important, it shows that
Ban Ki-moon
Secretary-General, United Nations

UNITED NATIONS
Overview
• Major increases in funding and a stronger commitment
Keeping the promise to control malaria have accelerated delivery of malaria
interventions. Across Africa, more communities are
Five years from the target date for the Millennium
benefiting from bed net protection and more children
Development Goals, leaders from around the world
are being treated with effective drugs.
will be gathering at the United Nations to undertake a
comprehensive review of progress and together chart a
• The rate of deforestation, though still alarmingly high,
course for accelerated action on the MDGs between now
appears to have slowed, due to tree-planting schemes
and 2015.
combined with the natural expansion of forests.
Many countries are moving forward, including some of the
• Increased use of improved water sources in rural
poorest, demonstrating that setting bold, collective goals
areas has narrowed the large gap with urban areas,
in the fight against poverty yields results. For every life that
where coverage has remained at 94 per cent—almost
has benefited from the establishment of a quantitative,
unchanged since 1990. However, the safety of water
time-bound framework of accountability, the MDGs have
supplies remains a challenge and urgently needs to be
made a real difference.
addressed.
But unmet commitments, inadequate resources, lack of
• Mobile telephony continues to expand in the developing
focus and accountability, and insufficient dedication to
world and is increasingly being used for m-banking,
sustainable development have created shortfalls in many
disaster management and other non-voice applications
areas. Some of these shortfalls were aggravated by the
for development. By the end of 2009, cellular
global food and economic and financial crises.
subscriptions per 100 people had reached the 50 per
cent mark.
Nevertheless, the data and analysis on the following
pages provide clear evidence that targeted interventions,
sustained by adequate funding and political commitment,
have resulted in rapid progress in some areas. In others, the
Bridging the gaps
poorest groups, those without education or living in more Though progress has been made, it is uneven. And without
remote areas, have been neglected and not provided the a major push forward, many of the MDG targets are likely
conditions to improve their lives. to be missed in most regions. Old and new challenges
threaten to further slow progress in some areas or even
Building on successes undo successes achieved so far.
The most severe impact of climate change is being felt

The collective efforts towards achievement of the MDGs
by vulnerable populations who have contributed least to
have made inroads in many areas. Encouraging trends
the problem. The risk of death or disability and economic
before 2008 had put many regions on track to achieve at
loss due to natural disasters is increasing globally and is
least some of the goals. The economic growth momentum
concentrated in poorer countries. Armed conflict remains
in developing regions remains strong and, learning from the
a major threat to human security and to hard-won MDG
many successes of even the most challenged countries,
gains. Large populations of refugees remain in camps
achieving the MDGs is still within our grasp:
with limited opportunities to improve their lives. In 2009,
42 million people had been displaced by conflict or
• Progress on poverty reduction is still being made,
persecution, four fifths of them in developing countries.
despite significant setbacks due to the 2008-2009
economic downturn, and food and energy crises. The
The number of people who are undernourished has
developing world as a whole remains on track to achieve
continued to grow, while slow progress in reducing the
the poverty reduction target by 2015. The overall poverty
prevalence of hunger stalled—or even reversed itself—in
rate is still expected to fall to 15 per cent by 2015, which
some regions between 2000-2002 and 2005-2007. About
translates to around 920 million people living under the
one in four children under the age of five are underweight,
international poverty line—half the number in 1990.
mainly due to lack of food and quality food, inadequate
water, sanitation and health services, and poor care and
• Major advances have been made in getting children into
feeding practices.
school in many of the poorest countries, most of them in
sub-Saharan Africa.
An estimated 1.4 billion people were still living in extreme
poverty in 2005. Moreover, the effects of the global financial
• Remarkable improvements in key interventions—for
crisis are likely to persist: poverty rates will be slightly
malaria and HIV control, and measles immunization,
higher in 2015 and even beyond, to 2020, than they would
for example—have cut child deaths from 12.5 million in
have been had the world economy grown steadily at its
1990 to 8.8 million in 2008.
pre-crisis pace.
• Between 2003 and 2008, the number of people
Gender equality and the empowerment of women are at the
receiving antiretroviral therapy increased tenfold—from
heart of the MDGs and are preconditions for overcoming
400,000 to 4 million—corresponding to 42 per cent of
poverty, hunger and disease. But progress has been
the 8.8 million people who needed treatment for HIV.
sluggish on all fronts—from education to access to political
decision-making.

Achieving the MDGs will also require increased attention

Towards 2015
to those most vulnerable. Policies and interventions will
The Millennium Declaration represents the most important
be needed to eliminate the persistent or even increasing
promise ever made to the world’s most vulnerable people.
inequalities between the rich and the poor, between those
The MDG framework for accountability derived from the
living in rural or remote areas or in slums versus better-off
Declaration has generated an unprecedented level of
urban populations, and those disadvantaged by geographic
commitment and partnership in building decent, healthier
location, sex, age, disability or ethnicity:
lives for billions of people and in creating an environment
that contributes to peace and security.
• In all developing regions, children in rural areas are
more likely to be underweight than urban children. In
The Millennium Development Goals are still attainable.
Latin America and the Caribbean and parts of Asia, this
The critical question today is how to transform the pace of
disparity increased between 1990 and 2008.
change from what we have seen over the last decade into
dramatically faster progress. The experience of these last
• The gap between the richest and the poorest
ten years offers ample evidence of what works and has
households remains enormous. In Southern Asia, 60 per
provided tools that can help us achieve the MDGs by 2015.
cent of children in the poorest areas are underweight
The Millennium Development Goals summit in September
compared to 25 per cent of children in the richest
will be an opportunity for world leaders to translate this
households.
evidence into a concrete agenda for action.
• In developing regions overall, girls in the poorest 20 per
cent of households are 3.5 times more likely to be out
of school than girls in the richest households and four
times more likely to be out of school than boys from the
richest households.
• Even in countries close to achieving universal primary

education, children with disabilities are the majority of
those excluded.
• Maternal health is one of the areas in which the gap

between rich and poor is most conspicuous. While
almost all births are attended by skilled health personnel SHA ZUKANG
in the developed countries, less than half of women Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs
receive such care when giving birth in parts of the
developing world.
• Disparities in access to care during pregnancy are also

striking, with women in the richest households 1.7 times
more likely to visit a skilled health worker at least once
before birth than the poorest women.
• Lack of education is another major obstacle to

accessing tools that could improve people’s lives. For
instance, poverty and unequal access to schooling
perpetuate high adolescent birth rates, jeopardizing the
health of girls and diminishing their opportunities for
social and economic advancement.
• Contraceptive use is four times higher among women

with a secondary education than among those with no
education. For women in the poorest households and
among those with no education, negligible progress was
seen over the last decade.
• Only about half of the developing world’s population

are using improved sanitation, and addressing
this inequality will have a major impact on several
of the MDGs. Disparities between rural and urban
areas remain daunting, with only 40 per cent of rural
populations covered. And while 77 per cent of the
population in the richest 20 per cent of households use
improved sanitation facilities, the share is only 16 per
cent of those in the poorest households.

UNITED NATIONS
TARGET
Goal 1 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people

whose income is less than $1 a day
The global economic crisis has slowed

Eradicate progress, but the world is still on track to
meet the poverty reduction target
extreme
poverty and Proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day,
1990 and 2005 (Percentage)
hunger Sub-Saharan Africa
51
58
Southern Asia
49
39 1990
Southern Asia, excluding India 2005
45
2015 Target
31
CIS, Asia
6
19
South-Eastern Asia
39
19
Eastern Asia
60
16
Latin America & the Caribbean
11
8
Western Asia
2
6
Northern Africa
5
3
Transition countries of South-Eastern Europe
0.1
1
CIS, Europe
2
0.3
Developing regions
46
27
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Robust growth in the first half of the decade reduced the

number of people in developing regions living on less than
$1.25 a day from 1.8 billion in 1990 to 1.4 billion in 2005,
while the poverty rate dropped from 46 per cent to 27 per
cent. The global economic and financial crisis, which began
in the advanced economies of North America and Europe
in 2008, sparked abrupt declines in exports and commodity
prices and reduced trade and investment, slowing growth
in developing countries. Nevertheless, the momentum of
economic growth in developing countries is strong enough
to sustain progress on the poverty reduction target. The
overall poverty rate is still expected to fall to 15 per cent by

2015, indicating that the Millennium Development Prior to the crisis, the depth of poverty
Goal (MDG) target can be met. This translates had diminished in almost every region
into around 920 million people living under the
international poverty line—half the number in 1990.
Poverty gap ratio at $1.25 a day, 1990 and 2005
Newly updated estimates from the World Bank (Percentage)
suggest that the crisis will leave an additional Sub-Saharan Africa
50 million people in extreme poverty in 2009 26
and some 64 million by the end of 2010 relative 21
to a no-crisis scenario, principally in sub- Southern Asia

14
Saharan Africa and Eastern and South-Eastern 10 1990
Asia. Moreover, the effects of the crisis are 2005
Southern Asia, excluding India
likely to persist: poverty rates will be slightly 14
8
higher in 2015 and even beyond, to 2020, than
CIS, Asia
they would have been had the world economy 2
grown steadily at its pre-crisis pace. 5
South-Eastern Asia
11
The fastest growth and sharpest reductions 4
in poverty continue to be recorded in Eastern Eastern Asia
Asia. Poverty rates in China are expected to 21
fall to around 5 per cent by 2015. India, too, 4
has contributed to the large reduction in global Latin America & the Caribbean
4
poverty. Measured at the $1.25 a day poverty 3
line, poverty rates there are expected to fall Western Asia
from 51 per cent in 1990 to 24 per cent in 2015, 1
2
and the number of people living in extreme
Northern Africa
poverty will likely decrease by 188 million. All 1
developing regions except sub-Saharan Africa, 1
Western Asia and parts of Eastern Europe and Transition countries of South-Eastern Europe
<0.1
Central Asia are expected to achieve the MDG
0.2
target. These shortfalls reflect slow growth
CIS, Europe
in sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s and the 1
transition from planned to market economies 0.1
that saw poverty increase, albeit from very low Developing regions
16
levels, in some countries of Eastern Europe 8
and the former Soviet Union.
0 10 20 30
The lack of good quality surveys carried out

at regular intervals and delays in reporting The poverty gap measures the shortfall in incomes of
survey results continue to hamper the people living below the poverty line. While the international
monitoring of poverty. Gaps are particularly poverty line is set at a level typical of very poor countries,
acute in sub-Saharan Africa, where more many people live on even less than that amount. Economic
than half of countries lack sufficient data growth and improvements in the distribution of income or
to make comparisons over the full range of consumption reduce the depth of poverty. Since 1990, the
the MDGs, and among small island states depth of poverty has decreased in all regions except Western
in the Pacific and the Caribbean. Surveys Asia. In 2005, the average income of people living below
deliver important information—not just in the the poverty line stood at $0.88. The depth of poverty was
change in average income or consumption, greatest in sub-Saharan Africa, but has fallen since 1999 to
but also in its distribution. This year’s poverty reach the level of Eastern Asia in 1990.
estimates integrate 31 new household surveys.
Combining these new surveys with last year’s
growth forecast suggests a 0.5 percentage
point decline (after taking into account the
effect of the financial crisis) in the aggregate
poverty headcount index in 2015—from 15.5
per cent to 15.0 per cent. Only with more timely
data can accurate reports on progress towards
the MDGs be provided.

UNITED NATIONS
Investments in disaster risk TARGET

Achieve, full and productive employment and decent
reduction can yield long-term work for all, including women and young people
benefits, including progress
on the MDGs
Deterioration of the labour market,
triggered by the economic crisis, has
The risk of death or disability and
economic loss resulting from natural resulted in a decline in employment
disasters is increasing globally and is
concentrated in poorer countries. Reducing
such risk can have multiplier effects that Employment-to-population ratio, 1998, 2008 and
can accelerate achievement of the MDGs. 2009 preliminary estimates
The horrific loss of life from earthquakes Eastern Asia
74
in Haiti, Chile and China, and floods in 70
Brazil, underscore the need to make the 70
Oceania
built environment more resilient in the face 66 1998
66 2008
of potential hazards—both seismic and 67 2009*
climatic (or weather-related). South-Eastern Asia
66
66
Urbanization, climate change and 66
ecosystem degradation are increasing the Sub-Saharan Africa
64
toll of natural disasters, and countries least 65
65
able to reduce their risk are suffering the
most. An estimated 97 per cent of global 58
mortality risk from natural disasters is 61
60
faced by populations in low- and lower- CIS
middle-income countries, which also 53
58
experience higher economic losses relative 57
to the size of their economies. From the Southern Asia
57
start of 2008 through March 2010, 470,000 56
55
people were reportedly killed as a result of
natural disasters; economic losses were 53
49
estimated to be more than $262 billion (not 48
including 2010). Small island developing Northern Africa
states and landlocked developing countries 44
46
together constitute 60 per cent and 67 46
per cent, respectively, of the countries Western Asia
47
considered to have a high or very high 46
44
economic vulnerability to natural hazards.
Developed regions
56
57
Experience from countries has shown 55
that investments in disaster risk reduction Developing regions
produce long-term benefits—from reduced 63
62
future losses and avoided reconstruction 62
to co-benefits such as more robust 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
livelihoods, resilient communities, and
* Data for 2009 are preliminary.
protective and productive ecosystems.
In Peru, incorporation of risk reduction
into development has led to benefits that The bursting of the housing bubble in the United States in
exceeded costs by as much as 37 times. 2007 and subsequent paralysis of the global financial system
When China spent $3.15 billion on reducing became an economic and labour market crisis that plagued
the impact of floods between 1960 and the world throughout 2009. The cascading crisis crippled
2000, it averted losses estimated at $12 economies, reduced enterprise capacities and forced millions
billion. of people out of work. Many workers resorted to vulnerable
forms of employment as the ranks of the working poor swell.

As the crisis deepened, government As jobs were lost, more workers have
stimulus measures began to curb the slide been forced into vulnerable employment
in economic activity and lessen the impact
of global job losses. The coordinated efforts
of countries responding to the crisis have Proportion of own-account and contributing family
been instrumental in averting even greater workers in total employment, 1998, 2008 and
social and economic hardships. However,
2009 second scenario (Percentage)
labour market conditions have continued to
deteriorate in many countries and will likely Oceania
74
threaten much of the progress made over the 78
79
last decade towards decent work. Southern Asia
80
76
The economic deterioration resulted in a 77
sharp drop in employment-to-population Sub-Saharan Africa
82
ratios. In addition, labour productivity 75
77
declined in 2009. In most regions, the South-Eastern Asia
decrease in gross domestic product was 63 1998
61 2008
even greater than the decline in employment, 61
2009*
Eastern Asia
resulting in diminishing output per worker. 62
Preliminary estimates indicate a negative 53
53
growth in output per worker in all regions CIS, Asia
47
except Northern Africa, Eastern Asia and 41
Southern Asia. The largest fall in output per 44
Northern Africa
worker was in CIS countries in Europe, the 35
31
transition countries of South-Eastern Europe 34
and in Latin America and the Caribbean. Latin America & the Caribbean
35
Declining labour output contributes to poorer 31
32
working conditions, worsening the plight of
workers in regions where labour productivity 32
24
was already low before the economic crisis, 29
as in sub-Saharan Africa. Western Asia
39
27
28
CIS, Europe
8
9
10
Developed regions
11
10
11
Developing regions
65
59
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
*Forecasts for 2009 are based on the International Labour Organization’s
second scenario. Details are available at mdgs.un.org
The positive downward trend in vulnerable employment was

interrupted by deteriorating conditions on the labour market
following the financial crisis. For many wage and salaried
workers who lost their jobs, as well as first-time job seekers
who entered the labour market in the midst of the crisis, own-
account and unpaid family work are options of last resort.
Those engaged in ‘vulnerable employment’, defined as the

sum of own-account workers and contributing family workers,
are not typically bound by formal work arrangements. They
are therefore more likely to lack benefits associated with
decent employment, such as adequate social security

UNITED NATIONS
and recourse to effective mechanisms for Since the economic crisis, more workers
social dialogue. Vulnerable employment is find themselves and their families living
often characterized by inadequate earnings,
low productivity and substandard working in extreme poverty
conditions that undermine fundamental labour
rights.
Proportion of employed people living below
Prior to the economic crisis, over three $1.25 a day, 1998, 2008 and 2009 second
quarters of workers in Oceania, Southern scenario (Percentage)
Asia and sub-Saharan Africa were without the Sub-Saharan Africa
security that wage and salaried jobs could 67
58
provide. The crisis is likely to have further 64
increased the number of workers engaged Southern Asia
55
in vulnerable employment in these regions in 44
51
2009. The International Labour Organization
Oceania
(ILO) estimates* the global vulnerable 45 1998
46 2008
employment rate in 2009 to be between 49 50 2009*
per cent and 53 per cent, which translates South-Eastern Asia
into 1.5 billion to 1.6 billion people who are 45
23
working on their own or as unpaid family 28
workers worldwide. CIS, Asia
26
* Details are available at http://mdgs.un.org 19
21
Eastern Asia
52
11
13
Western Asia
8
8
12
13
7
8
Northern Africa
6
3
4
1
0.4
0.6
CIS, Europe
4
0.1
0.2
Developing regions
48
26
31
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
*Data for 2009 are based on the ILO’s second scenario.
Details are available at mdgs.un.org
The ‘working poor’ are defined as those who are employed

but live in households where individual members subsist on
less than $1.25 a day. Most of these workers are engaged
in jobs that lack the social protection and safety nets that
guard against times of low economic demand, and they are
often unable to generate sufficient savings to offset hard
times. Since vulnerable employment is often characterized
by low productivity work, and the global financial crisis has
resulted in declining output per worker, working poverty is
likely to have increased as well. The small decreases in the
percentage of working poor in 2009 that would result from a
10

continuation of historical trends (scenario 1)

are therefore not likely to have materialized. TARGET
Rather, it is estimated that an additional 3.6 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people
per cent of the world’s workers were at risk who suffer from hunger
of falling into poverty between 2008 and
2009 (scenario 2), an alarming increase and a
setback of many years of steady progress. Hunger may have spiked in 2009, one of
the many dire consequences of the global
The largest negative impact is most likely
to be seen in sub-Saharan Africa, Southern food and financial crises
Asia, South-Eastern Asia and Oceania, where
extreme poverty among the employed may
have increased by four percentage points or Proportion of people who are undernourished in the
more in the second scenario. These estimates developing regions (Percentage) and number of
reflect the fact that, prior to the crisis, many undernourished people (Millions), 1990-1992,
workers in these regions were only slightly 1995-1997, 2000-2002 and 2005-2007
above the poverty line. In the case of sub- 1500 25
Number of undernourished people
Saharan Africa, the large majority of workers
Percentage of undernourished people
(63.5 per cent) were at risk of falling below the
1200 20
extreme poverty line in this scenario.
Percentage
900 15
Millions
817 797 805 830
600 10
300 5
0 0
1990-1992 1995-1997 2000-2002 2005-2007
Since 1990, developing regions have made some progress

towards the MDG target of halving the proportion of
people suffering from hunger. The share of undernourished
populations decreased from 20 per cent in 1990-1992 to 16
per cent in 2005-2007, the latest period with available data.
However, progress has stalled since 2000-2002. Overall
progress in reducing the prevalence of hunger has not been
sufficient to reduce the number of undernourished people. In
2005-2007, the last period assessed, 830 million people were
still undernourished, an increase from 817 million in 1990-
1992.
Food prices spiked in 2008 and falling income due to the

financial crisis further worsened the situation. The Food and
Agricultural Organization of the United Nations estimates that
the number of people who were undernourished in 2008 may
be as high as 915 million and exceed 1 billion in 2009.
11

UNITED NATIONS
Progress to end hunger has Prices of staple foods remained high in 2009, after the initial
been stymied in most regions food crisis of 2008. At the same time, the incomes of poor
households diminished because of higher unemployment
following the economic downturn. Both crises contributed to
Proportion of undernourished population, a considerable reduction in the effective purchasing power
of poor consumers, who spend a substantial share of their
1990-1992, 2000-2002 and 2005-2007
income on basic foodstuffs.
(Percentage)
Sub-Saharan Africa Though international food prices continued to decline in
31
30 the second half of 2008, consumer food price indexes rose.
26 International food prices have not yet stabilized and threats of
Southern Asia, excluding India
26 new food crises loom.
23
23
Southern Asia 1990-92 Aggregate food availability globally was relatively good
21 2000-02 in 2008 and 2009, but higher food prices and reduced
20 2005-07
21 employment and incomes meant that the poor had less
South-Eastern Asia 2015 Target
24
access to that food.
17
14
Oceania
12
16
13
Eastern Asia, excluding China
8
13
12
Eastern Asia
18
10
10
12
10
9
Western Asia
5
8
7
Northern Africa
<5
<5
<5
Developing regions
20
16
16
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Before the onset of the food and financial

crises, a number of regions were well on their
way to halving, by 2015, the proportion of their
population that were undernourished. South-
Eastern Asia, which was already close to the
target in 2005-2007 made additional progress,
as did Latin America and the Caribbean and
Eastern Asia. Progress in the latter region was
largely due to reductions in hunger in China.
The prevalence of hunger also declined in
sub-Saharan Africa, although not at a pace
that was sufficiently fast to compensate for
population growth and to put the region on
track to meet the MDG target.
12

Despite some progress, one in Halving the prevalence of underweight children by 2015
four children in the developing (from a 1990 baseline) will require accelerated and concerted
action to scale up interventions that effectively combat
world are still underweight undernutrition. A number of simple and cost-effective
interventions at key stages in a child’s life could go a long way
in reducing undernutrition, such as breastfeeding within one
Proportion of children under age five who hour of birth, exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months
are underweight, 1990 and 2008 of life, adequate complementary feeding and micronutrient
(Percentage) supplementation between six and 24 months of age.
Southern Asia
51 Undernutrition among children under five continues to be
46 widely prevalent, due to both a lack of food and lack of
Sub-Saharan Africa quality food, inadequate water, sanitation and health services
31 1990 as well as less than optimal caring and feeding practices.
27 2008
Until improvements are made in all these areas, progress will
South-Eastern Asia
37 be limited. In Southern Asia, for example, feeding practices
25 are often poor and shortages of quality food are common.
Western Asia But in addition, nearly two thirds of the population are without
14 improved sanitation and nearly half practise open defecation,
14
resulting in repeated episodes of diarrheal diseases in
Eastern Asia
17
children. Moreover, more than 25 per cent of infants are
7 underweight at birth. Many of these children are never able
Northern Africa to catch up in terms of their nutritional status. All of these
11 factors have made underweight prevalence in Southern
7 Asia—at 46 per cent—the highest in the world.
11
6
Developing regions
31
26
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Note: Prevalence of underweight children is estimated
based on the NCHS/WHO/CDC reference population.
The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) is in the
process of converting its entire child undernutrition
database according to the new World Health Organization
(WHO) Child Growth Standards.
From 1990 to 2008, the proportion of children

under five in the developing regions who are
underweight declined from 31 per cent to 26
per cent. Progress in reducing underweight
prevalence among children has been made
in all regions except Western Asia. Eastern
Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and
CIS countries in Asia have reached or nearly
reached the MDG target, and South-Eastern
Asia and Northern Africa are on track.
Progress is being made, but not fast enough

to reach the MDG target. Data are not yet
available to fully understand the impact of
the food and financial crises on underweight
prevalence, but the achievement of the MDG
target may be further threatened by them.
13

UNITED NATIONS
Children in rural areas are In some regions, the prevalence of

nearly twice as likely to be underweight children is dramatically
underweight as those in urban higher among the poor
areas
Proportion of under-five children who are underweight,
Ratio between the proportion of under-five by household wealth, around 2008 (Percentage)
children who are underweight in rural 70
areas and urban areas, 1990 and 2008 Southern Asia

Developing regions
Southern Asia 60
1.3 Sub-Saharan Africa
1.4 Northern Africa
Around 1990
South-Eastern Asia CIS, Asia
1.4 Around 2008 50
1.2 Parity
Sub-Saharan Africa
1.5 40
1.4
Northern Africa
1.7
1.5 30
2.0
2.4
20
Western Asia
2.1
2.5
Eastern Asia 10
2.1
4.8
Developing regions
1.7 0
1.9 Poorest 20% Poorer 20% Middle 20% Richer 20% Richest 20%
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Rural children disadvantaged Across the developing world, children from the poorest
households are twice as likely to be underweight as children
from the richest households. The disparity is most dramatic
In all developing regions, children in rural in regions with a high prevalence of underweight children.
areas are more likely to be underweight than This is the situation in Southern Asia, where as many as 60
children living in cities and towns. In parts of per cent of children in the poorest families are underweight,
Asia and in Latin America and the Caribbean, compared to about 25 per cent in the richest households.
the relative disparity actually increased
between 1990 and 2008. In Eastern Asia,
there was a striking increase in the rural/
urban ratio (from 2.1 to 4.8), indicating that, in
2008, children in rural areas were almost five
times as likely to be underweight as children
in urban areas. This region, however, has
already achieved the target—in both rural and
urban areas—of halving the 1990 underweight
prevalence: only 2 per cent of children in
urban areas are underweight, versus 9 per
cent of rural children.
South-Eastern Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and

Northern Africa have succeeded in reducing
child malnutrition more rapidly in rural areas
and in narrowing the gap with the urban
population, demonstrating that more equitable
progress is indeed possible.
14

Over 42 million people have been

uprooted by conflict or persecution
Number of refugees and internally displaced

persons, 2000-2009 (Millions)
40
16.0 15.2
16.0 15.2
14.6 13.7 13.8 14.3
30 15.9
13.0
20
25.3 26.0 26.0 27.1

25.0 25.0 24.6 23.7 24.4
10 21.2
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Internally displaced persons Refugees
Conflicts are a major threat to human security and to

hard-won MDG gains. Years after a conflict has ended,
large populations of refugees remain in camps with limited
employment and education opportunities and inadequate
health services. Not surprisingly, refugees often become
dependent on subsistence-level assistance and lead lives of
poverty and unrealized potential.
More than 42 million people are currently displaced by

conflict or persecution. Of these, 15.2 million are refugees
(residing outside their countries of origin) and 27.1 million
people have been uprooted but remain within the borders of
their own countries. Developing countries hosted four fifths
of the global refugee population in 2009. They included 10.4
million people who fall under the aegis of the United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and 4.8 million
Palestinian refugees, who are the responsibility of the United
Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in
the Near East (UNRWA).
The number of refugees has remained relatively stable over

the past two years—about 15 million—in part because of the
lack of durable solutions. In 2009, some 250,000 refugees
were able to return to their homes voluntarily, the lowest level
in 20 years. Afghans and Iraqis continue to be the largest
refugee populations under the UNHCR mandate, totalling
2.9 million and 1.8 million people, respectively, at the end of
2009. Together they account for nearly half of all refugees
under UNHCR care.
15

UNITED NATIONS
TARGET
Goal 2 Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls

alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary
schooling
Achieve Hope dims for universal education by

2015, even as many poor countries make
universal tremendous strides
primary Adjusted net enrolment ratio in primary education,*
education 1998/1999 and 2007/2008 (Percentage)

Sub-Saharan Africa
58 1999
76 2008
CIS, Europe
89
93
Western Asia
83
88
Southern Asia
79
90
CIS, Asia
95
94
Northern Africa
86
94
South-Eastern Asia
93
95
94
95
Eastern Asia
95
96
Developing regions
82
89
Developed regions
97
96
World
84
90
0 20 40 60 80 100
* Defined as the number of pupils of the theoretical school age for primary
education enrolled in either primary or secondary school, expressed as a
percentage of the total population in that age group.
Note: Data for Oceania are not available.
Enrolment in primary education has continued to rise,

reaching 89 per cent in the developing world. But the pace of
progress is insufficient to ensure that, by 2015, all girls and
boys complete a full course of primary schooling.
16

To achieve the goal by the target date, all Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia
children at the official entry age for primary are home to the vast majority of children
school would have had to be attending
classes by 2009 or so, depending on the out of school
duration of the primary level and how well
schools retain pupils to the end of the
Distribution of out-of-school children by region,
cycle. But in half of the sub-Saharan African
1999 and 2008 (Percentage)
countries with available data, at least one in
100
four children of primary-school age were out Sub-Saharan Africa
of school in 2008. Southern Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
To meet the goal, countries will also need to
80 Latin America
ensure that there are enough teachers and
& the Caribbean
classrooms to meet the demand. Between Western Asia
now and 2015, the number of new teachers Developed regions
needed in sub-Saharan Africa alone equals CIS
the current teaching force in the region. 60 43 Northern Africa
46
Rest of the world
Despite these challenges, a good deal has
been accomplished in many regions. Though
enrolment in sub-Saharan Africa remains the 40
lowest of all regions, it still increased by 18
percentage points—from 58 per cent to 76 27
per cent—between 1999 and 2008. Progress 34
6
was also made in Southern Asia and Northern 20 6 5
Africa, where enrolment increased by 11 and 8 4 4
percentage points, respectively, over the last 3 4
4 4
decade. 2
1 2
3 2
0 0.7
0.2
1999 2008
Major advances have been made even in
some of the poorest countries, most of
them in sub-Saharan Africa. The abolition
of primary school fees in Burundi resulted Even as the number of school-age children continues to rise,
in a threefold increase in primary-school the total number of children out of school is decreasing—from
enrolment since 1999, reaching 99 per cent 106 million in 1999 to 69 million in 2008. Almost half of these
in 2008. Similarly, the United Republic of children (31 million) are in sub-Saharan Africa, and more than
Tanzania doubled its enrolment ratio over a quarter (18 million) are in Southern Asia.
the same period. Guatemala, Nicaragua and
Zambia also broke through the 90 per cent The gender gap in the out-of-school population has also
threshold towards greater access to primary narrowed: the share of girls in this group decreased from 57
education. per cent to 53 per cent globally between 1999 and 2008. In
some regions, however, the share is much larger; in Northern
Getting children into school is a vital first step. Africa, 66 per cent of out-of-school children are girls.
But to receive the full benefits of education,
they must continue to attend classes. In
half the countries in sub-Saharan Africa
with available data, more than 30 per cent
of primary-school students drop out before
reaching the final grade.
17

UNITED NATIONS
Inequality thwarts progress towards universal education
Out-of-school children by wealth quintile and area of residence, girls and boys,
42 countries, 2000/2008 (Percentage)
40
39
36 Girls
Boys
30 31 31
28
27
25
23
20
19
17
15
14
10 11
10
0
Poorest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Richest 20% Rural Urban
Household data from 42 countries show that barriers to education are also common. In many countries,
rural children are twice as likely to be out of educating girls is widely perceived as being of less value
school as children living in urban areas. The than educating boys. And children with disabilities across
data also show that the rural-urban gap is the world face far more limited opportunities than their non-
slightly wider for girls than for boys. But the disabled peers.
biggest obstacle to education is poverty. Girls
in the poorest 20 per cent of households have The link between disability and marginalization in education
the least chance of getting an education: they is evident in countries at all levels of development. In Malawi
are 3.5 times more likely to be out of school and the United Republic of Tanzania, being disabled doubles
than girls in the richest households and four the probability that a child will never attend school, and in
times more likely to be out of school as boys Burkina Faso the risk rises to two and a half times. Even
in the richest households. Boys from the in some countries that are closer to achieving the goal
richest households are the least likely to be of universal primary education, children with disabilities
out of school (10 per cent), compared to all represent the majority of those who are excluded. In Bulgaria
other groups. and Romania, net enrolment ratios for children aged 7 to
15 were over 90 per cent in 2002, but only 58 per cent for
Children remain out of school for a variety of children with disabilities.
reasons, including cost. Social and cultural
18

19

UNITED NATIONS
TARGET
Goal 3 Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary

education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of
education no later than 2015
Promote For girls in some regions, education

remains elusive
gender
equality and Girls’ primary-school enrolment in relation to boys’,
1998/1999 and 2007/2008 (Girls per 100 boys)
empower Primary Oceania

Sub-Saharan Africa
91
85
89
91
1999
2008
women Western Asia

Northern Africa
87
90 94
92
2015
Target
Southern Asia 84 96
= GPI
Latin America & the Caribbean 97 97
between
South-Eastern Asia 96 97 97 and 103
CIS 99 99
Eastern Asia 101 104
Developing regions 91 96
Secondary
Sub-Saharan Africa 83 79
Western Asia 76 86
Southern Asia 75 87
Oceania 89 87
CIS 101 98
Northern Africa 93 98
South-Eastern Asia 95 103
Eastern Asia 93 105
Tertiary
Southern Asia 65 76
Oceania 81 84
Western Asia 82 92
Eastern Asia 66 100
CIS 121 130
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
The developing regions as a whole are approaching gender

parity in educational enrolment. In 2008, there were 96 girls
for every 100 boys enrolled in primary school, and 95 girls
for every 100 boys enrolled in secondary school. In 1999, the
ratios were 91:100 and 88:100 for the two levels of education,
respectively. Despite this progress, gender parity in primary
and secondary education—a target that was to be met by
20

2005—is still out of reach for many developing Poverty is a major barrier to education,
regions. For primary education, the steepest especially among older girls
challenges are found in Oceania, sub-Saharan
Africa and Western Asia.
Proportion of girls and boys who are out of school, by
In secondary education, the gender gap in age and household wealth, in 42 countries with surveys
enrolment is most evident in the three regions
during 2001/2008 (Percentage)
where overall enrolment is lowest—sub-
50
Saharan Africa, Western Asia and Southern Girls 50
Asia. In contrast, more girls than boys have Boys
signed up for secondary school in Latin 40
America and the Caribbean, Eastern Asia and 37
South-Eastern Asia. 30
30
In tertiary education, the ratio between girls 25 24
20
and boys in the developing regions is close to
19
parity, at 97 girls per 100 boys. This is largely
due to the fact that many more girls than boys 10
10
are enrolled in higher education in the CIS 9
countries, Latin America and the Caribbean, 0
Northern Africa and South-Eastern Asia. But Wealthiest 40% Poorest 60% Wealthiest 40% Poorest 60%
in most other regions, the number of boys Primary-school age Secondary-school age
heavily outweighs that of girls in colleges
and universities. In sub-Saharan Africa and
Southern Asia, for example, only 67 and 76 Poverty puts girls at a distinct disadvantage in terms of
girls per 100 boys, respectively, are enrolled in education. Girls of primary-school age from the poorest 60
tertiary levels of education. per cent of households are three times more likely to be out
of school as those from the wealthiest households. Their
Other gender disparities found in tertiary chances of attending secondary school are even slimmer,
education relate to areas of study, with and older girls in general are more likely to be out of school.
women being overrepresented in the In the poorest households, about twice as many girls of
humanities and social sciences and secondary-school age are out of school compared to their
significantly underrepresented in science, wealthier peers.
technology and, in particular, engineering.
Completion rates also tend to be lower among Household survey data also indicate that girls in rural areas
women than men. face added challenges in getting an education and that the
gender gap is much wider for girls of secondary-school age.
21

UNITED NATIONS
In every developing region except the

CIS, men outnumber women in paid
employment
Employees in non-agricultural wage employment who

are women, 1990–2008, and projections to 2015
(Percentage)
60
50.6 51.5
50 CIS
45.1
42.4
Latin America & the Caribbean 42.5
40 Eastern Asia 41.2 39.2
South-Eastern Asia
38.1 37.1
36.0 36.7
Oceania
30 32.4
Sub-Saharan
Africa
22.2
Western Asia 20.1 21.8
20 Northern Africa
19.2 19.2 19.2
Southern Asia
10
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2015
Globally, the share of women in paid employment outside

the agricultural sector has continued to increase slowly and
reached 41 per cent in 2008. But women in some regions
are seriously lagging behind. In Southern Asia, Northern
Africa and Western Asia, only 20 per cent of those employed
outside agriculture are women. Gender equality in the labour
market is also a concern in sub-Saharan Africa, where only
one in three paid jobs outside of agriculture are occupied by
women.
But even when women represent a large share of waged

workers, it does not mean that they have secure, decent jobs.
In fact, women are typically paid less and have less secure
employment than men.
In countries where the agricultural sector predominates,

women are mostly employed in agriculture and largely in
vulnerable jobs—in subsistence farming, as unpaid family
workers or as own-account workers—with no or little financial
security or social benefits.
22

Women are largely relegated The 2008 financial crisis has eroded employment around
to more vulnerable forms of the world. As both women and men lost their jobs,
unemployment rates shot up, especially in the first half of
employment 2009. The good news is that the rate at which unemployment
is increasing appears to be slowing, according to the latest
data. However, the fact that women are disproportionately
Proportion of own-account and represented in temporary employment, and occupy a
contributing family workers in total substantial share of jobs in export-oriented manufacturing
employment, 2009 projections industries in many developing countries, may result in higher
(Percentage) unemployment rates for women.
Oceania
85 While the crisis has drawn attention to the levels of
73 unemployment, the quality of available jobs is also worrisome.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Many wage and salaried workers who lost their jobs, as
84
well as many first-time job seekers who entered the labour
71
Southern Asia
market in the midst of the financial turmoil, have resorted to
84 own-account or unpaid family work, resulting in deteriorating
74 working conditions and lower incomes for the poorest.
South-Eastern Asia Women are more likely than men to be in vulnerable jobs,
65 with the gap being particularly evident in those regions where
58
paid employment opportunities for women are the lowest—in
Eastern Asia
58
Western Asia and Northern Africa.
50
Northern Africa
53
28
Western Asia
37
26
31
32
CIS
17
20
26
30
Women
Developing regions
65 Men
57
0 20 40 60 80 100
23

UNITED NATIONS
Women are overrepresented in Top-level jobs still go to men — to an

informal employment, with its overwhelming degree
lack of benefits and security
Share of women in top-level and all occupations,
Informal employment as a percentage average for the period 2000/2008 (Percentage)
of total non-agricultural employment, CIS
49
women and men, selected countries,
37
2003/2005 (Percentage)
Mali 36
89
74 32
India Sub-Saharan Africa
88
45
84
Ecuador (urban areas) 29
77
73 South-Eastern Asia
Peru (metropolitan Lima) 39
72 26
65
South Africa Oceania
65 39
51 21
Colombia
62 Eastern Asia
61 45
Mexico
54 16
48 Western Asia
Brazil (urban areas) 24
52
50 10
Venezuela Northern Africa
52
20
47
Panama 9
50 All occupations
49 Southern Asia
20 Senior officials
Kyrgyzstan
41 and managers
9
47
Turkey Developed regions
36 45
Women
35 32
Republic of Moldova Men
18
25 0 10 20 30 40 50
Russian Federation
8
10 Though the number of women who secured paid jobs
outside the agricultural sector increased between 1990 and
0 20 40 60 80 100
2008, women have generally failed to access higher-level
positions. The top jobs—as senior officials or managers—are
It is likely that the recent financial crisis has still dominated by men. Globally, only one in four senior
also led to a surge in informal employment officials or managers are women. And in all regions, women
due to job losses in the formal sector. In are underrepresented among high-level workers, accounting
some developing countries, over 80 per cent for 30 per cent or more of such positions in only three out
of workers have informal jobs—as owners of 10 regions. In Western Asia, Southern Asia and Northern
of informal-sector businesses, contributing Africa, less than 10 per cent of top-level positions are held by
family workers or employees without written women.
contracts or social security benefits (including
subcontracted workers operating from home
and domestic services workers). In most of
these countries, women are overrepresented
in informal employment.
24

Women are slowly rising to officers in 269 parliamentary chambers (13 per cent) in
political power, but mainly January 2010, up from 24 in 1995.
when boosted by quotas and Following parliamentary elections and renewals in 2009, gains
other special measures for women were registered in sub-Saharan Africa, where 29
per cent of the renewed seats went to women, bringing the
regional average up to 18 per cent. In South Africa, women
Proportion of seats held by women took 44 per cent of seats in the lower-house election, placing
in single or lower houses of national it third in terms of global ranking, after Rwanda and Sweden.
parliaments, 2000 and 2010 (Percentage) Similarly, there was some progress in most countries in Latin
Oceania
America and the Caribbean, with 25 per cent of seats up for
3.4 renewal going to women. Bolivia’s upper house elected more
2000
2.5
2010
than 40 per cent women members, bringing the regional
Northern Africa average up to 23 per cent.
2
9
Western Asia At the opposite end of the spectrum, 58 countries have 10
5 per cent or fewer women members of parliament and, in
9 nine chambers, women have no seats at all. During 2009,
CIS
7
no women gained seats in parliamentary renewals in the
15 Comoros, the Federated States of Micronesia and Saudi
Southern Asia Arabia.
7
18
Sub-Saharan Africa
Electoral systems, quota arrangements and other affirmative
9 action measures taken by political parties continue to be key
18 predictors of progress for women. During 2009, the average
South-Eastern Asia share of women elected to parliament reached 27 per cent
10
19
in countries that applied such measures; in contrast, women
Eastern Asia gained only a 14 per cent share of seats in countries that did
19.9 not. Women are also elected in far greater numbers under
19.5 systems of proportional representation, rather than majority/
15
plurality systems.
23
Developed regions In addition to electoral systems and quotas, gender-sensitive
17 electoral arrangements, well-trained and financed women
24
Developing regions
candidates and political will at the highest levels of political
11 parties and governments are key to overcoming gender
18 imbalances in the world’s parliaments. Given that there are
World still four men for every one woman in parliament, efforts will
12
19
be needed on all these fronts if the target of 30 per cent is to
be met.
0 5 10 15 20 25
Progress in achieving greater representation by women in the

The global share of women in parliament executive branches of government is even slower than in the
continues to increase slowly and reached legislative branches. In 2010, just nine of 151 elected heads
an all-time high of 19 per cent in 2010. of state (6 per cent) and 11 of 192 heads of government (6
This represents a gain of 67 per cent since per cent) were women. This is an improvement over 2008,
1995, when 11 per cent of parliamentarians when only seven women were elected as heads of state and
worldwide were women. But it is far short eight as heads of government. On average, women hold
of the target of 30 per cent of women in 16 per cent of ministerial posts and only 30 countries have
leadership positions that was to be met by more than 30 per cent women ministers. On the other hand,
1995, and further still from the MDG target of 16 countries have no women ministers at all. The majority of
gender parity. these countries are in Northern Africa and Western Asia, the
Caribbean and Oceania.
Women make up 30 per cent or more of the
members of lower houses of parliament in 26
countries and 40 per cent or more in seven
countries. There were 35 women presiding
25

UNITED NATIONS
TARGET
Goal 4 Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the

under-five mortality rate
Child deaths are falling, but not quickly

Reduce child enough to reach the target
mortality Under-five mortality rate per 1,000 live births,
1990 and 2008
Sub-Saharan Africa
184
144
Southern Asia
121
74
Oceania
76
60
CIS, Asia
78 1990
39 2008
South-Eastern Asia
73 2015 Target
38
Western Asia
66
32
Northern Africa
80
29
52
23
Eastern Asia
45
21
CIS, Europe
26
14
30
12
Developed regions
12
6
Developing regions
100
72
0 50 100 150 200
Substantial progress has been made in reducing child

deaths. Since 1990, the mortality rate for children under age
five in developing countries dropped by 28 per cent—from
100 deaths per 1,000 live births to 72 in 2008. Globally, the
total number of under-five deaths declined from 12.5 million in
1990 to 8.8 million in 2008. This means that, in 2008, 10,000
fewer children died each day than in 1990. An encouraging
sign is the acceleration of progress after the year 2000: the
average annual rate of decline increased to 2.3 per cent for
the period 2000 to 2008, compared to 1.4 per cent in the
1990s.
26

The greatest advances were made in Northern Revitalizing efforts against pneumonia
Africa, Eastern Asia, Western Asia, Latin and diarrhoea, while bolstering nutrition,
America and the Caribbean, and the countries
of the CIS. But most striking is the progress could save millions of children
that has been made in some of the world’s
poorest countries. Against steep odds, Causes of deaths among children under age five, 2008
Bangladesh, Bolivia, Eritrea, Lao People’s
(Percentage)
Democratic Republic, Malawi, Mongolia
2 AIDS 1 Measles
and Nepal have all reduced their under-five
3 Injuries
mortality rates by 4.5 per cent annually or
more. Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique and 8
12 Preterm births
Malaria
Niger have seen absolute reductions of more
than 100 per 1,000 live births since 1990. 41
14 Globally, more Neonatal
Pneu- than one third of causes 9 Asphyxia
monia child deaths are
Despite these achievements, and the fact attributable to 6 Sepsis
that most child deaths are preventable undernutrition
4 Pneumonia
14
or treatable, many countries still have Diarrhoeal 3 Congenital
diseases anomalies
unacceptably high levels of child mortality 1 Diarrhoeal diseases
16 1 Tetanus
and have made little or no progress in recent Other causes 5 Other neonatal
years. What’s more, among the 67 countries causes
with high child mortality rates (defined as 40
or more deaths per 1,000 live births), only 10
are on track to meet the MDG target on child Four diseases—pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria and AIDS—
survival. The highest rates of child mortality accounted for 43 per cent of all deaths in children under
continue to be found in sub-Saharan Africa. In five worldwide in 2008. Most of these lives could have been
2008, one in seven children there died before saved through low-cost prevention and treatment measures,
their fifth birthday; the highest levels were including antibiotics for acute respiratory infections, oral
in Western and Central Africa, where one in rehydration for diarrhoea, immunization, and the use of
six children died before age five (169 deaths insecticide-treated mosquito nets and appropriate drugs for
per 1,000 live births). All 34 countries with malaria. The need to refocus attention on pneumonia and
under-five mortality rates exceeding 100 per diarrhoea—two of the three leading killers of children—is
1,000 live births in 2008 are in sub-Saharan urgent. The use of new tools, such as vaccines against
Africa, except Afghanistan. Although under- pneumococcal pneumonia and rotaviral diarrhoea, could add
five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa has momentum to the fight against these common diseases and
declined by 22 per cent since 1990, the rate of provide an entry point for the revitalization of comprehensive
improvement is insufficient to meet the target. programming. Ensuring proper nutrition is a critical aspect of
Furthermore, high levels of fertility, combined prevention, since malnutrition increases the risk of death.
with a still large percentage of under-five
deaths, have resulted in an increase in
the absolute number of children who have
died—from 4.0 million in 1990 to 4.4 million in
2008. Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for half
of the 8.8 million deaths in children under five
worldwide in 2008.
Under-five mortality also remains very high in

Southern Asia, where about one in 14 children
died before age five in 2008 and where
progress is too slow to meet the 2015 target.
27

UNITED NATIONS
Recent success in controlling Globally, routine immunization against measles has continued
measles may be short-lived if to rise and protect millions of children against this often
fatal disease. In 2008, coverage reached 81 per cent in the
funding gaps are not bridged developing regions as a whole, up from 70 per cent in 2000.
Such averages, however, mask significant inequalities in
access to the vaccine. Data from 178 Demographic and
Proportion of children 12-23 months old Health Surveys suggest that access to measles vaccinations
who received at least one dose of varies across different social and economic groups, with
measles vaccine, 2000 and 2008 lower coverage for children in households that are poor or
(Percentage) located in rural areas, or whose parents have lower levels
Oceania of education. Higher birth order (that is, having many older
68 siblings) is also associated with lower measles vaccine
58
2000 coverage. Disparities between girls and boys in immunization
Sub-Saharan Africa
55
2008 coverage are not significant, except in some South Asian
72 countries.
Southern Asia
58
A single-dose vaccine strategy is not sufficient to prevent
75
Western Asia
measles outbreaks. As of 2008, a total of 132 countries used
84 a two-dose schedule routinely. In countries with weak health
83 systems, the second dose is offered during campaigns
South-Eastern Asia to ensure high coverage. Between 2000 and 2008, the
80
88
combination of improved routine immunization coverage and
Northern Africa the provision of a second-dose opportunity led to a 78 per
93 cent reduction in measles deaths globally—from an estimated
92 733,000 deaths in 2000 to 164,000 in 2008.
92
93 But recent successes may be short-lived. Funding for
Eastern Asia measles-control activities has recently declined, and
85
many priority countries are confronting funding gaps for
94
immunization campaigns. Projections show that without
93 supplementary immunization activities in these countries,
95 mortality will quickly rebound, resulting in approximately
CIS 1.7 million measles-related deaths between 2010 and 2013.
95
96
However, with sufficient funding, political commitment and
Developed regions high-quality implementation of the second-dose measles
91 strategy in priority countries, the exceptional gains made so
93 far can be maintained.
Developing regions
70
81
0 20 40 60 80 100
28

29

UNITED NATIONS
TARGET
Goal 5 Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the

maternal mortality ratio
Achieving good maternal health requires quality reproductive

Improve health services and a series of well-timed interventions to
ensure a women’s safe passage to motherhood. Failure to
maternal provide these results in hundreds of thousands of needless
deaths each year—a sad reminder of the low status accorded
health to women in many societies.
Measuring maternal mortality—death resulting from the

complications of pregnancy or childbirth—is challenging
at best. Systematic underreporting and misreporting are
common, and estimates lie within large ranges of uncertainty.
Nevertheless, an acceleration in the provision of maternal and
reproductive health services to women in all regions, along
with positive trend data on maternal mortality and morbidity,
suggest that the world is making some progress on MDG 5.
New estimates of maternal mortality are currently being

finalized by the World Health Organization (WHO), the United
Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations
Population Fund (UNFPA) and the World Bank. Preliminary
data show signs of progress, with some countries achieving
significant declines in maternal mortality ratios. However, the
rate of reduction is still well short of the 5.5 per cent annual
decline needed to meet the MDG target. The complete data
set will be available at mdgs.un.org
30

Most maternal deaths could be Giving birth is especially risky in

avoided Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa,
where most women deliver without
Causes of maternal deaths, developing skilled care
regions, 1997/2007 (Percentage)
1 Embolism Proportion of deliveries attended by skilled health
9 8 personnel, 1990 and 2008 (Percentage)
Abortion and Sepsis
miscarriage Southern Asia
30
35 45
Haemorrhage Sub-Saharan Africa
11
Other direct 41
causes 46
Oceania
1990
18 54 2008
Indirect causes 57
18
Hypertension South-Eastern Asia
46
75
Western Asia
62
78
The leading causes of maternal mortality in Northern Africa
developing regions are haemorrhage and 46
hypertension, which together account for half 80
of all deaths in expectant or new mothers. Latin America & the Caribbean*
72
Indirect causes, including malaria, HIV/ 86
AIDS and heart disease, result in 18 per cent CIS
of maternal deaths. Other direct causes, 97
98
such as obstructed labour, complications
Eastern Asia
of anaesthesia or caesarean section, and 94
ectopic pregnancy, lead to 11 per cent of all 98
deaths during pregnancy or childbirth. Transition countries of South-Eastern Europe
98
99
The vast majority of these deaths are Developed regions
avoidable. Haemorrhage, for example, which 99
accounts for over one third of maternal 99
deaths, can be prevented or managed Developing regions

53
through a range of interventions administered 63
by a skilled health-care provider with
0 20 40 60 80 100
adequate equipment and supplies.
* Includes only deliveries in health-care institutions.
The proportion of women in developing countries who

received skilled assistance during delivery rose from 53 per
cent in 1990 to 63 per cent in 2008. Progress was made in all
regions, but was especially dramatic in Northern Africa and
South-Eastern Asia, with increases of 74 per cent and 63 per
cent, respectively. Southern Asia also progressed, although
coverage there, as well as in sub-Saharan Africa, remains
inadequate. Less than half the women giving birth in these
regions are attended by skilled health personnel.
31

UNITED NATIONS
The rural-urban gap in skilled

TARGET
care during childbirth has Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive
narrowed health
Ratio of urban women to rural women

attended by skilled health personnel during
More women are receiving antenatal care
delivery, 1990 and 2008
Sub-Saharan Africa Proportion of women attended at least once
2.3
2.2 during pregnancy by skilled health-care personnel,
Southern Asia
2.9 1990 and 2008 (Percentage)
2.0
Southern Asia
Oceania
2.0 1990 48
1.9 2008 70
Western Asia 1990
1.9 Sub-Saharan Africa
1.6 2008
67
Latin America & the Caribbean*
1.8 76
1.5
Northern Africa
Northern Africa
2.5 46
1.3 78
South-Eastern Asia
1.8 Western Asia
1.2 53
CIS in Asia
1.1 79
1.0
Eastern Asia Eastern Asia
1.0 80
1.0 91
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
South-Eastern Asia
Parity: Rural women and urban women equally likely to
72
receive skilled care at delivery
93
* Includes only deliveries in health-care institutions.
More rural women are receiving skilled assistance 79
during delivery, reducing long-standing disparities 94
between urban and rural areas. In Southern Asia, CIS, Asia
for example, urban women were three times 90
more likely as their rural counterparts to receive 96
professional care at childbirth in 1990; by 2008,
Developing regions
they were only twice as likely to receive such care, 64
indicating some improvement. Still, inequalities 80
persist, especially in regions where attendance by
skilled personnel is lowest and maternal mortality 0 20 40 60 80 100
highest—notably in sub-Saharan Africa, Southern
Asia and Oceania.
In all regions, progress is being made in providing pregnant
Serious disparities in coverage are also found women with antenatal care. Remarkable gains were recorded
between the wealthiest and the poorest in Northern Africa, where the share of women who saw
households. The widest gaps are in Southern Asia a skilled health worker at least once during pregnancy
and sub-Saharan Africa, where the wealthiest increased by 70 per cent. Southern Asia and Western Asia
women are five times more likely and three times reported increases of almost 50 per cent.
more likely, respectively, as the poorest women
to be attended by trained health-care workers
at delivery. In the developing regions as a whole,
women in the richest households are three times
as likely as women in the poorest households to
receive professional care during childbirth.
32

Inequalities in care during pregnancy are striking
Proportion of women attended at least once during pregnancy by skilled health personnel,
by household wealth quintile, 2003/2008 (Percentage)
100
CIS
90
South-Eastern Asia Sub-Saharan Africa

80
Developing regions
70
Northern Africa
60
50
Southern Asia
40
Poorest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Richest 20%
Disparities in the share of women receiving Large disparities also exist between women living in rural and
antenatal care by wealth are striking, urban areas, although the gap narrowed between 1990 and
particularly in Southern Asia, Northern Africa 2008. In sub-Saharan Africa, the proportion of urban women
and sub-Saharan Africa. Even in South-Eastern who received antenatal care at least once increased from 84
Asia, where over 90 per cent of women receive per cent in 1990 to 89 per cent in 2008. The corresponding
skilled care during pregnancy, only 77 per proportions for rural women are 55 to 66 per cent, indicating
cent of women in the poorest households are that coverage has improved at a faster pace among rural
covered, versus almost 100 per cent of women women.
in the wealthiest households.
33

UNITED NATIONS
Only one in three rural women Progress has stalled in reducing the
in developing regions receive number of teenage pregnancies, putting
the recommended care during more young mothers at risk
pregnancy
Number of births per 1,000 women aged 15-19, 1990,
Proportion of women attended four or 2000 and 2007
more times during pregnancy by Sub-Saharan Africa
area of residence, 2003/2008 (Percentage) 124
119
Northern Africa 121
49 Latin America & the Caribbean
70 91
80
Sub-Saharan Africa Rural 74
37 Urban Oceania 1990
63 83 2000
63 2007
Latin America & the Caribbean 61
63
Southern Asia
84 89
59
Southern Asia
53
25
58 Western Asia
62
South-Eastern Asia 52
68 53
53
Developing regions 39
34 44
67 Northern Africa
43
0 20 40 60 80 100 31
31
CIS
Women should receive care from a 52
28
trained health-care practitioner at least 29
four times during the course of their Eastern Asia
pregnancies, according to WHO and UNICEF 15
recommendations. However, less than half 6
5
of pregnant women in developing regions
Developed regions
and only a third of rural women receive the 29
recommended four visits. Among rural women 25
in Southern Asia, the share is only 25 per 23
cent. Developing regions

65
55
52
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
In all regions, the adolescent birth rate (the number of births

per 1,000 women aged 15 to 19) decreased between 1990
and 2000. Since that time, progress has slowed and, in some
regions, increases have even been recorded. The highest
birth rate among adolescents is found in sub-Saharan Africa,
which has seen little progress since 1990. Adolescents,
in general, face greater obstacles than adult women in
accessing reproductive health services.
34

Poverty and lack of education perpetuate high adolescent birth rates
Adolescent birth rates by background characteristics in 24 sub-Saharan African countries,

1998/2008 (Number of births to women aged 15-19 per 1,000 women)
250
200
207
184
150 164
149
141 139
100 113
79
50
58
48
0
Richest Fourth Middle Second Poorest Secondary Primary No education Urban Rural
20% 20% 20% 20% 20% education education
or more
Data for 24 countries in sub-Saharan Africa

show that adolescents in the poorest
households are three times more likely
to become pregnant and give birth than
those in the richest households. In rural
areas, adolescent birth rates are almost
double those of urban areas. But the largest
disparities are linked to education: girls with
a secondary education are the least likely to
become mothers. The birth rate among girls
with no education is over four times higher.
Even more worrisome is the widening of

disparities over time. The adolescent birth
rate declined in 18 of the 24 sub-Saharan
countries studied. However, in almost all
these 18 countries the decline was largest
among adolescents living in urban areas,
among those with at least a secondary
education, and among those belonging to
the richest 20 per cent of households. Thus,
disparities between those groups and rural,
less educated and poorer adolescents have
increased, rather than decreased, over time.
35

UNITED NATIONS
Progress in expanding the use 2000 and a widening gap among regions. From 2000 to
of contraceptives by women 2007, the annual rate of increase in contraceptive prevalence
in almost all regions was lower than it had been during the
has slowed 1990s. Moreover, contraceptive prevalence in sub-Saharan
Africa and Oceania continues to be very low. And in several
subregions, traditional and less effective methods of
Proportion of women who are using any contraception are still widely used.
method of contraception among women
aged 15-49, married or in union, Satisfying women’s unmet need for family planning—that is,
1990, 2000 and 2007 (Percentage) facilitating access to modern contraceptives by women who
Sub-Saharan Africa
desire to delay or avoid pregnancy but who are currently not
12 using contraception—could improve maternal health and
20 reduce the number of maternal deaths. Recent estimates
22
indicate that meeting that need could result in a 27 per
Oceania cent drop in maternal deaths each year by reducing the
28 1990
28 2000 annual number of unintended pregnancies from 75 million
28 2007 to 22 million. Preventing closely spaced pregnancies and
Southern Asia pregnancies among adolescents would also improve the
40
health of women and girls and increase the chances that their
47
54 children will survive.
Western Asia
46 The unmet need for family planning remains moderate to high
51 in most regions, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where one
55
in four women aged 15 to 49 who are married or in union and
Northern Africa
44 have expressed the desire to use contraceptives do not have
59 access to them.
60
South-Eastern Asia
48
57
62
CIS
61
69
70
62
71
72
Eastern Asia
78
86
86
Developed regions
70
71
71
Developing regions
52
60
62
0 20 40 60 80 100
During the 1990s, use of contraceptives

increased among women in almost every
region. By 2007, over 60 per cent of women
aged 15 to 49 who were married or in union
were using some form of contraception. Yet
this average masks two disturbing trends:
a considerable slowdown in progress since
36

Use of contraception is lowest among the poorest women and those with
no education
Contraceptive prevalence by background characteristics in 22 sub-Saharan African countries,

surveys around 1994-2003 and 1998-2008 (Percentage of women using at least one
contraceptive method among women aged 15-49, married or in union)
50
First survey: 1994-2003
Second survey: 1999-2008
40 42
39 38
34 34
30 34
30
24 25
20
21
18 19
17 34
14 13 14
10
10 10 10 10 11
0
Rural Urban No education Primary Secondary Poorest Second Middle Fourth Richest
education education 20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
or more
Ensuring that family planning services reach In these countries, contraceptive use is four times higher
poor women and those with little education among women with a secondary education than among those
remains particularly challenging. Surveys with no education, and is almost four times higher among
conducted in 22 countries in sub-Saharan women in the richest households than those in the poorest
Africa show that contraceptive use to avoid households. Almost no improvement has been made over
or delay pregnancy is lowest among rural time in increasing contraceptive prevalence among women in
women, among women with no schooling and the poorest households and among those with no education.
among those living in the poorest households.
37

UNITED NATIONS
Inadequate funding for family planning is a major failure in fulfilling

commitments to improving women’s reproductive health
Official development assistance to health, total (Constant 2008 US$ millions) and proportion
going to reproductive health care and family planning, 2000-2008 (Percentage)
20,000 100
Total aid to health (Constant 2008 US$ millions ) 39
18,000 Reproductive health care (Percentage)
Family planning (Percentage)
16,000 80
Constant 2008 millions of US$
14,000
Percentage
12,000 60
10,000
8,000 40
6,000
4,000 20
2,000
0 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Ensuring that even the poorest and most health declined sharply between 2000 and 2008, from 8.2 per
marginalized women can freely decide the cent to 3.2 per cent. Aid to reproductive health services has
timing and spacing of their pregnancies fluctuated between 8.1 per cent and 8.5 per cent. External
requires targeted policies and adequately funding for family planning in constant 2008 US dollars
funded interventions. Yet financial resources actually declined during the first few years of this decade and
for family planning services and supplies has not yet returned to its 2000 level.
have not kept pace with demand. Aid for
family planning as a proportion of total aid to
38

39

UNITED NATIONS
TARGET
Goal 6 Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of

HIV/AIDS
The spread of HIV appears to have

Combat stabilized in most regions, and more
people are surviving longer
HIV/AIDS,
malaria & Number of people living with HIV, number of people
newly infected with HIV and number of AIDS deaths
other diseases worldwide, 1990-2008 (Millions)
Number of people living with HIV
4.0 Number of people newly infected with HIV 40
People newly infected with HIV and deaths due to AIDS (Millions)
Number of deaths due to AIDS
3.5 33.4
35
32.4 32.8
31.4 31.9
30.8
30.0
3.0 29.0 30
People living with HIV (Millions)

27.8
26.3
24.6
2.5 25
22.7
20.6
2.0 20
18.3
15.9
1.5 13.5 15
11.3
1.0 9.2 10
7.3
0.5 5
0 0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
The latest epidemiological data indicate that, globally, the

spread of HIV appears to have peaked in 1996, when 3.5
million* people were newly infected. By 2008, that number
had dropped to an estimated 2.7 million. AIDS-related
mortality peaked in 2004, with 2.2 million deaths. By 2008,
that toll had dropped to 2 million, although HIV remains the
world’s leading infectious killer.
The epidemic appears to have stabilized in most regions,

although prevalence continues to rise in Eastern Europe,
Central Asia and other parts of Asia due to a high rate of new
HIV infections. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the most heavily
affected region, accounting for 72 per cent of all new HIV
infections in 2008.
* All AIDS-related figures cited are the midpoint in a range. The estimate of 3.5
million new infections, for example, is based on a range of 3.2 million-3.8 million.
The complete data series of ranges and corresponding midpoints is available at
mdgs.un.org
40

Though new infections have peaked, the 33.4 million people were living with HIV in 2008, of whom
number of people living with the virus is 22.4 million are in sub-Saharan Africa.
still rising, largely due to the life-sustaining
impact of antiretroviral therapy. An estimated
Many young people still lack the knowledge to protect themselves

against HIV
Women and men aged 15–24 with comprehensive correct knowledge

of HIV in developing countries, 2003/2008 (Percentage)
Women aged 15–24 (87 countries)
Men aged 15-24 (51 countries)
Less than 30%

30%–49%
50% or more
No data
Understanding how to prevent transmission than one third of young men and less than one fifth of young
of HIV is the first step to avoiding infection. women in developing countries claim such knowledge about
This is especially important for young people HIV. The lowest levels (8 per cent) are found among young
(aged 15 to 24), who, in 2008, accounted for women in Northern Africa, according to surveys undertaken
40 per cent of new HIV infections among between 2003 and 2008. These levels are well below the
adults worldwide. Though some progress 2010 target of 95 per cent set at the United Nations General
has been made, comprehensive and correct Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS in 2001.
knowledge of HIV among young people is
still unacceptably low in most countries. Less
41

UNITED NATIONS
Empowering women through achieved among young men in 8 out of 16 countries. Between
AIDS education is indeed 2000 and 2008, Cambodia, Guyana, Namibia, Rwanda,
and Trinidad and Tobago reported remarkable increases
possible, as a number of in knowledge about HIV prevention among young women
countries have shown (reaching levels of 50 per cent or more); similar progress was
reported among young men in Namibia and Rwanda.
Young women aged 15-24 with

comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV In sub-Saharan Africa, knowledge of
in selected countries, 2000 and HIV increases with wealth and among
2007 (Percentage)
Namibia
those living in urban areas
31
65
Trinidad and Tobago
33 Young women and men aged 15-24 years in selected
54
Rwanda sub-Saharan African countries with comprehensive
23
51 2000 correct knowledge of HIV by sex, residence and
Guyana 2007 wealth status, 2003/2008 (Percentage)
36
50 50
Cambodia Women
37
50 Men
43
40 41
Viet Nam
25
44 36 35
Sao Tome and Principe 33 32
30
11 30 29
44 26
Republic of Moldova 25 25
19 20 21
42 20 20
Suriname 17
27 14
41 10
Dominican Republic
18
41
0
Gambia Richest Fourth Middle Second Poorest Rural Urban Total
15 20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
39
United Republic of Tanzania
26
39
Haiti In sub-Saharan Africa, disparities in knowledge about HIV
15 prevention among women and men aged 15 to 24 are linked
34
Cameroon to gender, household wealth and place of residence. For both
16 men and women, the likelihood of being informed about HIV
32
Uzbekistan increases with the income level of one’s household. Gender
3 disparities in knowledge also diminish slightly among the rich
31
Armenia and among those living in urban areas.
7
23
Central African Republic
5
17
Jordan
3
13
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
A number of countries have made impressive

strides in educating their young people
about HIV, despite disappointing global and
regional averages. In 18 out of 49 countries
with available trend data, comprehensive
and correct knowledge of HIV increased
by 10 percentage points or more among
women aged 15 to 24; the same success was
42

Disparities are found in Condom use during high-risk sex is

condom use by women and gaining acceptance in some countries and
men and among those from the is one facet of effective HIV prevention
richest and poorest households
Condom use at last higher-risk sex among young
Young women and men aged 15-24 years in women aged 15-24 in selected countries, 2000
selected sub-Saharan African countries and 2007 (Percentage)
who used a condom with the last higher Namibia
48
-risk sexual partner by sex, residence
64
and wealth status, 2003/2008 (Percentage)
Burkina Faso
54
60
60 60 64
Women
Cameroon
50 Men
50 47
48
62
40 42 43
41 Republic of Moldova
38 44
30 33 33 33 60
26 Mozambique
24 25 29
20 23
44
15 Dominican Republic 2000
10 29 2007
44
0 Kenya
Richest Fourth Middle Second Poorest Rural Urban Total
25
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
40
Nigeria
In most developing countries, the majority of 24
young people fail to use condoms during sex, 36
even when there is the risk of contracting HIV. Peru
On average, less than 50 per cent of young 19
men and less than a third of young women 34
used condoms during their last higher-risk Haiti

19
sexual activity. 29
Ethiopia
In sub-Saharan Africa, men aged 15 to 24 17
are far more likely to use condoms than 28
women of the same age. For both women
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
and men, condom use increases dramatically
with wealth and among those living in urban
areas. Similar disparities were observed in all Although the use of condoms during high-risk sex remains
countries with available data. low overall, young people in some countries are proving that
the right policies and interventions can yield results. Between
2000 and 2008, increases of 10 or more percentage points in
condom use during risky sex were reported among women
in 11 of the 22 countries where trends can be documented,
reaching levels of 60 per cent or more in some of them. A
similar increase was found among men in 11 of 17 countries
with available trend data. Such progress is ultimately the
result of individual action, supported by a combination of
behavioural, biomedical and structural interventions and the
collective efforts of government, development partners and
civil society.
43

UNITED NATIONS
Mounting evidence shows a Children orphaned by AIDS suffer more

link between gender-based than the loss of parents
violence and HIV
Estimated number of children (0-17 years) who have lost
A wide gap exists between knowledge of one or both parents due to AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa,
HIV and preventive action, sometimes due to
2008 (Millions)
cultural mores. A tradition of child marriage, 20
for example, can put girls at risk. An analysis
of survey data from eight countries shows that
young women (aged 15 to 24) who had their 16
sexual debut before age 15 are more likely to

be HIV-positive. Tacit social acceptance of 12
violence against women and girls compounds
the problem. In four countries surveyed,
8
nearly one in four young women reported that
their first experience of sexual intercourse
was forced, which increases the chances of 4
contracting HIV.
0
In fact, growing evidence links gender-based 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008
violence with the spread of HIV, underscoring
the importance of reaching adolescents
through comprehensive prevention An estimated 17.5 million children (under age 18) lost one
programmes that combine a variety of or both parents to AIDS in 2008. The vast majority of these
interventions. It also points to the continuing children—14.1 million—live in sub-Saharan Africa.
need for social change, so that violence
against women and girls in any form is treated Children orphaned by AIDS are at greater risk of poor
with zero tolerance. Enacting and enforcing health, education and protection than children who have
laws that make such violence punishable as a lost parents for other reasons. They are also more likely to
crime is another part of the solution. be malnourished, sick, or subject to child labour, abuse and
neglect, or sexual exploitation—all of which increase their
vulnerability to HIV infection. Such children frequently suffer
from stigma and discrimination and may be denied access
to basic services such as education and shelter as well as
opportunities for play.
44

The 3 by 5 initiative—a global effort to provide

TARGET 3 million people in low- and middle-income
Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for countries with antiretroviral therapy by
HIV/AIDS for all those who need it 2005—was launched in 2003. At the time, an
estimated 400,000 people were receiving this
life-prolonging treatment. Five years later, by
The rate of new HIV infections continues December 2008, that figure had increased
to outstrip the expansion of treatment 10-fold—to approximately 4 million people—
an increase of over 1 million people from the
previous year alone. The greatest gains were
Population living with HIV who are receiving seen in sub-Saharan Africa, where two thirds
antiretroviral therapy, 2005 and 2008 (Percentage) of those needing treatment live. By the end of
2008, an estimated 2.9 million people in sub-
Eastern Asia Saharan Africa were receiving antiretroviral
10
therapy, compared to about 2.1 million in
19 2007—an increase of 39 per cent.
CIS
4
However, for every two individuals who start
treatment each year, five people are newly
20
infected with HIV. The rate of new infections
Southern Asia continues to outstrip the expansion of
7 2005 treatment, drawing attention to the urgent
2008 need to intensify both prevention and
31
treatment measures.
Northern Africa
27
In 2008, 42 per cent of the 8.8 million people
40 needing treatment for HIV in low- and middle-
Sub-Saharan Africa income countries received it, compared to
14 33 per cent in 2007. This means that 5.5
43
million people in need did not have access
to the necessary medications. Prompted by
Latin America & the Caribbean new scientific evidence, the World Health
46 Organization revised its treatment guidelines
54 in 2009, which will increase even further the
number of people requiring antiretroviral
South-Eastern Asia and Oceania
28
therapy.
57
Data from 90 low- and middle-income
Developing regions countries show that adult women have a
16 slight advantage over adult men in accessing
42 treatment: about 45 per cent of women and
37 per cent of men in need were receiving
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 antiretroviral drugs by the end of 2008. During
that year, about 275,700 children, or 38 per
cent of those in need in these countries
received treatment. Despite limited availability,
approximately 2.9 million deaths have been
averted because of antiretroviral drugs.
45

UNITED NATIONS
Expanded treatment for

TARGET
HIV-positive women also Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence
safeguards their newborns of malaria and other major diseases
More than 90 per cent of the 2.1 million

children living with HIV were infected while in Half the world’s population is at risk of malaria, and an
the womb, around the time of birth or through estimated 243 million cases led to nearly 863,000 deaths in
breastfeeding. However, this percentage 2008. Of these, 767,000 (89 per cent) occurred in Africa.
can be substantially reduced by treating an
expectant mother with antiretroviral therapy. Sustained malaria control is central to achieving many of
Over the past decade, the international the MDGs, and available data show significant progress in
community has continually committed to scaling up prevention and treatment efforts. Major increases
scaling up access to health services and in funding and attention to malaria have accelerated the
reducing the burden of HIV among women delivery of critical interventions by reducing bottlenecks in the
and children. These efforts are yielding production, procurement and delivery of key commodities.
results. In 2008, 45 per cent of HIV-positive Countries have also been quicker to adopt more effective
pregnant women, or 628,000 out of 1.4 million, strategies, such as the use of artemisinin-based combination
received treatment in 149 low and middle- therapies and diagnostics to better target treatment.
income countries—an increase of 10 per cent
over the previous year.
46

Production of insecticide-treated Across Africa, expanded use of

mosquito nets soars insecticide-treated bed nets is
protecting communities from
Global production of long-lasting insecticidal bed nets, malaria
2004-2009 (Millions)
160 Proportion of children under five sleeping
150 under insecticide-treated bed nets,
140 selected countries, 2000 and 2008/2009
(Percentage)
Rwanda
120 4
56
Sao Tome and Principe
23
100 95 56
100 Gambia
15
49
Kenya
80 3
46
Madagascar
63 0
46
60 Zambia
1
43 41
Guinea-Bissau
40 7
30 39
Togo
2
38
20 Ethiopia
2
33
Senegal
0 2
29
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Ghana
4
Note: Data for 2007-2009 are based on estimated production capacity. 28
United Republic of Tanzania
2
26
Sierra Leone
Global production of mosquito nets has increased fivefold 2
26
since 2004—rising from 30 million to 150 million in 2009. Malawi
3
Nearly 200 million nets were delivered to African countries by 25
Mozambique
manufacturers during 2007-2009 and are available for use; 7 2000
23
2008/2009
nearly 350 million are needed to achieve universal coverage Benin
7
there. Based on these estimates, endemic African countries 20
Central African Republic
have received enough nets to cover more than half of their 2
15
populations at risk of malaria. Cameroon
1
13
Burkina Faso
2
10
Uganda
0
10
Burundi
1
8
Niger
1
7
Nigeria
1
6
Democratic Republic of the Congo
1
6
Côte d'Ivoire
1
3
Swaziland
0
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
African children, who are among the most

vulnerable to malaria, are now sleeping under
mosquito nets in far greater proportions than
in 2000. All countries with trend data have
shown major increases in insecticide-treated
bed net use in the last decade, although
47

UNITED NATIONS
scaling up in most countries only began in Global procurement of more effective

2005. Across Africa, use of such nets by antimalarial drugs continues to rise
children rose from just 2 per cent in 2000 to
22 per cent in 2008, in 26 African countries rapidly
with trend data (covering 71 per cent of the
under-five population in Africa). Twenty of
these countries documented at least a five- Number of doses of artemisinin-based combination
fold increase in coverage during this time, with therapies procured worldwide, 2001-2009 (Millions)
11 achieving a 10-fold gain or more. 180
160.0
160
Poverty continues to limit use
of mosquito nets 140
130.0
120
Children under five sleeping under an
insecticide-treated bed net by residence 100
97.0
and wealth quintile, sub-Saharan Africa, 82.7
2006/2009 (Percentage) 80
25
60
23
20
20 40
19 19 31.3
17
15 16 20
14 5.0
0.5 0.6 2.1
0
10 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
5
Prompt and effective treatment is critical for preventing
life-threatening complications from malaria, particularly
0
Richest Fourth Middle Second Poorest Rural Urban in children. In recent years, many African countries have
20% 20% 20% 20% 20% reinvigorated their treatment programmes by increasing
Note: Disaggregation by residence is based on access to new combinations of antimalarial medications that
estimates from 32 countries in sub-Saharan Africa with have been shown to outperform earlier drugs.
residence information, covering 86 per cent of children
under five in the region. Disaggregation by household
wealth is based on estimates from 30 countries in Since 2003, countries have shifted their national drug policies
sub-Saharan Africa with household wealth information, to promote artemisinin-based combination therapies, a
covering 83 per cent of children under five. more effective—but also more expensive—treatment course.
Global procurement of these medicines has risen sharply
since 2005.
Through campaigns to distribute free
insecticide-treated mosquito nets in areas of Antimalarial treatment coverage, however, remains
intense malaria transmission, some countries substantially different across African countries—ranging
have been able to achieve more equitable from 67 per cent to only 1 per cent of children under five
use of bed nets by poor, rural households. with fevers receiving any type of antimalarial drug. In fact,
But not all countries have managed to do the proportion of febrile children under five receiving any
so. On average, girls and boys in the poorest antimalarial medication was above 50 per cent in only eight
households are still less likely to use mosquito of the 37 African countries with recent data (2005-2009). And
nets, though the data indicate no significant in nine of these countries, only 10 per cent or fewer febrile
gender differences in use. children were receiving treatment. However, lower levels of
antimalarial treatment may reflect expanded use of diagnostic
tools to only target those children who actually have the
disease.
48

Children from the poorest External funding is helping to reduce

households are least likely to malaria incidence and deaths, but
receive treatment for malaria additional support is needed
Proportion of children aged 0-59 months Percentage of countries reporting reduction in malaria
with fever receiving antimalarial medicines incidence by funding per person at risk,
by residence and wealth quintile, sub- 108 endemic countries, 2000/2008, (Percentage)
Saharan Africa, 2006/2009 (Percentage) 60
50
Percentage of countries reporting reduction in malaria incidence

46 Reduction in cases > 50%
50
40 Reduction in cases 25-50%
40 41
35
30 32 40
30 42%
27
20
30
10
20
0
Richest Fourth Middle Second Poorest Rural Urban 25%
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
22%
10
Note: Disaggregation by residence is based on 17%
estimates from 33 countries in sub-Saharan Africa
with residence information, covering 86 per cent
of children under five in the region. 2%
0
Disaggregation by household wealth is based on <3 3-6 7+
estimates from 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa Funding per person at risk (US$)
with household wealth information, covering 83 per
cent of children under five.
External funding for malaria control has increased
Children living in rural areas are less likely significantly in recent years. Funds disbursed to malaria-
to receive antimalarial medicines than those endemic countries rose from less than $0.1 billion in 2003 to
living in urban areas. Similarly, children in the $1.5 billion in 2009. This support came largely from the Global
richest households are almost twice as likely Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, in addition
to receive treatment as those in the poorest to more recent commitments from other sources. Domestic
households. Data indicate no difference in contributions are more difficult to quantify, but financing
treatment of girls and boys. by national governments appears to have at least been
maintained at 2004 levels.
Despite these positive trends, total funding for malaria still

falls far short of the estimated $6 billion needed in 2010 alone
for global implementation of malaria-control interventions. So
far, about 80 per cent of external funds have been targeted
to the Africa region, which accounts for nearly 90 per cent of
global cases and deaths.
Additional funding has resulted in increased procurement of

commodities and a larger number of households owning at
least one insecticide-treated mosquito net. African countries
that have achieved high coverage of their populations in
terms of bed nets and treatment programmes have recorded
decreases in malaria cases. More than a third of the 108
countries at risk of malaria (nine of them African and 29
non-African) documented reductions in malaria cases of over
50 per cent in 2008, compared to 2000. Although existing
49

UNITED NATIONS
data may not be representative of the entire Progress on tuberculosis inches forward
population, decreases in malaria incidence
appear to be associated with higher levels
of external assistance. This suggests that Number of new tuberculosis cases per 100,000
the MDG target can be reached if adequate population (incidence) and number of tuberculosis
funding is secured and key interventions are case notifications per 100,000 population in the
carried out. Evidence from several African developing regions (including people who are
countries also suggests that large reductions HIV-positive), 1990-2008 (Percentage)
in malaria cases and deaths have been 200
mirrored by steep declines in deaths due to all
causes among children less than five years of 180
age. Intensive efforts to control malaria could
help many African countries reach a two- 160
thirds reduction in child mortality by 2015, as
140
targeted in MDG 4.
Incidence
120 Incidence, lower and
One constraint is that the limited funds upper bound
for malaria control appear to be focused 100 New notifications
disproportionately on smaller countries, and
decreases in incidence are seen primarily 80
in countries with low disease burdens,
where gains are more easily achieved. More 60
attention needs to be given to ensuring

40
success in large countries that account for
most malaria cases and deaths if the MDG 20
target is to be reached.
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
The global burden of tuberculosis is falling slowly. Incidence

fell to 139 cases per 100,000 people in 2008, after peaking
in 2004 at 143 cases per 100,000. In 2008, an estimated
9.4 million people were newly diagnosed with tuberculosis
worldwide. This represents an increase from the 9.3 million
cases reported in 2007, since slow reductions in incidence
rates per capita continue to be outweighed by increases in
population. Of the total number of cases, an estimated 15 per
cent are among those who are HIV-positive. If current trends
are sustained, the world as a whole will have already achieved
the MDG target of halting and reversing the incidence of
tuberculosis in 2004.
50

Tuberculosis prevalence is Tuberculosis remains the second leading

falling in most regions killer after HIV
Number of tuberculosis cases per 100,000 Number of tuberculosis deaths per 100,000
population (prevalence) (including people population (excluding people who are HIV-positive),
who are HIV-positive), 1990 and 1990 and 2008
2008 (Percentage) Sub-Saharan Africa
33
Sub-Saharan Africa
300 52
56
South-Eastern Asia
440 37
290 Southern Asia
45
Southern Asia
380 28
220 CIS
26
Oceania
430 18
110 Oceania
50
CIS
200 17
100 Eastern Asia
31
Eastern Asia
270 12
90 Latin America & the Caribbean
17
150 5
40 1990 Western Asia
1990
2008 9
Western Asia 2008
83 5
40 Northern Africa
11
Northern Africa
80 4
27 Developed regions
3
Developed regions
29 1
8.5 Developing regions
38
Developing regions
310 25
210 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Although more and more tuberculosis patients are being
cured, millions will remain ill because they lack access to
In 2008, tuberculosis prevalence was high-quality care. Tuberculosis remains second only to HIV in
estimated at 11 million—equivalent to the number of people it kills. In 2008, 1.8 million people died
164 cases per 100,000 people. This is a from the disease, half of whom were living with HIV. Many of
considerable drop from 2007, which largely these deaths resulted from the lack of antiretroviral therapy.
reflects a shift in the methodology used in
making estimates. Prevalence rates have been Mortality rates from tuberculosis are falling in most regions
falling in all regions except CIS countries in except CIS countries in Asia, where they appear to be
Asia (where, after an initial decrease in the levelling off. In sub-Saharan Africa, mortality rates increased
early 1990s, progress has stalled) and in sub- until 2003 and have since fallen, though they have yet to
Saharan Africa. return to the lower levels of the 1990s. Halving mortality
by 2015 in that region is highly unlikely due to the negative
impact of the HIV epidemic. For the world as whole, reaching
the targets established by the Stop TB Partnership—halving
the 1990 prevalence and mortality rates by 2015—will be
possible only if tuberculosis control efforts and funding for
such efforts are sustained.
51

UNITED NATIONS
TARGET
Goal 7 Integrate the principles of sustainable development into

country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of
environmental resources
Ensure The rate of deforestation shows signs of

decreasing, but is still alarmingly high
environmental
sustainability Forested area as percentage of land area, 1990
and 2010 (Percentage)
Oceania
68
63
1990
South-Eastern Asia
57 2010
49
Latin America
52
48
52
47
CIS, Europe
48
48
30
33
Caribbean
26
30
Sub-Saharan Africa
31
28
Eastern Asia
16
20
Southern Asia
14
14
CIS, Asia
4
4
Western Asia
3
3
Northern Africa
1
1
Developing regions
31
29
Developed regions
30
31
World
32
31
0 20 40 60 80 100
Global deforestation—mainly the conversion of tropical

forests to agricultural land—is slowing, but continues at a
high rate in many countries. Over the last decade, about 13
million hectares of forest worldwide were converted to other
uses or lost through natural causes each year, compared to
16 million hectares per year in the 1990s.
52

Ambitious tree-planting programmes in A decisive response to climate change is

several countries, combined with the natural urgently needed
expansion of forests in some regions, have
added more than 7 million hectares of new
forest annually. As a result, the net loss of Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2), 1990 and 2007
forest area over the period 2000-2010 was (Billions of metric tons)
reduced to 5.2 million hectares per year, down
Eastern Asia
from 8.3 million hectares per year in 1990- 3.0
2000. 7.2
CIS
3.8 1990
South America and Africa continue to show 2.4 2007
Southern Asia
the largest net losses of forests, at just under 1.0
4 million and 3.4 million hectares per year, 2.3
respectively, over the period 2000–2010. In Latin America & the Caribbean
1.1
the developed regions, Australia experienced 1.6
a large loss, partly due to severe drought Western Asia
0.7
and fires since 2000. Asia, on the other 1.3
hand, registered a net gain of some 2.2 South-Eastern Asia
0.4
million hectares annually in the last decade, 1.1
mainly because of large-scale afforestation Southern Asia, excluding India
0.3
programmes in China, India and Viet Nam. 0.7
These three countries have expanded their Sub-Saharan Africa
0.5
forest area by a total of nearly 4 million 0.7
hectares annually in the last five years. Eastern Asia, excluding China
0.5
However, rapid conversion of forested 0.6
lands to other uses continued in many other Northern Africa
countries in the region. 0.2
0.5
Oceania
<0.1
<0.1
Developing regions
7.1
14.9
Developed regions
10.9
12.1
World
21.9
29.6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
In 2007, global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) again rose,

reaching 30 billion metric tons, an increase of 3.2 per cent
from the previous year. This represents a 35 per cent increase
above the 1990 level. Per capita emissions remain highest
in the developed regions—about 12 metric tons of CO2 per
person per year in 2007, compared to about 3 metric tons on
average per person in the developing regions and 0.9 metric
tons in sub-Saharan Africa, the lowest regional value. Since
1990, emissions per unit of economic output fell by more than
26 per cent in the developed regions and by about 11 per
cent in the developing regions.
Figures for 2008 are expected to show a slight shift in the

trend: according to the 2009 edition of the World Energy
Outlook, published by the International Energy Agency, the
rate of growth in global CO2 emissions is expected to have
declined in 2008 as a result of the global financial crisis, and
global emissions may even have fallen between 2008 and
53

UNITED NATIONS
2009. But the same estimates also suggest Strengthening international action on climate change
that the decline will be short-lived: following remains relevant and urgent. And the window of opportunity
economic recovery, the agency predicts, afforded by the short-term dip in emissions should be used
global emissions will soon restart their to the fullest extent. Last year’s negotiations under the UN
growth and, under a ‘reference scenario’, Framework Convention on Climate Change yielded some
are projected to exceed the 1990 level by results, but much remains to be done in order to formulate
about 65 per cent by 2020. Such growth is and put in place a decisive response to the climate change
unsustainable and would further increase the problem by the international community.
risk of profound and adverse effects on the
global climate system.
The unparalleled success of the Montreal Protocol shows that action on

climate change is within our grasp
Consumption of all ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), 1986-2008 (Thousands of metric tons of

ozone-depleting potential) and Montreal Protocol’s Multilateral Fund replenishment, 1991-2011
(Millions of US dollars)
1400 ODS consumption: developed regions 3500
Consumption of ODS (Thousand of metric tons of ODP)
ODS consumption: developing regions and the CIS
Multilateral Fund Cumulative Replenishment

1200 Cumulative replenishment of the Multilateral Fund 3000
1000 2500
(Millions of US$)
800 2000
600 1500
400 1000
200 500
0 0
1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2011
By 16 September 2009, 196 parties had developing countries have exceeded the reduction targets for
signed the Montreal Protocol, making it the phasing out ODSs, with the support of the Montreal Protocol
first treaty of any kind to achieve universal Multilateral Fund.
ratification. All the world’s governments are
now legally obligated to phase out ozone- Between 1986 and 2008, global consumption of ODSs was
depleting substances (ODSs) under the reduced by 98 per cent. Furthermore, from 1990 to 2010,
schedules defined by the Protocol. This the Montreal Protocol’s control measures on production
year—2010—marks the beginning of a world and consumption of such substances will have reduced
virtually free of the most widely used ODSs, greenhouse gas emissions by the equivalent of 135 gigatons
including chlorofluorocarbons and halons. of CO2.This is equivalent to 11 gigatons a year, four to five
times the reductions targeted in the first commitment period
Throughout the process, developing countries of the Kyoto Protocol, the agreement linked to the UN
have demonstrated that, with the right kind Framework Convention on Climate Change. Parties to the
of assistance, they are willing, ready and Montreal Protocol are now examining ways to use the treaty’s
able to become full partners in global efforts vigorous implementation regime to promote even greater
to protect the environment. In fact, many climate change benefits.
54

Without the action prompted by the Montreal

Protocol and its Vienna Convention, TARGET
atmospheric levels of ozone-depleting Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a
substances would grow 10-fold by 2050. The significant reduction in the rate of loss
resulting exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet
radiation would likely have led to up to 20
million additional cases of skin cancer and The world has missed the 2010 target
130 million more cases of eye cataracts; it for biodiversity conservation, with
would also have caused damage to human
immune systems, wildlife and agriculture. potentially grave consequences
For much of the world, the time it takes to
get sunburned would have been dramatically Though some success in biodiversity conservation has
reduced, due to a 500-per cent increase in been achieved, and the situation may well have been
DNA-damaging ultraviolet radiation. worse without the 2010 target, the loss of biodiversity
continues—unrelentingly. Nearly 17,000 species of plants
and animals are known to be threatened with extinction.
Based on current trends, the loss of species will continue
throughout this century, with increasing risk of dramatic shifts
in ecosystems and erosion of benefits for society. Despite
increased investment in conservation planning and action,
the major drivers of biodiversity loss—including high rates
of consumption, habitat loss, invasive species, pollution and
climate change—are not yet being sufficiently addressed.
Biodiversity is vitally important for human well-being since it

underpins a wide range of ecosystem services on which life
depends. Billions of people, including many of the poorest,
rely directly on diverse species of plants and animals for their
livelihoods and often for their very survival. The irreparable
loss of biodiversity will also hamper efforts to meet other
MDGs, especially those related to poverty, hunger and health,
by increasing the vulnerability of the poor and reducing their
options for development.
55

UNITED NATIONS
Key habitats for threatened species are

not being adequately protected
Proportion of key biodiversity areas protected, 1950-2007

(Percentage)
50
Alliance for Zero Extinction sites

Important Bird Areas
40
30
20
10
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

Note: Data refer to 10,993 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) and 561 Alliance
Although nearly 12 per cent of the planet’s land area

and nearly 1 per cent of its sea area are currently under
protection, other areas critical to the earth’s biodiversity
are not yet adequately safeguarded. In 2009, only half of
the world’s 821 terrestrial ecoregions—large areas with
characteristic combinations of habitats, species, soils
and landforms—had more than 10 per cent of their area
protected. Under the Convention on Biological Diversity, one
tenth of the areas of all these ecoregions should have been
under protection by 2010.
Progress in key areas of biodiversity has been made, but

not fast enough. By 2007, 35 per cent of 561 Alliance for
Zero Extinction sites and 26 per cent of 10,993 Important
Bird Areas were completely protected, a significant increase
from 25 per cent and 19 per cent, respectively, in 1990.
Alliance for Zero Extinction sites are home to over 95 per
cent of the world population of a ‘critically endangered’ or
‘endangered’ species, as defined by the International Union
for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN’s) Red List of Threatened
Species. Important Bird Areas are critical sites for the
conservation of the world’s birds. Protecting all of these areas
would significantly contribute to the Convention on Biological
Diversity’s target to safeguard areas of particular importance.
However, at present, more than two thirds of these sites are
unprotected or only partially protected. In addition, while
certain areas may be officially ‘protected’, this does not
mean that they are adequately managed or that the coverage
provided is sufficient to effectively conserve critical habitats
and species.
56

The number of species facing extinction is growing by the day, especially

in developing countries
Proportion of species expected to remain extant in the near future in the absence of
additional conservation action (IUCN Red List Index of species survival for birds,
1988-2008, and mammals, 1996-2008)
0.94
39
Birds: developed regions
Better
Birds: developing regions

0.92 Mammals: developed countries
25 Mammals: developing countries
0.90
19
39
0.88
Worse
0.86
0.84
1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008
Note: A Red List Index value of 1.0 means that all species are categorized
as of ‘least concern’, and hence none are expected to go extinct in the near
future. A value of zero indicates that all species have gone extinct.
The IUCN’s Red List Index—which charts the proportion of species expected to remain in existence in the near
future in the absence of additional conservation action—shows that more species are being driven towards
extinction than are improving in status. Mammals are more threatened than birds. And for both groups,
species in the developing regions are more threatened and deteriorating as fast as, or faster than, species in
the developed regions.
Overexploitation of global fisheries has stabilized, but steep challenges

remain to ensure their sustainability
Global production of marine capture fisheries peaked in 1997 at 88.4 million metric tons and has since
declined slightly, to about 83.5 million metric tons in 2006. The proportion of overexploited, depleted and
recovering stocks has remained relatively stable over the last 10 years, at about 28 per cent. However, the
proportion of underexploited and moderately exploited stocks has declined continuously, indicating that the
negative impact of fisheries is increasing. Only about 20 per cent of fish stocks were moderately exploited or
underexploited, with the possibility of producing more.
57

UNITED NATIONS
The most progress was made in Eastern Asia,

TARGET where access to drinking water improved
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without by almost 30 per cent over the period 1990-
sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic 2008. Although coverage also expanded in
sanitation sub-Saharan Africa—by 22 per cent over the
same period—it remains very low, with only
60 per cent of the population served. Oceania
The world is on track to meet the saw no progress over the nearly 20-year
drinking water target, though much period, and coverage remains very low, at
about 50 per cent.
remains to be done in some regions
In all regions, progress was made primarily
in rural areas. In the developing regions as
Proportion of population using an improved water source, a whole, drinking water coverage in urban
1990 and 2008 (Percentage) areas, which stood at 94 per cent in 2008, has
Oceania remained almost unchanged since 1990. At
51
50
the same time, rural drinking water coverage
1990 increased from 60 per cent in 1990 to 76 per
Sub-Saharan Africa 2008
49 cent in 2008, narrowing the gap between rural
60 2015 Target and urban areas.
South-Eastern Asia
72
86
Southern Asia
75
87
Eastern Asia
69
89
Western Asia
86
90
Northern Africa
86
92
85
93
CIS
92
94
Developing regions
71
84
Developed regions
99
100
World
77
87
0 20 40 60 80 100
If current trends continue, the world will meet or even exceed

the MDG drinking water target by 2015. By that time, an
estimated 86 per cent of the population in developing regions
will have gained access to improved sources of drinking
water. Four regions, Northern Africa, Latin America and
the Caribbean, Eastern Asia and South-Eastern Asia, have
already met the target.
58

Accelerated and targeted efforts are Safe water supply remains a

needed to bring drinking water to all challenge in many parts of the
rural households world
During the last decade, expanded activity in
Proportion of population using an improved water
agriculture and manufacturing has not only
source, rural and urban areas, 2008 (Percentage)
increased the demand for water, but has
Oceania
37
also contributed to the pollution of surface
92 and ground water. Moreover, problems
Sub-Saharan Africa of contamination with naturally occurring
47 Rural areas
83 Urban areas
inorganic arsenic, in particular in Bangladesh
Western Asia and other parts of Southern Asia, or fluoride
78
96
in a number of countries, including China
Latin America & the Caribbean and India, have affected the safety of water
80 supplies.
97
South-Eastern Asia
81 In the future, water quality will need to be
92 considered when setting targets for access to
Eastern Asia
82
safe water. Despite efforts to compile global
98 water quality data, measuring the safety of
Southern Asia water can be difficult; in developing regions,
83
95 it has been attempted so far only in pilot
Northern Africa surveys. Rapid, reliable and cost-effective
87
95
ways of measuring water quality locally and
CIS reporting findings at the global level will
87 need to be identified to overcome the current
98
technical and logistic constraints, along with
Developed regions
98 the high cost.
100
Developing regions
76
94
World
78
96
0 20 40 60 80 100
Despite overall progress in drinking water coverage and

narrowing of the urban-rural gap, rural areas remain at a
disadvantage in all developing regions. The largest disparities
are in Oceania and sub-Saharan Africa, but significant
differences between urban and rural areas are found even in
regions that have achieved relatively high coverage, such as
Western Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean.
The rural-urban gap is much wider when only households

having a piped drinking water supply on premises are
considered. The proportion of people who enjoy the health
and economic benefits of piped water is more than twice as
high in urban areas than in rural areas—79 per cent versus
34 per cent. Disparities are particularly evident in Oceania
and sub-Saharan Africa, where rural coverage of piped water
remains very low at 37 per cent and 47 per cent, respectively,
as compared to 91 per cent and 83 per cent in urban areas.
Globally, eight out of 10 people who are still without access to

an improved drinking water source live in rural areas.
59

UNITED NATIONS
With half the population of developing regions without sanitation, the

2015 target appears to be out of reach
Proportion of population by sanitation practices, 1990 and 2008 (Percentage)

60 3
4 4
7 8 6
1
6 7
17
14 10 5 17
89 2
6 85 14 21
8 80
22 5 80
75 27 32 14
9 32
72
36 69 14
38
16 69
44 18 45
47 18
22 13
6 55 53
50 56
10 20 12 52
46 9
66 10 43
2 41
20
7 36 16
31
25 28
25
0
1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008
Southern Sub-Saharan South-Eastern Eastern Northern Western Latin America & Oceania Developing
Asia Africa Asia Asia Africa Asia the Caribbean regions
Improved facilities Shared facilities Unimproved facilities Open defecation

Note: Data for Latin America & the Caribbean and Oceania are not sufficient to provide regionally representative estimates of the proportion of
the population who use shared sanitation facilities.
60

At the current rate of progress, the world will Disparities in urban and rural sanitation
miss the target of halving the proportion of coverage remain daunting
people without access to basic sanitation. In
2008, an estimated 2.6 billion people around
the world lacked access to an improved Proportion of population using an improved sanitation
sanitation facility. If the trend continues, that facility in urban and rural areas, 2008 (Percentage)
number will grow to 2.7 billion by 2015.
Sub-Saharan Africa
24
In 2008, 48 per cent of the population in 44
Rural areas
developing regions were without basic Southern Asia
26 Urban areas
sanitation. The two regions facing the greatest
57
challenges are sub-Saharan Africa and
Oceania
Southern Asia, where 69 per cent and 64 45
per cent of the population, respectively, lack 81
access. Eastern Asia
53
61
Among sanitation practices, the one that Latin America & the Caribbean
poses the greatest threat to human health 55
86
is open defecation. It is encouraging that
South-Eastern Asia
this practice has declined in all developing 60
regions. However, the largest relative decline 79
was in two regions where open defecation Western Asia
was already practised the least—Northern 67
94
Africa and Western Asia. In contrast, the
Northern Africa
least progress (a decrease of 25 per cent) 83
was made in sub-Saharan Africa, where rates 94
of open defecation are high. Southern Asia, CIS
83
which has the highest rate of open defecation 93
in the world (44 per cent of the population), Developed regions
made only limited progress. 96
100
Developing regions
The practice of open defecation by 1.1 40
billion people is an affront to human dignity. 68
Moreover, indiscriminate defecation is the root World
cause of faecal-oral transmission of disease, 45
76
which can have lethal consequences for the
most vulnerable members of society—young 0 20 40 60 80 100
children. If open defecation rates continue to
decline, the impact on reducing child deaths Most progress in sanitation has occurred in rural areas. Over
could be enormous, primarily by preventing the period 1990-2008, sanitation coverage for the whole of
diarrhoeal diseases and the stunting and the developing regions increased by only 5 per cent in urban
undernutrition that tend to follow. Success areas and by 43 per cent in rural areas. In Southern Asia,
stories among some of the poorest and most coverage rose from 56 per cent to 57 per cent of the urban
disadvantaged groups in society show that population—a mere 1 per cent increase—while doubling in
behaviours can change. What is required is rural areas, from 13 per cent to 26 per cent. The gap between
the political will to mobilize the resources rural and urban areas, however, remains huge, especially in
needed to stop open defecation, which Southern Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania.
represents the greatest obstacle to tackling
the sanitation problem.
61

UNITED NATIONS
Improvements in sanitation are

TARGET
bypassing the poor By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in
the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
Sanitation practices by wealth quintile,
sub-Saharan Africa, 2005/2008
100
Slum improvements, though considerable,
4%
are failing to keep pace with the growing
20%
34%
19% ranks of the urban poor
80
45%
63%
28%
Population living in urban slums and proportion of
60 urban population living in slums, developing regions,
1990-2010
30%
Population in slums 4%
40 29% Percentage of urban population living in slums
77%
900,000 60
Proportion of urban population in slums (Percentage)

21% 52%
20 46.1 50
36%
Population in slums (Millions)
26% 42.8
39.3
16% 600,000 40
35.7
34.3
0 32.7
Poorest Second Middle Fourth Richest
20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 30
Improved and shared facilities
Unimproved facilities 300,000 20
Open defacation
10
An analysis of household surveys conducted
during 2005-2008 shows that the richest 20 0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 2010
per cent of the population in sub-Saharan
Africa are almost five times more likely to
use an improved sanitation facility than the Over the past 10 years, the share of the urban population
poorest 20 per cent. These same findings living in slums in the developing world has declined
show that open defecation is practised by significantly: from 39 per cent in 2000 to 33 per cent in 2010.
63 per cent of the population in the poorest On a global scale, this is cause for optimism. The fact that
quintile and by only 4 per cent of the richest more than 200 million slum dwellers have gained access to
quintile. either improved water, sanitation or durable and less crowded
housing shows that countries and municipal governments
Sanitation and drinking water are often have made serious attempts to improve slum conditions,
relatively low priorities for domestic budget thereby enhancing the prospects of millions of people to
allocations and official development escape poverty, disease and illiteracy.
assistance, despite the huge benefits
for public health, gender equity, poverty However, in absolute terms, the number of slum dwellers in
reduction and economic growth. And in many the developing world is actually growing, and will continue
instances, interventions are not targeted to to rise in the near future. The progress made on the slum
the population most in need. target has not been sufficient to offset the growth of informal
settlements in the developing world, where the number of
urban residents living in slum conditions is now estimated at
some 828 million, compared to 657 million in 1990 and 767
million in 2000. Redoubled efforts will be needed to improve
the lives of the growing numbers of urban poor in cities and
metropolises across the developing world.
Moreover, the recent housing crisis, which contributed to

the larger financial and economic downturn, may offset the
62

progress that was made since 1990. Although

the crisis did not originate in developing
regions, it has hit their populations and
cities, where millions continue to live in
precarious conditions, often characterized by
a lack of basic services and serious health
threats. In many cases, public authorities
have exacerbated the housing crisis through
failures on four major counts: lack of land
titles and other forms of secure tenure;
cutbacks in funds for subsidized housing for
the poor; lack of land reserves earmarked
for low-income housing; and an inability to
intervene in the market to control land and
property speculation. Low incomes in the
face of rising land prices virtually rule out the
possibility that the working poor can ever own
land, contributing to the problem of urban
slums.
A revised target for slum

improvement is needed to
spur country-level action
When the international community adopted
the Millennium Declaration and endorsed
the ‘Cities without Slums’ target in 2000,
experts had underestimated the number
of people living in substandard conditions.
They had also determined that improving
the lives of 100 million slum dwellers was a
significant number and a realistic target to
be achieved within the next 20 years. Three
years later, in 2003, new and improved data
sources showed for the first time that 100
million was only a small fraction—about 10
per cent—of the global slum population.
In addition, unlike other MDGs, the slum
target was not set as a proportion with
reference to a specific baseline (generally
the year 1990). Instead, the target was
set as an absolute number, and for the
world as a whole. This makes it difficult,
if not impossible, for governments to set
meaningful country-specific goals. Clearly,
the target will require redefinition if it is to
elicit serious commitment from national
governments and the donor community—
and hold them accountable for continued
progress.
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UNITED NATIONS
Slum prevalence remains high But the situation is even more critical in conflict-affected
in sub-Saharan Africa and countries, where the proportion of urban populations living
in slums increased from 64 per cent to 77 per cent between
increases in countries affected 1990 and 2010. The impact of conflict is also reflected in the
by conflict increased proportion of slum dwellers in Western Asia, largely
due to the deterioration of living conditions in Iraq. There, the
proportion of urban residents living in slums has more than
Proportion of urban population living in tripled—from 17 per cent in 2000 (2.9 million people) to an
slum areas, 1990 and 2010 (Percentage) estimated 53 per cent in 2010 (10.7 million people).
Sub-Saharan Africa
70
62
Southern Asia
57
35
South-Eastern Asia
50
31
1990
Eastern Asia 2010
44
28
Western Asia
23
25
Oceania
24
24
34
24
Northern Africa
34
13
Countries emerging from conflict
64
77
Developing regions
46
33
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Note: Countries emerging from conflict included in the
aggregate figures are: Angola, Cambodia, Central African
Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Guinea-Bissau, Iraq, Lao People’s Democratic Republic,
Lebanon, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Somalia and Sudan.
Among developing regions, sub-Saharan

Africa is estimated to have the highest
prevalence of urban slums, followed by
Southern Asia. Less than a third of the
populations of other developing regions are
living in slums. Despite the efforts of some
sub-Saharan African countries and cities to
expand basic services and improve urban
housing conditions, inaction by others has
prevented overall progress from keeping pace
with rapidly expanding urban populations.
64

65

UNITED NATIONS
Aid continues to rise despite the financial

crisis, but Africa is short-changed
Goal 8 Official development assistance (ODA) from developed
countries, 2000-2009 (Constant 2008 United States
dollars and current United States dollars)
Develop Net debt forgiveness grants
a global Humanitarian aid

Multilateral ODA
Bilateral development projects,
140
partnership programmes and technical cooperation

Total net ODA in current
120
for
US dollars
development 100
80
60
40
20
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
(preliminary)
In 2009, net disbursements of official development assistance

(ODA) amounted to $119.6 billion, or 0.31 per cent of the
combined national income of developed countries. In real
terms, this is a slight increase (of 0.7 per cent) compared to
2008 even though, measured in current US dollars, ODA fell
by over 2 per cent—from $122.3 billion in 2008.
If debt relief is excluded, the increase in ODA in real terms

from 2008 to 2009 was 6.8 per cent. If humanitarian aid is
also excluded, bilateral aid rose by 8.5 per cent in real terms,
as donors continued to scale up their core development
projects and programmes. Most of the increase was in new
lending (20.6 per cent), but grants also rose (by 4.6 per cent,
excluding debt relief).
At the Gleneagles Group of Eight (G-8) Summit and the UN

World Summit in 2005, donors committed to increasing their
aid. Many of these pledges were made in terms of a share of
gross national income (GNI). Based on expectations of future
GNI, these pledges, combined with other commitments,
would have lifted total ODA from $80 billion in 2004 to
$130 billion in 2010 (at constant 2004 prices). However, the
slowdown in economic growth since 2008 has reduced the
previously expected level of GNI in the developed countries
and the dollar value of the commitments for 2010 to around
66

$126 billion (at constant 2004 prices).

Moreover, the economic slowdown has put TARGET
pressure on government budgets in the Address the special needs of the least developed
developed countries. While the majority of countries, landlocked countries and small island
the initial commitments remain in force, some developing states
large donors have reduced or postponed the
pledges they made for 2010. On the basis
of current 2010 budget proposals, as well as Only five donor countries have reached
the lower GNI forecasts, total ODA for 2010 is the UN target for official aid
projected to be $108 billion (at 2004 prices).
The shortfall in aid affects Africa in particular. Net official development assistance from OECD-DAC
At the 2005 Gleneagles Summit, G-8 countries as a proportion of donors’ gross national income,
members projected that their commitments, 1990-2009 (Percentage)
combined with those of other donors, would 0.40
double ODA to Africa by 2010. Preliminary
Total ODA
data for 2009 show that bilateral ODA to
0.35 ODA to LDCs
Africa as a whole rose by 3 per cent in real
terms. For sub-Saharan Africa, bilateral aid
increased by 5.1 per cent in real terms over 0.30
2008. It is estimated that Africa will receive
only about $11 billion out of the $25 billion 0.25
increase envisaged at Gleneagles, due mainly
to the underperformance of some European 0.20
donors who earmark large shares of their aid
to Africa.
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2009
(preliminary)
Aid remains well below the United Nations target of 0.7 per
cent of gross national income for most donors. In 2009, the
only countries to reach or exceed the target were Denmark,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. The
largest donors by volume in 2009 were the United States,
followed by France, Germany, the United Kingdom and
Japan.
This year is a milestone for European Union members of the

Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development. In 2005, DAC-
EU member states agreed to reach a collective total of 0.56
per cent of GNI in net ODA in 2010, with a minimum country
target of 0.51 per cent.
Some countries will achieve or even surpass that goal:

Sweden, with the world’s highest ODA as a percentage of
GNI (1.01 per cent), is followed by Luxembourg (1 per cent),
Denmark (0.83 per cent), the Netherlands (0.8 per cent),
Belgium (0.7 per cent), the United Kingdom (0.6 per cent),
67

UNITED NATIONS
Finland (0.56 per cent), Ireland (0.52 per cent)

and Spain (0.51 per cent). TARGET
Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-
But others are unlikely to reach the target: discriminatory trading and financial system
ODA as a percentage of GNI is estimated at
between 0.44 and 0.48 per cent for France,
0.40 for Germany, 0.37 for Austria, 0.34 for Developing countries gain greater access
Portugal, 0.21 for Greece, and 0.20 for Italy. to the markets of developed countries
This year is also special for DAC-EU donors
because it represents the midpoint between Proportion of developed country imports from
their 2005 commitments and the 2015 target
developing countries and from the least developed
date for meeting the 0.7 per cent GNI target.
countries (LDCs) admitted free of duty and admitted
Aid concentrates increasingly on the poorest free of duty while their competitors' products were
countries, with the least developed countries subject to a tariff under MFN (preferential duty free
(LDCs) receiving about a third of donors’ total access), 1996-2008 (Percentage)
aid flows. In 2007-2008, out of an average
Total duty free access, LDCs
total of $71.6 billion of bilateral ODA that Total duty free access, all developing countries
was allocated for specific purposes, $15.2 Preferential duty free access, LDCs
90 Preferential duty free access, all developing countries
billion focused on achievement of MDG
3—the promotion of gender equality and the
80
empowerment of women.
70
60
50
40
30
20 39
10
0
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Over the last decade, developing countries and LDCs have

gained greater access to the markets of developed countries.
The proportion of imports (excluding arms and oil) by
developed countries from all developing countries admitted
free of duty reached almost 80 per cent in 2008—up from 54
per cent in 1998. For the LDCs, this proportion increased only
marginally from 78 per cent in 1998 to almost 81 per cent in
2008.
For the developing countries as a whole, increased market

access is attributable mainly to the elimination of tariffs under
‘most favoured nation’ (MFN) treatment, notably before 2004.
Since then, no significant tariff reduction has been made by
developed countries in terms of MFN treatment.
68

Least developed countries benefit most LDCs are 1.6 per cent (versus 8 per cent for
from tariff reductions, especially on their other developing countries), though tariffs on
clothing and textiles from LDCs are only 2
agricultural products to 3 percentage points lower than those for
developing countries as a group.
Developed countries' average tariffs on imports on key

products from developing countries, 1996-2008
(Percentage)
14
12
10
4
Agricultural goods
2
Clothing
Textiles
0
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Developed countries' average tariffs on imports on key

products from least developed countries (LDCs),
1996-2008 (Percentage)
9
2 Agricultural goods
Clothing
1 Textiles
0
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Despite preferences, developed countries’ tariffs on imports

of agricultural products, textiles and clothing from developing
countries remained between 5 per cent and 8 per cent in
2008 and were only 2 to 3 percentage points lower than in
1998. However, least developed countries continue to benefit
from larger tariff reductions, especially for their agricultural
products. Preferential tariffs on agricultural imports from
69

UNITED NATIONS
Reflecting the advantages over other

competitors that preferential tariffs created TARGET
for LDCs, these countries have increasingly Deal comprehensively with developing countries’ debt
concentrated their exports on products in
which they have high preference margins.
Further liberalization of the developed Debt burdens ease for developing
countries’ trade policies under the Doha countries and remain well below
Development Agenda would be beneficial
for developing countries overall, but it historical levels
would erode the preferential advantages
currently enjoyed by LDCs. However, the
External debt service payments as a proportion of
preferential treatment granted to LDCs is
largely unilateral and the Doha agreement export revenues, 2000 and 2008 (Percentage)
would have the advantage of consolidating Western Asia
18
these arrangements. In addition, it is expected
10
that preference erosion would be addressed
through special implementation procedures 22
within the Doha Development Agenda and 7
through dedicated Aid for Trade. Northern Africa
2000
15
6 2008
For the developing countries in general,
the main benefits expected from the Doha Southern Asia
14
agreement with respect to access to the 5
markets of developed countries (where most Transition countries of South-Eastern Europe
average tariffs are already low) would be 12
the reduction of tariff peaks in agriculture, 4
textile and clothing and the lowering of CIS
8
market-distorting subsidies in agriculture. By
4
reducing high tariffs more than proportionally,
South-Eastern Asia
the Doha agreement would also decrease 7
the widespread ‘escalation’ of tariffs (namely 3
the higher tariffs that are applied as the Sub-Saharan Africa
degree of processing of a product increases) 9
2
that occurs in many instances in both the
agriculture and non-agriculture sectors. Oceania
6
1
In 2008/2009, the financial crisis caused a Eastern Asia
drop in the value and volume of trade for 5
almost all developing countries. LDCs were 1
especially adversely affected by the drop in Developing regions

13
the international prices of oil and minerals, 3
their main exports. The value of their oil
exports declined by 46 per cent in the fourth 0 10 20 30
quarter of 2008 and continued to drop in
early 2009. Despite a recovery in commodity
prices starting in the second quarter of 2009, A country’s external debt burden affects its creditworthiness
developing countries still suffered a 31 per and vulnerability to economic shocks. Better debt
cent decline in the value of their exports in management, the expansion of trade and, for the poorest
2009 (compared to a world average drop countries, substantial debt relief have reduced the burden of
of 23 per cent). Faced with this setback, debt service. Despite the setback to exports caused by the
the multilateral trading system played an global economic crisis, the ratio of debt service to exports
important role in preventing a widespread remained stable or again fell in most developing regions in
retreat into protectionism. 2008. Between 2007 and 2008, the ratio increased only in
Southern Asia, from 4.8 to 5.4, and in the countries of the
CIS, from 3.1 to 3.9. Despite further losses of export earnings
in 2009 and, for some countries, declining growth, debt
burdens are likely to remain well below historical levels.
70

Forty countries are eligible for debt relief under the Heavily point’ have received additional assistance of
Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. Of these, 35 $25 billion under the Multilateral Debt Relief
countries have reached the ‘decision point’ stage in the Initiative. The debt burdens of countries
process and have had future debt payments reduced by included in HIPC initiative are below the
$57 billion; 28 countries that have reached their ‘completion average for all least developed countries.
TARGET
In cooperation with the private sector, make available the
benefits of new technologies, especially information and
communications
Demand grows for information and

communications technology
Number of fixed telephone lines, mobile cellular subscriptions Despite the recent economic downturn, use of
and Internet users per 100 population, world, 1990-2009 information and communications technology
80 (ICT) continues to grow worldwide. By the
end of 2009, global subscriptions to mobile
cellular services had ballooned to an estimated
70
4.6 billion—equivalent to one mobile cellular
Fixed telephone lines
subscription for 67 out of every 100 people.
60 Mobile cellular subscriptions
Internet users
Growth in mobile telephony remains strongest
in the developing world, where, by end-2009,
50 mobile penetration had passed the 50 per cent
mark.
40
Mobile telephony is offering new and critical
30
communications opportunities to regions that
used to be without access to ICT. In sub-
Saharan Africa, for example, a region where
20
fixed telephone line penetration remains at
around 1 per cent, mobile penetration has
10 well exceeded 30 per cent. Mobile technology
is also increasingly being used for non-voice
0 applications, including text messaging,
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2009* m-banking and disaster management, and its
Note: * Data for 2009 are estimates. role as a development tool is widely recognized.
71

UNITED NATIONS
Access to the World Wide Web A large gap separates those with high-
is still closed to the majority of speed Internet connections, mostly in
the world’s people developed nations, and dial-up users
Number of Internet users per Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 population,
100 population, 2003 and 2008 1998-2009, and mobile broadband subscriptions
Southern Asia per 100 population, 2000-2009
2 45
6 2003
Oceania 2008
4 40 Developed regions
6 Fixed broadband
Developing regions
Sub-Saharan Africa
1 35 Developed regions
6 Mobile broadband
CIS, Asia Developing regions
2 30
12
South-Eastern Asia
5 25
14
Northern Africa
4 20
19
Western Asia
8 15
24
Eastern Asia 39
9 10
25
CIS, Europe
7 5
27
Latin America & the Caribbean 0
12 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009*
29
Transition countries of South-Eastern Europe Note: * Data for 2009 are estimates.
9
32
Developing regions
5
15 A challenge in bringing more people online in developing
Developed regions countries is the limited availability of broadband networks.
49
68 Many of the most effective development applications of
World ICT, such as telemedicine, e-commerce, e-banking and
12
23
e-government, are only available through a high-speed
Internet connection. But a significant divide exists between
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
those who enjoy fast access to an online world increasingly
rich in multimedia content and those still struggling with slow,
Internet use has also continued to expand, shared dial-up links.
albeit at a slower pace over the last year. By
the end of 2008, 23 per cent of the world’s By the end of 2008, fixed broadband penetration in the
population (or 1.6 billion people) were using developing world averaged less than 3 per cent and was
the Internet. In the developed regions, the heavily concentrated in a few countries. China—the largest
percentage remains much higher than in the fixed broadband market in the world—accounts for about
developing world, where only 1 in 6 people half of the 200 million fixed broadband subscriptions. In most
are online. least developed countries, the number of fixed broadband
subscriptions is still negligible; service remains prohibitively
expensive and inaccessible to most people. However, the
introduction of high-speed wireless broadband networks
is expected to increase the number of Internet users in
developing countries in the near future.
72

73

UNITED NATIONS
A note to the reader

Measuring progress towards the MDGs Reconciling national and international data
Progress towards the eight Millennium Development Goals Reliable, timely and internationally comparable data on
is measured through 21 targets and 60 official indicators.1 the MDG indicators are crucial for holding the international
This report presents an accounting to date of how far the community to account. They are also important in encouraging
world has come in meeting the goals using data available as public support and funding for development, allocating aid
of May 2010.2 effectively, and comparing progress among regions and across
countries. Discrepancies among sources and gaps in national
Most of the MDG targets have a deadline of 2015, and 1990 data have raised concerns in the statistical community and
is the baseline against which progress is gauged. When troubled country data producers who find themselves dealing
relevant and available, data for 2000 are also presented, with different figures for the same indicator.
to describe changes since the Millennium Declaration was
signed. Country data are aggregated at the subregional A number of initiatives have been launched to reconcile
and regional levels to show overall advances over time. national and international monitoring and to resolve differences
Although the aggregate figures are a convenient way to track in methods and definitions used. These efforts are beginning
progress, the situation of individual countries within a given to yield results. The IAEG has promoted a dialogue between
region may vary significantly from regional averages. Data national and international agencies to improve the coherence
for individual countries, along with the composition of all of national and international data and to ensure the quality and
regions and subregions, are available at http://mdgs.un.org. transparency of methodologies and data produced. The IAEG
has also provided training on the production of indicators to
national statistics experts in more than 40 countries.
The basis for this analysis
Regional and subregional figures presented in this report are Improving monitoring systems
compiled by members of the United Nations Inter-Agency and
Expert Group on MDG Indicators (IAEG). In general, the figures Improved data and monitoring tools are crucial for devising
are weighted averages of country data, using the population of appropriate policies and interventions needed to achieve
reference as a weight. For each indicator, individual agencies the MDGs. Although some progress is being made, reliable
were designated as official providers of data and as leaders in statistics for monitoring development remain inadequate in
developing methodologies for data collection and analysis (see many poor countries, and the challenge of building in-country
inside front cover for a list of contributing organizations). capacity to produce better policy-relevant data is enormous.
Since periodic assessment of the MDGs began almost
Data are typically drawn from official statistics provided by ten years ago, activities have been under way to improve
governments. This is accomplished through periodic data data availability in countries and reporting mechanisms to
collection by ministries and national statistical offices around international organizations. As a result, data production in
the world. To fill data gaps, which occur frequently, many of countries is increasingly aligned with internationally agreed-
the indicators are supplemented by or derived exclusively from upon recommendations and standards. Moreover, international
data collected through surveys sponsored and carried out agencies have developed a better understanding of countries’
by international agencies. These include many of the health data availability and of how to work with national experts to
indicators, which are compiled, for the most part, from Multiple produce and estimate indicators.
Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and Demographic and Health
Surveys (DHS). More data are now available in the international series for the
assessment of trends for all MDGs. In 2009, 118 countries
In some cases, countries may have more recent data that have had data for at least two points in time for 16-22 indicators
not yet become available to the relevant specialized agency. as compared to 2003, when only four countries had the
In other cases, the responsible international agencies must same data coverage. This is the result of increased national
estimate missing values or make adjustments to national data capacity to venture into new data collection initiatives as well
to ensure international comparability. Data from international as to increase the frequency of data collection. For instance,
sources, therefore, often differ from those available within the number of countries with two or more data points on
countries. contraceptive prevalence increased from 50 in the period
1986-1994 to 94 in 1995-2004. At the same time, the number
The United Nations Statistics Division maintains the official of countries with no data on this indicator decreased from 106
website of the IAEG and its database (http://mdgs.un.org). In to 63. The production of quality data is also expanding in other
an effort to improve transparency, the country data series in areas, such as monitoring the spread of HIV, leading to a better
the database are given colour codes to indicate whether the understanding of the epidemic. Between 2003 and 2008, 87
figures are estimated or provided by national agencies; they developing countries had conducted nationally representative
are also accompanied by metadata with a detailed description surveys that collected data on comprehensive and correct
of how the indicators are produced and of the methodologies knowledge of HIV among young women, compared to 48
used for regional aggregations. countries in 1998-2002 and only five prior to 1998. Even in
areas with less well-established data collection tools, like
the environment, major improvements have been made in
1 The complete list of goals, targets and indicators is available at mdgs.un.org
obtaining data from national and regional authorities. For
2 Given the time lag between collecting data and analysing them, few
example, the number of sites included in the World Database
indicators can be compiled for the current year. Most of them are based on data on Protected Areas has increased from just over 1,000 in 1962
from earlier years—generally up to 2008 or 2009. to more than 102,000 in 2003 and 134,000 in 2009.
74

Regional groupings
Developed regions This report presents data on progress towards the Millennium Development
Goals for the world as a whole and for various country groupings. These
Countries of the Commonwealth
of Independent States (CIS) are classified as ‘developing’ regions, the transition economies of the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in Asia and Europe, and the
Northern Africa ‘developed’ regions.1 The developing regions are further broken down into
Sub-Saharan Africa the subregions shown on the map above. These regional groupings are
based on United Nations geographical divisions, with some modifications
South-Eastern Asia
necessary to create, to the extent possible, groups of countries for which a
Oceania meaningful analysis can be carried out. A complete list of countries included
in each region and subregion is available at mdgs.un.org.
Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
1 Since there is no established convention for the designation of ‘developed’ and ‘developing’
Western Asia
countries or areas in the United Nations system, this distinction is made for the purposes of
Latin America & the Caribbean statistical analysis only.
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in the present publication do not
imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations
concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
75

UNITED NATIONS
For more information visit the UN Statistics Division

Millennium Development Goals website at http://mdgs.un.org
Visit the UN Millennium Development Goals website at

www.un.org/millenniumgoals
Visit the UN Millennium Campaign Office website at

www.endpoverty2015.org
PHOTO CREDITS
Cover: © Sara Duerto Valero
Page 2: © UN Photo/116454
Page 6: © UN Photo/Logan Abassi
Page 11: © Sara Duerto Valero
Page 12: © UNICEF/NYHQ2009-2315/Mosammat Kamrun
Page 15: © UNICEF/NYHQ2009-1732/Truls Brekke
Page 19: © UNICEF/NYHQ2009-2314/Mohammad Jashim Uddin
Page 20: © UNICEF/NYHQ1996-1183/Giacomo Pirozzi
Page 26: © UNICEF/NYHQ2006-0038/Brendan Bannon
Page 29: © UNICEF/NYHQ1996-1081/Nicole Toutounji
Page 30: © UNICEF/NYHQ2008-1312/Olivier Asselin
Page 33: © UNICEF/NYHQ2005-1047/Radhika Chalasani
Page 35: © UNICEF/NYHQ2009-2317/Md. Ilias Mia
Page 37: © UNICEF/NYHQ2009-0697/Christine Nesbitt
Page 39: © UNICEF/NYHQ2008-1437/Guillaume Bonn
Page 44: © UNICEF/NYHQ2008-0842/John Isaac
Page 46: © UNICEF/NYHQ2010-0402/Kate Holt
Page 60: © UNICEF/NYHQ2009-0859/Shehzad Noorani
Page 63: © UNICEF/NYHQ2009-1449/Peter Wurzel
Page 69: © Maria Martinho
Page 71: © Masaru Goto / World Bank
Editor: Lois Jensen
Copyright © United Nations, 2010

All rights reserved.
76

77

“We must not fail the billions
who look to the international
community to fulfill the promise
of the Millennium Declaration
for a better world.
Let us keep the promise.”

— UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
SALES NUMBER: E.10.I.7

ISBN 978-92-1-101218-7
Published by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

(DESA) — June 2010

Or7
The Millennium Development Goals Report
2010
1
Goal 1 Indicator 1.3
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Share of poorest quintile in national consumption
(No new global or regional data are available. Data presented are from 2008
Target 1.A report.)
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose Share of poorest quintile in national consumption 1/
income is less than one dollar a day
2005
Indicator 1.1
Proportion of population living below $1 (PPP) per day Northern Africa 6.1
Percentage of people living on less than $1.25 purchasing power parity Sub-Saharan Africa 3.6
(2005 PPP) per day 1/, 2/ Latin America and the Caribbean 2.9
1990 1999 2005 Eastern Asia 4.3
Developing Regions 45.7 33.0 26.6 Southern Asia 7.4
Northern Africa 4.5 4.4 2.6 South-Eastern Asia 5.7
Sub-Saharan Africa 57.5 58.3 50.9 Western Asia 6.2
Latin America and the Caribbean 11.3 10.9 8.2 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 7.0
Caribbean 28.8 25.4 25.8 Transition countries in South-Eastern Europe 8.2

1/
High-income economies, as defined by the World Bank, are excluded.
Latin America 10.5 10.2 7.4
Eastern Asia 60.1 35.6 15.9
Southern Asia 49.5 42.2 38.6
Southern Asia excluding India 44.6 35.3 30.7
South-Eastern Asia 39.2 35.3 18.9 Target 1.B
Western Asia 2.2 4.1 5.8 Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all,
including women and young people
Oceania - - -
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 2.7 7.8 5.3 Indicator 1.4
Growth rate of GDP per person employed
CIS, Asia 6.3 22.3 19.2
(a) Annual growth rate
CIS, Europe 1.6 3.0 0.3
Annual growth rate of GDP per person employed, percentage
Transition countries in South-Eastern Europe 0.1 1.9 0.5
1998 2009p
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 63.3 60.4 53.4
Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 49.1 50.7 42.8 World 0.9 -2.1
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 32.4 27.7 27.5 Developing Regions 0.5 0.6
1/
High-income economies, as defined by the World Bank, are excluded. Northern Africa 1.3 1.0
2/
Estimates by the World Bank, March 2010.
Sub-Saharan Africa -0.9 -1.8
Indicator 1.2 Latin America and the Caribbean 0.2 -3.4
Poverty gap ratio
Eastern Asia 3.2 5.4
Poverty gap ratio at $1.25 a day (2005 PPP), percentage 1/, 2/
Southern Asia 2.3 1.9
1990 1999 2005 South-Eastern Asia -8.5 -1.7
Developing Regions 15.6 11.6 8.0 Western Asia 0.0 -1.5
Northern Africa 0.8 0.8 0.5 Oceania -5.6 -1.3
Sub-Saharan Africa 26.3 25.8 20.7 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) -2.3 -5.2
Latin America and the Caribbean 3.9 3.8 2.8 CIS, Asia 0.5 -0.4
Caribbean 13.4 12.7 12.8 CIS, Europe -2.1 -5.4
Latin America 3.5 3.4 2.3 Developed Regions 1.7 -1.2
Eastern Asia 20.7 11.1 4.0 Transition countries in South-Eastern Europe 0.4 -3.2
Southern Asia 14.5 11.2 9.8 Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 1.3 0.7
Southern Asia excluding India 14.2 9.9 8.1 Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) -0.3 -0.9
South-Eastern Asia 11.1 9.6 4.2 Small Island Developing States (SIDS) -0.4 -2.8
Western Asia 0.6 1.0 1.5 p
Preliminary data.
Oceania - - -
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 0.9 2.5 1.5
CIS, Asia 2.1 7.5 5.4
CIS, Europe 0.5 0.8 0.1

Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 21.9 20.2 15.5
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 14.4 12.3 11.9
1/
The poverty gap ratio measures the magnitude of poverty. Expressed as a percentage of
the poverty line, it is the result of multiplying the proportion of people who live below the
poverty line by the difference between the poverty line and the average income of the
population living under the poverty line.
2/
High-income economies, as defined by the World Bank, are excluded.
2
(b) GDP per person employed (b) Men, women and youth
GDP per person employed, in 2005 US dollars (PPP) Employment-to-population ratio, percentage, 2009/p
/p
1998 2009 Men Women Youth
World 17,457 21,172 World 72.8 48.0 44.2
Developing Regions 7,816 11,559 Developing Regions 75.5 47.8 45.0
Northern Africa 15,806 18,368 Northern Africa 70.1 22.2 29.4
Sub-Saharan Africa 4,381 5,135 Sub-Saharan Africa 74.5 55.5 49.0
Latin America and the Caribbean 21,170 22,214 Latin America and the Caribbean 74.3 46.5 43.6
Eastern Asia 5,370 11,952 Eastern Asia 75.4 64.0 53.9
Southern Asia 5,030 7,794 Southern Asia 77.2 32.5 41.2
South-Eastern Asia 6,744 9,089 South-Eastern Asia 77.6 53.9 43.6
Western Asia 33,084 39,559 Western Asia 66.4 20.4 26.0
Oceania 5,954 5,564 Oceania 71.2 62.4 52.8
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 12,875 21,181 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 62.9 51.8 34.9
CIS, Asia 6,453 11,886 CIS, Asia 65.6 53.4 38.6
CIS, Europe 14,695 24,399 CIS, Europe 61.9 51.3 32.8
Developed Regions 61,156 69,841 Developed Regions 62.9 48.1 41.0
Transition countries in South-Eastern Europe 15,490 25,150 Transition countries in South-Eastern Europe 55.0 40.8 24.1
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 2,062 2,974 Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 79.3 58.9 55.9
Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 3,519 4,828 Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 76.6 60.4 55.0
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 20,926 23,846 Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 69.8 45.8 43.0
/p /p
Preliminary data. Preliminary data.
Indicator 1.5 Indicator 1.6

Employment-to-population ratio Proportion of employed people living below $1 (PPP) per day
(a) Total
Employment-to-population ratio, percentage Employed people living below $1.25 (PPP) per day, percentage of total
employment
/p
1991 2000 2009
1991 2000 2009/f
World 62.2 61.2 60.4
World 42.9 32.6 24.8
Developing Regions 64.2 62.9 61.7
Northern Africa 43.9 43.4 46.0
Sub-Saharan Africa 63.5 64.1 64.9
Latin America and the Caribbean 56.3 57.9 60.0
South-Eastern Asia 68.0 66.5 65.6
Western Asia 48.6 46.4 44.3
Oceania 65.5 66.3 66.8
Oceania 51.6 47.4 49.7
CIS, Asia 57.4 55.7 59.3
CIS, Asia 16.2 25.5 21.3
CIS, Europe 58.0 53.6 56.1
CIS, Europe 1.7 2.6 0.2
Developed Regions 56.5 56.5 55.3
/p Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 17.1 20.4 24.0
Preliminary data.
/f
Forecast.
3
Indicator 1.7 (c) Women
Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total Own-account and contributing family workers, percentage of total
employment employment
(a) Both sexes 1991 2000 2009/f
Own-account and contributing family workers, percentage of total
employment World 59.2 55.1 52.3
/f Developing Regions 76.7 69.3 64.7

1991 2000 2009
World 55.4 52.8 50.6
Oceania 79.1 80.9 84.9
CIS, Asia 38.4 48.8 42.6
Oceania 72.4 74.1 78.6
CIS, Europe 4.5 11.7 8.9
CIS, Asia 43.0 49.8 44.0
CIS, Europe 5.3 12.0 10.0
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 87.2 85.0 82.9 /f
Forecast.
/f
Forecast.
Target 1.C
(b) Men
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer
from hunger
Own-account and contributing family workers, percentage of total
employment Indicator 1.8
/f
Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age
1991 2000 2009
(a) Total
World 53.0 51.3 49.4 Children under-five years of age who are underweight, percentage
1990 2008
Developing Regions 31 26
Latin America and the Caribbean 11 6
Eastern Asia 17 7
Eastern Asia excluding China 12 6
Southern Asia 51 46
Oceania 67.3 68.4 73.1
Southern Asia excluding India 49 35
CIS, Asia 46.9 50.6 45.2
Western Asia 14 14
CIS, Europe 6.0 12.3 11.0
Oceania - -

/f
Forecast.
4
(b) By sex Indicator 1.9
Children under-five years of age who are underweight, 2003-2008, Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy
percentage consumption
Boys Girls Boys/Girls Ratio Percentage of undernourished in total population
Developing Regions 28 29 0.97 1990-92 2000-02 2005-07

1/
Northern Africa - - - World 16 14 13
Sub-Saharan Africa 28 26 1.08 Developing Regions1/ 20 16 16
Latin America and the Caribbean 8 7 1.14 Northern Africa <5 <5 <5
Eastern Asia - - - Sub-Saharan Africa 31 30 26
Eastern Asia excluding China 10 11 0.93 Latin America and the Caribbean 12 10 9
Southern Asia 46 49 0.94 Eastern Asia 18 10 10
Southern Asia excluding India 42 46 0.92 Eastern Asia excluding China 8 13 12
South-Eastern Asia 25 25 1.00 Southern Asia 21 20 21
Western Asia 20 19 1.05 Southern Asia excluding India 26 23 23
Oceania - - - South-Eastern Asia 24 17 14
Commonwealth of Independent Western Asia 5 8 7
States (CIS) 5 5 1.00
Oceania - - -
CIS, Asia 7 7 1.00
Commonwealth of Independent States
CIS, Europe - - - (CIS) 62/ 7 <5
Transition countries of South-Eastern CIS, Asia 162/ 17 9
Europe 3 3 1.13
CIS, Europe <52/ <5 <5
Developed Regions <5 <5 <5
(c) By residence
Transition countries of South-Eastern
Children under-five years of age who are underweight, 2003-2008, Europe <5 <5 <5
percentage
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 40 36 32
Rural Urban
Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 34 30 26
Developing Regions 32 18 Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 24 21 21
Northern Africa 8 6 1/
Includes countries/territories from Oceania.
2/
Sub-Saharan Africa 30 19 Refers to 1993-95.

Eastern Asia 9 2
Southern Asia 50 39
Western Asia 21 8
Oceania - -
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) - -
CIS, Asia 8 5
Transition countries of South-Eastern Europe 3 3
(c) By household wealth

Children under-five years of age who are underweight, 2003-2008,
percentage
Poorest Richest
quintile quintile
Latin America and the Caribbean - -
Eastern Asia - -
Southern Asia 60 26
South-Eastern Asia - -
Western Asia - -
Oceania - -
CIS, Asia 9 4
5
Indicator 2.2
Goal 2 Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of primary
Achieve universal primary education Gross intake rate at last grade of primary1/
19912/ 20002/ 20082/

Target 2.A
Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be World 79.6 82.1 88.1
able to complete a full course of primary schooling Developing Regions 77.0 79.5 86.7
Indicator 2.1 Northern Africa 72.2 81.1 96.3

Net enrolment ratio in primary education Sub-Saharan Africa 50.5 52.0 63.8
(a) Total Latin America and the Caribbean 84.2 97.5 101.0
Primary- and secondary-level enrolees of official Eastern Asia 106.2 97.9 96.0
primary school age per 100 children of the same age 1/
Eastern Asia excluding China 94.5 97.8 96.9
1991 2000 2008
World 82.2 84.3 89.6 Southern Asia excluding India 55.2 62.3 66.2
Developing Regions 79.9 82.6 88.8 South-Eastern Asia 85.7 92.4 98.7
Northern Africa 80.2 88.0 94.4 Western Asia 77.6 78.9 88.2
Sub-Saharan Africa 53.4 60.3 76.4 Oceania 61.1 63.7 67.0
Latin America and the Caribbean 85.8 94.1 94.9 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 82.8 94.3 97.3
Eastern Asia 97.5 94.4 96.0 CIS, Asia 61.7 94.8 99.1
Eastern Asia excluding China 98.1 97.6 98.0 CIS, Europe 92.5 94.0 96.0
Southern Asia 75.3 80.0 89.7 Developed Regions 97.8 99.1 97.8
Oceania - - -
(b) By sex
Gross intake rate at last grade of primary1/
CIS, Asia 85.9 95.2 94.0
19912/ 20002/ 20082/
CIS, Europe 92.5 86.8 93.0
Developed Regions 97.1 97.5 96.1 Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls
World 82.0 74.1 84.9 79.2 89.6 86.9
Developing Regions 79.5 69.8 82.8 76.2 88.6 85.3
Northern Africa 80.1 64.6 84.2 77.9 99.4 93.0
Sub-Saharan Africa 55.8 45.9 57.0 47.9 69.3 59.8
(b) By sex
Latin America and the Caribbean 84.5 86.1 97.1 97.8 101.8 103.0
Primary- and secondary-level enrolees of official
primary school age per 100 children of the same age 1/ Eastern Asia 96.1 91.5 97.9 97.8 94.6 97.8
1991 2000 2008 Eastern Asia excluding China 93.9 94.0 97.8 97.6 97.9 95.8
Southern Asia 73.5 54.6 75.8 62.3 87.3 83.4
Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls
Southern Asia excluding India 60.5 49.7 66.4 58.1 68.2 64.2
World 86.1 78.0 87.0 81.5 90.6 88.6
South-Eastern Asia 89.3 87.9 92.7 92.1 98.8 98.7
Developing Regions 84.4 75.1 85.6 79.4 89.9 87.6
Western Asia 83.0 72.6 83.5 74.1 92.6 83.7
Northern Africa 86.9 73.3 90.7 85.2 96.3 92.5
Oceania 63.4 55.8 65.9 59.0 70.1 61.4
Sub-Saharan Africa 58.0 48.8 63.9 56.6 78.3 74.5
Commonwealth of Independent
Latin America and the Caribbean 85.4 86.3 93.7 94.4 95.1 94.8 States (CIS) 91.4 91.3 94.0 93.4 95.7 95.1
Eastern Asia 99.9 94.9 93.4 95.4 94.2 98.1 CIS, Asia 85.7 85.0 97.4 96.1 99.4 97.9
Eastern Asia excluding China 98.1 98.2 98.1 97.0 98.3 97.7 CIS, Europe 94.0 94.2 92.0 91.8 92.9 92.9
Southern Asia 83.4 66.7 86.7 72.8 91.7 87.5 Developed Regions 96.5 98.0 99.3 98.9 97.2 98.2
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 45.0 34.6 50.4 42.1 62.8 56.1
Landlocked Developing Countries
Western Asia 87.1 76.9 87.8 78.6 90.7 85.3 (LLDCs) 53.7 44.5 60.5 49.9 68.1 60.7
Oceania - - - - - - Small Island Developing States

(SIDS) 64.8 64.7 75.8 75.8 79.3 78.1
Commonwealth of Independent 1/
States (CIS) 91.0 89.7 90.8 90.1 93.5 93.4 Since there are no regional averages for the official indicator the table displays the gross
intake ratio at last grade of primary, which corresponds to the “total number of new entrants in
CIS, Asia 87.6 84.2 95.5 95.0 94.7 93.3 the last grade of primary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the
population of the theoretical entrance age to the last grade”. Global Education Digest 2009
CIS, Europe 92.7 92.4 87.2 86.3 92.6 93.5 (page 255) - Comparing Education Statistics Across the World, UNESCO Institute for
Statistics.
Developed Regions 97.3 96.8 97.5 97.5 95.8 96.4 2/
The primary completion rates correspond to school years ending in the years displayed.
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 57.8 46.8 63.0 56.0 80.7 76.7
(LLDCs) 60.9 49.2 69.9 60.7 84.2 79.1
Small Island Developing States
(SIDS) 71.9 70.4 81.2 79.0 76.3 75.1
1/
The net enrolment ratios in primary education correspond to school years ending in the
years displayed.
6
Indicator 2.3
Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds, women and men Goal 3
(a) Total
Promote gender equality and empower women
Percentage of the population aged 15–24 years who can both read and write
1985-941/ 1995-041/ 2005-081/

Target 3.A
World 83.3 87.1 89.0
Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education,
preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015
Indicator 3.1
Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
(a) Primary education
Ratio of girls to boys gross enrolment ratios
Eastern Asia excluding China 99.4 99.4 99.5 1991 2000 2008
Southern Asia 60.3 73.7 79.3 World 0.89 0.92 0.97
Oceania 71.4 73.9 73.0
CIS, Asia 99.8 99.8 99.8 Eastern Asia excluding China 1.00 0.99 0.99
CIS, Europe 99.7 99.7 99.7 Southern Asia 0.76 0.83 0.96
Developed Regions 99.6 99.6 99.6 Southern Asia excluding India 0.74 0.80 0.96
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 55.7 65.3 69.9 South-Eastern Asia 0.97 0.97 0.97
Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 61.6 68.1 71.8 Western Asia 0.87 0.88 0.92
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 85.3 87.1 87.4 Oceania 0.90 0.90 0.89
(b) By sex CIS, Asia 0.99 0.99 0.98
Percentage of the population aged 15–24 years who can both read and write CIS, Europe 1.00 0.99 1.00
1985-941/ 1995-041/ 2005-081/ Developed Regions 0.99 0.99 1.00
Men Women Men Women Men Women Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 0.80 0.84 0.92
World 87.7 78.6 90.2 83.8 91.7 86.4 Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 0.83 0.83 0.92
Developing Regions 85.3 74.2 88.5 80.6 90.3 84.1 Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 0.96 0.96 0.95
Northern Africa 77.4 57.7 85.2 73.3 89.8 82.2
Sub-Saharan Africa 72.9 58.3 75.6 62.3 76.8 67.1 (b) Secondary education
Latin America and the Caribbean 91.5 92.0 95.8 96.5 96.7 97.2 Ratio of girls to boys gross enrolment ratios
Eastern Asia 97.1 91.9 99.2 98.6 99.4 99.2
1991 2000 2008
Eastern Asia excluding China 99.3 99.5 99.2 99.5 99.3 99.7
World 0.84 0.92 0.96
Southern Asia 71.6 48.3 81.1 65.6 85.7 73.3
Western Asia 93.6 81.6 95.6 88.1 95.6 89.8 Sub-Saharan Africa 0.77 0.81 0.79
Oceania 76.6 66.1 76.1 71.5 72.0 74.1 Latin America and the Caribbean 1.07 1.07 1.08
Commonwealth of Independent Eastern Asia 0.77 0.94 1.05

States (CIS) 99.7 99.8 99.7 99.8 99.7 99.8
CIS, Asia 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.9 99.8 99.8 Southern Asia 0.60 0.76 0.87
CIS, Europe 99.7 99.8 99.7 99.8 99.6 99.8 Southern Asia excluding India 0.63 0.88 0.91
Developed Regions 99.1 99.6 99.0 99.6 99.5 99.6 South-Eastern Asia 0.90 0.97 1.03
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 64.2 47.6 72.2 58.9 74.5 65.5 Western Asia 0.70 0.78 0.86
Landlocked Developing Countries Oceania 0.84 0.91 0.87
(LLDCs) 67.6 56.1 74.6 62.2 77.6 66.3
Small Island Developing States
(SIDS) 87.3 83.3 88.0 86.2 87.2 87.7 CIS, Asia 0.96 0.98 0.98
1/
The regional averages presented in this table are calculated using a weighted average of CIS, Europe 1.05 1.02 0.98
the latest available observed data point for each country or territory for the reference period.
UIS estimates have been used for countries with missing data. Developed Regions 1.01 1.01 1.00

7
(c) Tertiary education Indicator 3.3
Ratio of girls to boys gross enrolment ratios Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament
1991 2000 2008 Percentage of parliamentary seats occupied by women
(Single or Lower House only) 1/
World 0.90 0.99 1.08
1990 2000 2005 2010
World 12.8 12.5 15.6 19.0
Developing Regions 10.4 10.8 13.9 17.6
Northern Africa 2.6 2.1 5.4 9.0
Sub-Saharan Africa 7.2 9.1 14.2 18.4
Latin America and the Caribbean 11.9 14.8 19.0 22.7
Caribbean 22.1 19.9 26.0 29.4
Latin America 8.6 12.9 16.4 20.1
Eastern Asia 20.2 19.9 19.4 19.5
Eastern Asia excluding China 17.8 14.6 17.2 14.5
Southern Asia 5.7 6.7 8.8 18.2
Oceania 0.54 0.83 0.84
Southern Asia excluding India 5.9 5.6 9.0 20.1
South-Eastern Asia 10.4 9.7 15.5 19.3
CIS, Asia 1.01 0.92 1.07
Western Asia 4.6 4.7 5.0 9.4
CIS, Europe 1.28 1.28 1.34
Oceania 1.2 3.4 3.0 2.5
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) - 7.3 10.2 14.6
CIS, Asia - 7.1 9.9 15.1
CIS, Europe - 7.5 10.5 14.2
Developed Regions 16.3 17.5 20.9 23.5
Transition countries of South-Eastern Europe 27.8 8.4 15.0 18.3
Indicator 3.2
Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 7.2 7.3 13.0 19.1
Percentage of employees in non-agricultural wage employment Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 14.0 7.7 13.4 21.6
who are women Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 15.5 13.3 18.3 21.0
1/
As of 31 January 2010.
1990 2000 2005 2008
World 35.2 37.6 38.5 39.2

Eastern Asia 38.1 39.6 40.6 41.2
Southern Asia 13.2 17.2 18.0 19.2
Western Asia 16.5 18.8 19.5 20.1
Oceania 33.3 35.6 35.1 36.0
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 48.7 50.1 50.9 50.6
CIS, Asia 44.3 44.7 45.5 45.2
CIS, Europe 49.6 51.2 52.1 51.8
8
Indicator 4.3
Proportion of one year-old children immunised against measles
Goal 4 Percentage of children 12-23 months who received at least one dose of
Reduce child mortality measles vaccine
Target 4.A 1990 2000 2008
Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five World 73 72 83

mortality rate Developing Regions 71 70 81
Indicator 4.1 Northern Africa 85 93 92
Under-five mortality rate
Sub-Saharan Africa 57 55 72
Deaths of children before reaching the age of five per 1,000 live births
Latin America and the Caribbean 76 92 93
1990 2000 2008 Eastern Asia 98 85 94
World 90 78 65 Eastern Asia excluding China 95 88 95
Developing Regions 100 86 72 Southern Asia 57 58 75
Northern Africa 80 46 29 Southern Asia excluding India 60 68 87
Sub-Saharan Africa 184 166 144 South-Eastern Asia 70 80 88
Latin America and the Caribbean 52 33 23 Western Asia 79 84 83
Eastern Asia 45 36 21 Oceania 70 68 58
Eastern Asia excluding China 32 28 27 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 85 95 96
Southern Asia 121 97 74 CIS, Asia - 93 93
Southern Asia excluding India 132 105 85 CIS, Europe 85 97 98
South-Eastern Asia 73 50 38 Developed Regions 84 91 93
Western Asia 66 44 32 Transition countries of South-Eastern Europe 93 93 95
Oceania 76 66 60
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 46 39 25
CIS, Asia 78 62 39
CIS, Europe 26 23 14
Developed Regions 12 8 6
Transition countries of South-Eastern Europe 30 19 12
Indicator 4.2
Infant mortality rate
Deaths of children before reaching the age of one per 1,000 live births
1990 2000 2008
World 62 54 45
Developing Regions 68 59 49
Northern Africa 61 38 25
Sub-Saharan Africa 108 98 86
Latin America and the Caribbean 42 28 19
Eastern Asia 36 29 18
Eastern Asia excluding China 25 22 21
Southern Asia 87 71 56
Southern Asia excluding India 96 78 64
South-Eastern Asia 50 37 29
Western Asia 52 35 26
Oceania 56 50 46
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 38 33 22
CIS, Asia 64 52 34
CIS, Europe 22 19 12
Developed Regions 10 6 5
Transition countries of South-Eastern Europe 24 16 10
9
Goal 5 Target 5.B
Improve maternal health Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
Target 5.A Indicator 5.3

Contraceptive prevalence rate
Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal
mortality ratio
Percentage using contraception among women aged 15-49
Indicator 5.1 who are married or in union
Maternal mortality ratio
(No new global or regional data are available. Data presented are from 2008 1990 2007
report.)
World 55 63
Maternal deaths per 100,000 live births
1990 2005 Northern Africa 44 60
World 430 400 Sub-Saharan Africa 12 22
Developing Regions 480 450 Latin America and the Caribbean 62 72
Northern Africa 250 160 Caribbean 54 62
Sub-Saharan Africa 920 900 Latin America 63 72
Latin America and the Caribbean 180 130 Eastern Asia 78 86
Eastern Asia 95 50 Eastern Asia excluding China 74 76
Eastern Asia excluding China - 170 Southern Asia 40 54
Southern Asia 620 490 Southern Asia excluding India 30 49
Southern Asia excluding India - 570 South-Eastern Asia 48 62
South-Eastern Asia 450 300 Western Asia 46 55
Western Asia 190 160 Oceania 28 28
Oceania 550 430 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 61 70
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 58 51 CIS, Asia 54 56
Developed Regions 11 9 CIS, Europe 63 76
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 900 870 Developed Regions 70 71

Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 17 31

Indicator 5.2
Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 25 33
Percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 50 54
Around Around
1990 2008
Indicator 5.4
World 58 66 Adolescent birth rate
Developing Regions 53 63 Births to women aged 15-19 years old per 1,000 women
1990 2007
Latin America and the Caribbean 1/
72 86 World 60 48
Eastern Asia 94 98
Southern Asia 30 45 Sub-Saharan Africa 124 121
Caribbean 81 67
Latin America 92 74
Western Asia 62 78
Eastern Asia 15 5
Oceania 54 57
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 97 98
Southern Asia 89 53
CIS, Asia 93 97
CIS, Europe 99 99 Southern Asia excluding India 123 71
Developed Regions 99 99
Western Asia 62 53
1/
Includes only deliveries in health care institutions. Oceania 83 61
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 52 29
CIS, Asia 45 29
CIS, Europe 55 29
Developed Regions 29 23

Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 106 104
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 77 63
10
Indicator 5.5
Antenatal care coverage (at least one visit and at least four visits) Goal 6
(a) At least one visit Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Percentage of women (15-49 years old) who received antenatal care during
pregnancy from skilled health personnel, at least once Target 6.A
Around Around Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
1990 2008
Indicator 6.1
World2/ 64 80 HIV prevalence among population aged 15-24 years
Northern Africa 46 78 1990 2002 2008
Estimated Adults Estimated Adults Estimated Adults
Latin America and the Caribbean 79 94 adult (15- (15+) living adult (15- (15+) living adult (15- (15+) living
49) HIV with HIV 49) HIV with HIV 49) HIV with HIV
Eastern Asia 80 91 prevalence who are prevalence who are prevalence who are
(%) women (%) (%) women (%) (%) women (%)
Southern Asia 48 70
Developing Regions 0.3 51 0.9 53 0.8 53
Northern Africa <0.1 28 <0.1 30 0.1 31
Sub-Saharan
1.9 57 5.3 58 4.7 58
Western Asia 53 79 Africa
Oceania - - Latin America and
0.3 29 0.6 32 0.6 33
the Caribbean
CIS, Asia 90 96
Caribbean 1.1 46 1.1 52 1.1 53
Latin America 0.3 24 0.6 30 0.6 31
(b) At least four visits
Eastern Asia <0.1 29 0.1 27 0.1 27
Percentage of women (15-49 years old) who received antenatal care during
pregnancy from any provider (whether skilled or unskilled), at least four visits Eastern Asia
<0.1 29 0.0 30 0.0 31
excluding China
2003-20091/
Southern Asia <0.1 31 0.3 42 0.2 43
World2/ 47 Southern Asia
<0.1 23 0.1 28 0.1 29
Developing Regions 47 excluding India
Northern Africa 58 South-Eastern Asia 0.2 43 0.3 44 0.4 40
Sub-Saharan Africa 44 Western Asia <0.1 29 0.1 30 0.1 30
Latin America and the Caribbean 84 Oceania <0.1 29 0.6 30 0.9 30
Eastern Asia - Commonwealth of

Independent States 0.1 43 0.6 42 0.8 43
Southern Asia 36 (CIS)
Southern Asia excluding India 34 CIS, Asia <0.1 34 0.1 31 0.2 30
South-Eastern Asia 75 CIS, Europe 0.1 43 0.8 43 1.0 44
Western Asia - Developed Regions 0.2 15 0.4 20 0.4 21
Oceania 56 Transition
1/
Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. countries of South- <0.1 39 0.1 41 0.1 40
2/
Eastern Europe
World value includes countries from the Developed Regions and from CIS Europe which
account only for respectively 7 and 23 per cent of those regions population. Least Developed
1.4 55 2.0 58 1.8 58
Countries (LDCs)
Indicator 5.6
Unmet need for family planning Landlocked
Developing 2.5 56 3.8 58 3.1 58
Percentage of women, married or in union, of reproductive age (15-49 years Countries (LLDCs)
old) with unmet need for family planning
Small Island
1990 2007 Developing States 0.6 45 0.8 47 0.8 47
(SIDS)
World 13.2 11.2 1/
Data not available, epidemics in this region are recent and no data are available for earlier
Developing regions 13.7 11.4 years.
Northern Africa 19.5 9.9

Sub-Saharan Africa 26.5 24.8
Latin America and the Caribbean 15.8 10.5
Caribbean 19.7 20.1
Latin America 15.6 9.9
Eastern Asia 3.3 2.3
Southern Asia 18.2 14.7
Southern Asia excluding India 24.3 20.7
South-Eastern Asia 15.1 10.9
Western Asia 15.7 12.2
CIS, Asia 14.4 13.4
Transition countries of South-Eastern Europe 15.2 15.0
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 26.1 24.4

Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 24.6 24.8
11
Indicator 6.2 Target 6.B
Condom use at last high-risk sex
Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all
those who need it
Percentage population aged 15-24 years who used a condom at last high-
risk sex1/, 2003-20082/ Indicator 6.5
Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to
Women Men antiretroviral drugs
Number of Percent who Number of Percent who Population living with advanced HIV who are receiving antiretroviral therapy,
countries used a countries used a percentage1/
covered by condom at covered by condom at
the surveys last high risk the surveys last high risk
sex sex 2005 2006 2007 2008
Developing Regions 49 27 38 43
Developing Regions2/ 16 24 33 42
Sub-Saharan Africa 37 35 29 48
Northern Africa 27 31 37 40
Latin America and the Caribbean3/ 10 49 - -
Southern Asia 1 22 2 38
Latin America and the Caribbean 46 47 50 54
CIS, Asia3/ - - 3 49
Eastern Asia 10 14 15 19
1/
Percentage of young women and men 15-24 reporting the use of a condom during sexual
intercourse with a non-regular (non-marital and non-cohabiting) sexual partner in the last 12
Eastern Asia excluding China <1 <1 <1 1
months, among those who had such a partner in the last 12 months. Southern Asia 7 12 21 31
2/
Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
Southern Asia excluding India 2 3 7 10
3/
Data refer to the most recent year available during the period 2002-2008.
South-Eastern Asia and Oceania 28 37 50 57
Western Asia - - - -
Indicator 6.3 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 4 8 13 20
Proportion of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct
knowledge of HIV/AIDS CIS, Asia 6 11 13 23
CIS, Europe 4 8 13 20
Percentage of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 13 23 35 46
knowledge1/, 2003-2008 2/
Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 16 27 38 53
Women Men Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 22 30 42 52
1/
Number of Percent who Number of Percent who High-income economies, as defined by the World Bank, are excluded.
countries have countries have 2/
Values for developing regions include two countries from Western Asia.
covered by the comprehensive covered by the comprehensive
surveys knowledge surveys knowledge
World3/ 87 19 45 31
Target 6.C
Developing Regions3/ 69 19 39 31
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria
Northern Africa 3 8 1 18
and other major diseases
Indicator 6.6
Southern Asia 4 17 3 34
Incidence and deaths rates associated with malaria
Southern Asia excluding (a) Incidence
India 3 7 - -
Number of new cases per 1,000 population,1/ 2008
South-Eastern Asia 5 22 3 17
World 71
Commonwealth of
Independent States (CIS) 11 28 - - Northern Africa 0
CIS, Asia 8 20 - - Sub-Saharan Africa 294
Transition countries of South- Latin America and the Caribbean 8
Eastern Europe 7 18 2 5
Caribbean 11
1/
Percentage of young women and men 15-24 who correctly identify the two major ways of
preventing the sexual transmission of HIV (using condoms and limiting sex to one faithful, Latin America 7
uninfected partner), who reject two common local misconceptions, and who know that a
healthy-looking person can transmit the AIDS virus. Eastern Asia <1
2/
Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified. Eastern Asia excluding China 6
3/
Excludes China. Southern Asia 13
Southern Asia excluding India 13
South-Eastern Asia 26
Western Asia 4
Indicator 6.4
Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non- Oceania 173
orphans aged 10-14 years CIS, Asia <1
Orphans to non-orphans school attendance ratio,1/ 2003-2008 2/
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 182
Number of countries Ratio of school attendance of orphans
with data to school attendance of non-orphans Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 201
Developing Regions 44 0.81 Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 92

1/
Sub-Saharan Africa 33 0.93 For populations at risk of malaria in malaria endemic countries.
Southern Asia 2 0.73

South-Eastern Asia 3 0.84
1/
Ratio of the current school attendance rate of children aged 10-14 both of whose biological
parents have died to the current school attendance rate of children 10-14 both of whose
parents are still alive and who currently live with at least one biological parent.
2/
Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
12
(b) Deaths Indicator 6.8
Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with
Number of deaths per 100,000 population,1/ 2008
appropriate anti-malarial drugs
Children
All ages (a) Total
under five
Children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti-malarial
World 25 192
drugs, percentage, 2006-2009
Northern Africa 0 0
Developing Regions (44 countries) 17
Sub-Saharan Africa (34 countries) 34
Southern Asia (4 countries) 7
Caribbean 3 8
Southern Asia excluding India (3 countries) 3
Latin America <0.5 1
South-Eastern Asia (3 countries) 1
Eastern Asia <0.5 <0.5
(b) By sex
Southern Asia 2 7
Southern Asia excluding India 2 8 drugs, percentage, 2006-2009
South-Eastern Asia 5 14 Men Women
Western Asia 1 3 Southern Asia (3 countries) 8 6
Oceania 34 100
CIS, Asia <0.5 <0.5 (c) By residence
drugs, percentage, 2006-2009
Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 78 397
Urban Rural
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 24 101
Developing Regions (41 countries) 23 16
1/
For populations at risk of malaria in malaria endemic countries.
Sub-Saharan Africa (33 countries) 41 30
Southern Asia (4 countries) 9 7
Indicator 6.7
Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated Southern Asia excluding India (3 countries) 3 3
bednets
(a) Total Indicator 6.9
Children under five who sleep under insecticide-treated bednets, Incidence, prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis
percentage, 2006-2009 (a) Incidence
Sub-Saharan Africa (33 countries) 201/ Number of new cases per 100,000 population (including HIV infected) 1/
1/
Data for a subset of 26 countries in sub-Saharan Africa with trend data showed that the use
of insecticide-treated bednets among children increased from 2 per cent in 2000 to 22 per 1990 2000 2008
cent in 2008.
World 130 (110;150) 140 (130;140) 140 (130; 150)
Developing Regions 150 (130;180) 160 (150;170) 160 (160; 170)
(b) By sex
Northern Africa 59 (49;71) 48 (44;52) 43 (39; 47)
Children under five who sleep under insecticide-treated bednets,
percentage, 2006-2009 Sub-Saharan Africa 180 (160;200) 320 (300;340) 350 (330; 370)
Men Women Latin America and
90 (75;110) 61 (57;67) 46 (43; 50)
the Caribbean
Sub-Saharan Africa (29 countries) 17 17
Caribbean 96 (70;130) 91 (79;110) 81 (70; 95)
(c) By residence Latin America 89 (74;110) 59 (54;64) 44 (40; 47)
Children under five who sleep under insecticide-treated bednets, Eastern Asia 120 (81;190) 110 (90;130) 100 (85; 120)
percentage, 2006-2009 Southern Asia 170 (130;250) 170 (150;200) 170 (150; 200)
Urban Rural South-Eastern Asia 240 (200;300) 230 (210;250) 220 (200; 240)
Sub-Saharan Africa (32 countries) 20 19 Western Asia 58 (48;70) 48 (43;53) 34 (31; 37)
Oceania 200 (140;300) 190 (160;230) 190 (160; 220)
Commonwealth of
Independent States 99 (74;130) 120 (110;130) 110 (100; 120)
(CIS)
CIS, Asia 120 (95;150) 130 (120;150) 140 (130; 150)
CIS, Europe 91 (62;140) 110 (96;130) 100 (92; 120)
Developed Regions 28 (26;31) 20 (19;21) 13 (13; 14)
Transition countries
of South-Eastern 110 (75;160) 110 (97;140) 76 (65; 89)
Europe
Least Developed
220 (190; 250) 270 (260; 290) 280 (270; 300)
Countries (LDCs)
Landlocked Developing
170 (150; 190) 270 (260; 290) 280 (260; 300)
Countries (LLDCs)
Small Island Developing
120 (95; 140) 110 (100; 120) 110 (97; 120)
States (SIDS)
1/
Lower and upper bounds in brackets.
13
(b) Prevalence
Number of existing cases per 100,000 population (including HIV infected) 1/ Indicator 6.10
Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly
1990 2000 2008 observed treatment short course
World 250 (200;330) 220 (190;260) 170 (150;210) (a) New cases detected under directly observed treatment short course (DOTS)
Developing Regions 310 (240;410) 270 (240;310) 210 (170;250) DOTS smear-positive case detection rate, percentage
Northern Africa 80 (52;170) 33 (23;51) 27 (18;44) 2000 2008

Sub-Saharan Africa 300 (240;380) 480 (430;540) 490 (430;560) World 40 (38;43) 62 (58;66)
Latin America and
150 (90;250) 66 (51;89) 40 (30;58) Developing Regions 39 (37;41) 61 (58;65)
the Caribbean
Northern Africa 89 (82;98) 86 (78;94)
Caribbean 160 (97;320) 130 (93;180) 96 (64;150)
Sub-Saharan Africa 39 (37;41) 46 (44;49)
Latin America 130 (85;260) 60 (45;85) 34 (25;55)
Latin America and the Caribbean 70 (64;75) 77 (71;82)
Eastern Asia 270 (150;510) 210 (150;310) 90 (43;200)
Caribbean 51 (44;59) 62 (53;72)
Southern Asia 380 (240;660) 270 (200;380) 220 (150;330)
Latin America 72 (66;79) 79 (73;85)
South-Eastern Asia 440 (320;630) 460 (380;560) 290 (220;380)
Eastern Asia 33 (27;39) 72 (60;86)
Western Asia 83 (49;160) 59 (44;80) 40 (29;59)
Southern Asia 37 (32;43) 67 (58;77)
Oceania 430 (250;790) 130 (68;280) 110 (51;260)
South-Eastern Asia 40 (36;44) 66 (60;72)
Commonwealth of
Independent States 200 (120;320) 120 (77;190) 100 (65;170) Western Asia 52 (47;57) 65 (59;71)
(CIS)
Oceania 31 (26;37) 32 (28;37)
CIS, Asia 230 (150;360) 150 (110;210) 160 (120;210)
CIS, Europe 180 (97;350) 100 (53;200) 72 (33;170) (CIS) 58 (51;65) 74 (68;82)
Developed Regions 29 (21;43) 14 (10;20) 9 (6;13) CIS, Asia 60 (55;65) 63 (58;69)
Transition countries CIS, Europe 57 (49;67) 80 (70;91)
of South-Eastern 160 (70;380) 97 (49;200) 58 (28;130)
Europe Developed Regions 87 (82;92) 92 (87;97)
Least Developed Europe 99 (84;120) 110 (93;130)
430 (350;560) 490 (440;550) 420 (380;490)
Countries (LDCs)
Landlocked Developing Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 35 (33;36) 49 (46;51)
240 (190;300) 370 (320;430) 380 (330;450)
Countries (LLDCs) Landlocked Developing Countries
Small Island Developing (LLDCs) 38 (36;40) 41 (38;43)
210 (140;330) 130 (110;170) 110 (84;150)
States (SIDS) Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 42 (38;46) 52 (47;57)
1/
Lower and upper bounds in brackets. 1/
(c) Deaths (b) Patients successfully treated under directly observed treatment short course
Number of deaths per 100,000 population (excluding HIV infected) 1/ Treatment success, percentage
1990 2000 2008 2000 2007
World 69 86
World 30 (22;45) 27 (21;34) 21 (17;27)
Developing Regions 38 (26;55) 32 (25;42) 25 (20;32)
Northern Africa 11 (6;20) 5 (3;8) 4 (3;7)
Sub-Saharan Africa 33 (25;47) 50 (40;67) 52 (41;69)
Latin America and
17 (11;27) 6 (5;8) 5 (4;7)
the Caribbean Caribbean 72 80
Caribbean 18 (9;38) 15 (8;27) 12 (8;21) Latin America 77 83
Latin America 16 (10;27) 6 (5;7) 5 (4;7) Eastern Asia 92 94
Eastern Asia 31 (13;77) 26 (13;54) 12 (6;26) South Asia 42 88
Southern Asia 45 (24;94) 33 (20;54) 28 (17;46) South-Eastern Asia 86 89
South-Eastern Asia 56 (35;96) 56 (38;85) 37 (26;53) Western Asia 77 86
Western Asia 9 (6;17) 7 (5;11) 5 (4;8) Oceania 76 46
Oceania 50 (24;120) 19 (10;41) 17 (9;37) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 77 64
CIS 26 (15;47) 22 (20;26) 18 (13;25) CIS, Asia 79 75
CIS, Asia 30 (20;49) 22 (19;36) 26 (19;36) CIS, Europe 67 59
CIS, Europe 23 (11;52) 22 (20;23) 14 (9;24) Developed Regions 66 61
Developed Regions 3 (2;4) 1 (1;1) 1 (1;1) Transition countries of South-Eastern Europe 72 85
Transition countries Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 77 85
of South-Eastern 21 (10;49) 7 (7;8) 5 (4;6)
Europe Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 75 80
Least Developed Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 73 74

50 (36;76) 56 (44;75) 50 (40;64)
Countries (LDCs)
Landlocked Developing
29 (21;41) 40 (31;55) 42 (33;59)
Countries (LLDCs)
Small Island Developing
24 (15;39) 16 (11;25) 15 (11;21)
States (SIDS)
1/
14
Indicator 7.2
CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)
Goal 7 (a) Total 1/
Ensure environmental sustainability Total emissions
(millions of metric tons)
Target 7.A 1990 2000 2005 2007
Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country
World 21,899 24,043 27,923 29,595
policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental
resources Developing Regions 7,070 9,915 13,277 14,894
Indicator 7.1 Northern Africa 232 362 425 453

Proportion of land area covered by forest Sub-Saharan Africa 464 554 658 684
Percentage of land area Latin America and the Caribbean 1,051 1,342 1,477 1,594
1990 2000 2010 Caribbean 84 99 106 120
World 32.0 31.4 31.0 Latin America 966 1,243 1,371 1,474
Developing Regions 30.8 29.5 28.8 Eastern Asia 2,986 3,974 6,212 7,165
Northern Africa 1.4 1.4 1.4 Eastern Asia excluding China 525 569 598 626
Sub-Saharan Africa 31.2 29.5 28.1 Southern Asia 1,009 1,675 2,032 2,326
Latin America and the Caribbean 52.0 49.6 47.4 Southern Asia excluding India 319 489 621 714
Caribbean 25.8 28.1 30.3 South-Eastern Asia 426 790 1,064 1,133
Latin America 52.3 49.9 47.6 Western Asia 653 1,042 1,218 1,340
Eastern Asia 16.4 18.0 20.5 Oceania 6 7 11 10
Eastern Asia excluding China 15.2 14.0 12.8 CIS2/ 3,797 2,141 2,299 2,372
Southern Asia 14.1 14.1 14.5 CIS, Asia 2/ 499 330 387 445
Southern Asia excluding India 7.8 7.3 7.1 CIS, Europe 2/ 2,806 1,811 1,911 1,926
South-Eastern Asia 56.9 51.3 49.3 Developed Regions 10,907 11,768 12,084 12,053
Western Asia 2.8 3.0 3.4 Transition countries of South-Eastern 243 169 180 191
Europe
Oceania 67.5 65.1 62.5
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 39.5 39.6 39.6 Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 64 112 167 185
CIS, Asia 3.9 3.9 3.9 Landlocked Developing Countries 56 400 460 523
(LLDCs)
CIS, Europe 48.0 48.1 48.1
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 139 163 182 190
3/, 4/
Annex I countries 11,615 12,577 12,958 13,026
Transition countries of South-Eastern Europe 30.2 30.5 32.6
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 32.7 31.0 29.6 (b) Per capita
Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 19.3 18.2 17.1 Per capita emissions
(metric tons of CO2)
1990 2000 2005 2007
World 4.2 3.9 4.3 4.4
Caribbean 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.2
Latin America 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.8
Eastern Asia 2.5 3.0 4.5 5.1
Southern Asia 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.4
Western Asia 4.9 6.0 6.2 6.6
Oceania 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.1
CIS 2/ 11.7 7.6 8.3 8.6
CIS, Asia 2/ 7.3 4.6 5.2 5.9
CIS, Europe 2/ 13.1 8.6 9.4 9.6
Europe 6.9 4.3 4.7 5.0
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

(LLDCs) 0.3 1.2 1.3 1.4
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3
Annex I countries 3/, 4/ 12.0 12.2 12.2 12.1

15
(c) Per $1 GDP (PPP)
Indicator 7.3
Per $1 GDP (PPP)
Consumption of ozone-depleting substances
(kilograms of CO2)
All ODSs consumption in ODP-tonnes
1990 2000 2005 2007
19901/ 2000 2008
World 0.54 0.50 0.49 0.47
Developing Regions 0.65 0.59 0.60 0.58 Developing Regions 247,582 212,514 44,689
Northern Africa 0.43 0.54 0.52 0.50 Northern Africa 6,203 8,129 1,347
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.58 0.54 0.50 0.45 Sub-Saharan Africa 23,449 9,561 1,327
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.29 Latin America and the Caribbean 76,048 31,087 6,715
Caribbean 0.61 0.59 0.55 0.55 Caribbean 2,177 1,669 219
Latin America 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.29 Latin America 73,871 29,418 6,496
Eastern Asia 1.46 0.87 0.92 0.86 Eastern Asia 103,217 105,762 21,530
Eastern Asia excluding China 0.44 0.45 0.38 0.36 Eastern Asia excluding China 12,904 14,885 4,144
Southern Asia 0.60 0.62 0.55 0.53 Southern Asia 3,338 28,161 4,057
Southern Asia excluding India 0.49 0.51 0.49 0.49 Southern Asia excluding India 3,338 9,466 1,152
South-Eastern Asia 0.42 0.47 0.50 0.47 South-Eastern Asia 21,108 16,831 2,916
Western Asia 0.52 0.58 0.54 0.53 Western Asia 11,516 11,882 6,605
Oceania 0.30 0.25 0.38 0.29 Oceania 47 129 10
Commonwealth of Independent States 1.54 1.27 0.98 0.86 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 139,454 27,585 1,719
(CIS) 2/
CIS, Asia 2,738 928 183
CIS, Asia 2/ 2.37 1.80 1.33 1.21
CIS, Europe 136,716 26,657 1,536
CIS, Europe 2/ 1.45 1.20 0.93 0.81
Developed Regions 826,807 24,060 -1,7922/
Transition countries of South-Eastern 6,239 966 113
Transition countries of South-Eastern 0.99 0.70 0.58 0.54 Europe
Europe
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 1,462 4,786 1,075
Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 3,354 2,386 437
(LLDCs) 0.30 0.96 0.76 0.71 Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 7,162 2,147 396
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 0.59 0.43 0.41 0.36 1/
For years prior to the entry into force of the reporting requirement for a group of substances,
missing country consumption values have been estimated at the base year level. This applies
Annex I countries 3/, 4/ 0.51 0.43 0.40 0.38 to substances in Annexes B, C and E, whose years of entry into force are 1992, 1992 and
1/
Total CO2 emissions from fossil-fuels (expressed in million metric tons of CO2) includes CO2 1994 respectively.
emissions from: solid fuel consumption, liquid fuel consumption, gas fuel consumption; 2/
Negative numbers will occur where exports plus destruction exceed actual production plus
cement production; and gas flaring (United States Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis imports.
Center - CDIAC).
2/
The 1990 column shows 1992 data. Indicator 7.4
3/
Based on the annual national emission inventories of Annex I countries (with the exception
Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits
of Belarus, Russian Federation and Ukraine, which are included in CIS) that report to the (No new global or regional data are available. Data presented are from 2009
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; non-annex I countries do not
report.)
have annual reporting obligations.
4/
Excludes emissions/removals from land use, land-use change and forestry. Percentage of fish stocks within safe biological limits
1990 2000 2006
Total 81 72 72
Fully exploited 50 47 52
Under- and moderately exploited 31 25 20
16
Indicator 7.5 (b) Terrestrial
Proportion of total water resources used Terrestrial protected area ratio to total surface area, percentage1/,2/
Surface water and groundwater withdrawal as percentage of total actual
1990 2000 2009
renewable water resources (TARWR), around 20001/
3/
Developing Regions 6.7 World 8.7 10.7 11.6
Northern Africa 77.5 Developing Regions 9.4 12.4 13.9
Sub-Saharan Africa 2.2 Northern Africa 3.3 3.7 4.0
Latin America and the Caribbean 1.4 Sub-Saharan Africa 11.1 11.3 11.7
Eastern Asia 21.6 Latin America and the Caribbean 10.5 16.1 20.8
Eastern Asia excluding China 19.2 Caribbean 9.1 9.8 11.1
Southern Asia 26.8 Latin America 10.5 16.2 20.9
Southern Asia excluding India 19.6 Eastern Asia 12.0 14.9 15.9
South-Eastern Asia 4.5 Eastern Asia excluding China 4.0 12.1 12.1
Western Asia 47.5 Southern Asia 5.5 6.1 6.4
Oceania 0.02 Southern Asia excluding India 5.9 6.8 7.4
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 5.2 South-Eastern Asia 8.6 13.0 13.6
Developed Regions 9.2 Western Asia 4.0 15.4 15.5
Transition countries of South-Eastern Europe 7.5 Oceania 2.0 3.0 3.0
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 3.5 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 7.0 7.7 7.7
Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 8.2 CIS, Asia 2.7 3.0 3.0
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 1.3 CIS, Europe 7.9 8.8 8.8
1/
Differences in figures when compared to the statistical annex of the 2009 MDG Report are Developed Regions 11.6 12.9 13.6
due to new available data.
Europe 2.9 4.7 6.9

Target 7.B Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 8.8 10.8 11.2
Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 4.0 6.3 6.7
the rate of loss
Indicator 7.6 (c) Marine
Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected Marine protected area ratio to total territorial waters, percentage1/,2/
(a) Terrestrial and marine
1990 2000 2009
Protected area ratio (terrestrial and marine combined) to total territorial area,
percentage 1/,2/ World 3/
2.9 5.0 6.3
1990 2000 2009 Developing Regions 0.9 2.9 3.5
World 3/ 7.9 9.9 10.9 Northern Africa 1.6 2.1 3.1
Developing Regions 8.1 10.9 12.4 Sub-Saharan Africa 0.7 1.5 1.8
Northern Africa 3.2 3.7 4.0 Latin America and the Caribbean 2.3 9.0 9.8
Sub-Saharan Africa 10.4 10.6 11.1 Caribbean 1.2 1.6 2.0
Latin America and the Caribbean 9.4 15.2 19.3 Latin America 2.6 10.7 11.6
Caribbean 3.5 4.0 4.6 Eastern Asia 1.2 1.7 1.9
Latin America 9.6 15.6 19.9 Eastern Asia excluding China 3.2 3.2 3.4
Eastern Asia 11.6 14.4 15.3 Southern Asia 1.3 1.4 1.6
Eastern Asia excluding China 3.9 11.5 11.5 Southern Asia excluding India 1.0 1.2 1.5
Southern Asia 5.3 5.9 6.2 South-Eastern Asia 0.5 1.2 1.8
Southern Asia excluding India 5.7 6.5 7.1 Western Asia 0.7 2.0 2.2
South-Eastern Asia 4.3 6.7 7.3 Oceania 0.1 0.6 1.2
Western Asia 3.7 14.4 14.5 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 3.2 8.9 8.9
Oceania 0.5 1.1 1.6 CIS, Asia 0.2 0.4 0.4
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 6.7 7.8 7.8 CIS, Europe 3.2 8.9 8.9
CIS, Asia 2.7 3.0 3.0 Developed Regions 6.5 8.1 11.0
CIS, Europe 7.6 8.8 8.8 Transition countries of South-Eastern
Europe 0.6 9.8 10.8
Transition countries of South-Eastern Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 0.5 1.1 2.0
Europe 2.8 4.9 7.0 Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 4/ 0.0 0.0 0.0
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 8.5 9.2 9.5 Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 0.4 1.2 1.8
1/
Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 8.8 10.8 11.2 Differences in figures when compared to the statistical annex of the 2009 MDG Report are
due to new available data and revised methodologies.
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 1.4 2.7 3.2 2/
Protected areas with unknown year of establishment are included in all years.
3/
Includes territories that are not considered in the calculations of CIS, Developed and
Developing Regions aggregates.
4/
Some LLDCs have territorial water claims within inland seas.
17
Proportion of species threatened with extinction Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility
(No new global or regional data are available for mammals. Data presented are Percentage of population using an improved sanitation facility
from 2009 report.)
1990 2008
Percentage of species not expected to go extinct in the near future1/
Birds Mammals Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural
World 54 77 36 61 76 45
1994 2008 1996 2008 Developing Regions 41 65 28 52 68 40
World 93.51 93.09 86.03 85.33 Northern Africa 72 91 55 89 94 83
Developing Regions 96.44 95.71 85.87 85.13 Sub-Saharan Africa 28 43 21 31 44 24
Northern Africa 92.55 92.19 90.18 89.82 Latin America and the Caribbean 69 81 39 80 86 55
Sub-Saharan Africa 97.60 97.12 86.76 86.59 Eastern Asia 43 53 39 56 61 53
Latin America and the Caribbean 93.75 93.60 87.09 86.56 Eastern Asia excluding China 861/ 881/ 781/ 97 99 92
Caribbean 96.01 95.93 89.81 89.94 Southern Asia 25 56 13 36 57 26
Latin America 93.49 93.35 87.59 87.04 Southern Asia excluding India 42 74 30 50 65 42
Eastern Asia 93.10 92.95 91.42 90.67 South-Eastern Asia 46 69 36 69 79 60
Southern Asia 96.19 95.78 86.92 86.21 Western Asia 80 96 53 85 94 67
South-Eastern Asia 95.99 95.52 84.27 82.59 Oceania 55 85 46 53 81 45
Western Asia 93.40 92.66 92.95 92.50 Commonwealth of Independent
States (CIS) 89 94 79 89 93 83
Oceania 97.60 96.99 85.16 84.39
CIS, Asia 91 96 86 91 91 91
(CIS) 91.86 91.41 92.28 91.68 CIS, Europe 89 94 76 89 94 76
Developed Regions 92.20 91.85 91.04 90.79 Developed Regions 99 100 97 99 100 96
1/
IUCN Red List Index values for non-Data Deficient species. Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 24 43 19 36 50 31
1/
Data from 1995. These data are based on a subset of countries different from those used
for the 2008 estimates.
Target 7.C
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to Target 7.D
safe drinking water and basic sanitation By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at
Indicator 7.8 least 100 million slum dwellers
Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source Indicator 7.10
Percentage of population using an improved drinking water source Proportion of urban population living in slums
1990 2008 Percentage of urban population living in slums 1/
1990 2000 2010

Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural
World 77 95 64 87 96 78
Developing Regions 71 93 60 84 94 76
Northern Africa 86 94 78 92 95 87
Sub-Saharan Africa 49 83 36 60 83 47
Latin America and the Caribbean 85 95 63 93 97 80
Eastern Asia 69 97 56 89 98 82
Eastern Asia excluding China 931/ 971/ 801/ 98 100 91
Southern Asia 75 91 69 87 95 83
Oceania 24.1 24.1 24.1
Southern Asia excluding India 82 95 77 85 93 80
1/
Represented by the urban population living in households with at least one of the four
South-Eastern Asia 72 92 63 86 92 81 characteristics: lack of access to improved drinking water, lack of access to improved
sanitation, overcrowding (three or more persons per room) and dwellings made of non-
Western Asia 86 96 70 90 96 78 durable material. Half of pit latrines are considered improved sanitation. These new slum
figures are not comparable to the slum estimates published previously where all households
Oceania 51 92 38 50 92 37
using pit latrines were considered as slum households.
Commonwealth of Independent
States (CIS) 92 98 82 94 98 87
CIS, Asia 88 96 80 88 97 80
CIS, Europe 94 98 82 96 98 91
Developed Regions 99 100 98 100 100 98
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 54 81 47 62 80 54

1/
Data from 1995.
18
Indicator 8.3
Goal 8 Proportion of bilateral official development assistance of OECD/DAC
donors that is untied
Develop a global partnership for development
All OECD/DAC countries 1/
Target 8.A 1990 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008
Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory
trading and financial system. Percentage of aid that is untied 67.6 91.1 91.4 88.3 83.9 86.5
In billion US $ 16.3 30.1 49 62.2 60.3 80.6
Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and 1/
Excludes technical co-operation and administrative costs as well as ODA for which the tying
poverty reduction – both nationally and internationally status is not reported. The percentage of bilateral ODA, excluding technical co-operation and
administrative costs, with reported tying status was 99.6 % in 2008.
Target 8.B
Address the special needs of the least developed countries Indicator 8.4
ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a proportion of
Includes: tariff and quota free access for least developed countries’ their gross national incomes
exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPC and cancellation
Landlocked developing countries
of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA for countries
committed to poverty reduction 1990 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008
Target 8.C Percentage of recipients’ GNIs 6.3 8.1 7.0 6.2 5.6 4.2
Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and In billion US $ 7.0 12.1 15.0 16.6 18.9 22.6
small island developing States (through the Programme of Action for
the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and
the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Indicator 8.5
Assembly) ODA received in small island developing states as a proportion of their
gross national incomes
Target 8.D
Small islands developing states
Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries
through national and international measures in order to make debt 1990 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008
sustainable in the long term
Percentage of recipients’ GNIs 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.7
In billion US $ 2.1 1.8 2.5 2.7 3.2 3.7
Official development assistance (ODA)
Indicator 8.1
Net ODA, total and to the least developed countries, as a percentage
of OECD/DAC donors’ gross national income
(a) Annual total assistance1/, billions of current US dollars
Market access
Indicator 8.6
Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding
1990 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009/p arms) from developing countries and least developed countries,
All developing countries 52.8 58.6 107.8 104.8 104.2 122.3 119.6
admitted free of duty
Percentage of total developed country imports
LDCs 15.1 15.9 26.1 30.1 32.1 37.1
p/
Preliminary data 1996 2000 2004 2006 2008
1/
Includes non-ODA debt forgiveness but excludes forgiveness of debt for military purposes.
(a) Excluding arms
(b) Share of OECD/DAC donors’ gross national income, percentage Developing countries/1 53 63 76 81 84
LDCs 68 75 82 89 92
/p (b) Excluding arms and oil

1990 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Developing countries/1 54 65 76 77 80
All developing countries 0.32 0.23 0.32 0.3 0.27 0.3 0.31
Northern Africa 20 26 94 95 95
LDCs 0.09 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.09
p/ Sub-Saharan Africa 88 83 91 93 94
Preliminary data
Latin America and the 58 58 93 97 96
Caribbean
Latin America 74 82 92 93 93
Indicator 8.2 Eastern Asia 35 52 63 64 68
Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC
donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, Southern Asia 41 46 62 62 66
nutrition, safe water and sanitation) South-Eastern Asia 60 76 76 78 80
All OECD/DAC donors Western Asia 45 56 89 93 95
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 Oceania 82 79 84 87 91
CIS 59 59 87 89 91
Percentage of bilateral, sector-
allocable aid 10.7 15.5 17.3 15.9 20.0 18.6 LDCs 78 70 80 79 81
/1
In billion US $ 3.0 4.3 4.9 7.7 11.5 15.5 Includes CIS countries.
19
Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services
products and textiles and clothing from developing countries
Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services and net
income from abroad1/
Percentage
1996 2000 2004 2008 1990 1995 2000 2008
(a) Agricultural goods Developing Regions 19.7 14.4 12.6 3.5

Developing countries 10.5 9.3 9.1 8.0 Northern Africa 39.9 22.7 15.4 6.1
LDCs 3.9 3.6 3.0 1.6 Sub-Saharan Africa 17.6 10.4 9.4 1.9
(b) Textiles Latin America and the Caribbean 20.6 18.7 21.8 6.7
Developing countries 7.3 6.6 5.2 5.1 Caribbean 16.8 10.8 8.0 11.3
LDCs 4.6 4.1 3.2 3.2 Latin America 20.7 19.0 22.2 6.6
(c) Clothing Eastern Asia 10.6 9.0 5.1 0.6
Developing countries 11.5 10.8 8.6 8.2 Southern Asia 17.6 27.0 13.8 5.4
LDCs 8.2 7.8 6.4 6.4 Southern Asia excluding India 9.3 22.3 11.5 7.9
Indicator 8.8 Western Asia 27.8 22.3 17.5 9.5
Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of
Oceania 14.0 7.8 5.9 1.2
their gross domestic product
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 0.62/ 6.1 8.1 3.9
Agriculture support estimate in OECD countries
CIS, Asia 0.62/ 3.8 8.4 0.6
1990 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008/p
CIS, Europe 0.62/ 6.2 8.1 4.4
As percentage of OECD Transition countries of South-Eastern
countries’ GDP 2.05 1.17 1.05 0.96 0.88 0.84 Europe 9.7 11.7 11.8 4.1
In billion US $ 327 350 375 363 364 376
p/
Preliminary data
Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 14.9 7.3 8.6 1.2
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 13.7 9.5 8.7 8.4
Indicator 8.9 1/
Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity Includes countries reporting to the World Bank’s Debtor Reporting System, Aggregates are
based on available data and for some years might exclude countries that do not have data on
Aid for trade proxies as a percent of bilateral sector allocable ODA, World exports of goods and services and net income from abroad.
2/
Data are for 1993.
2001 2003 2005 2007 2008
Trade policy and regulations & trade-
related adjustment /1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Target 8.E
Economic infrastructure 21.5 14.8 17.2 13.1 18.1
In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to
Building productive capacity 16.0 13.4 12.8 13.3 14.7 affordable, essential drugs in developing countries
Total aid for trade 38.5 29.0 30.7 27.2 33.7
Indicator 8.13
/1
Reporting of trade-related adjustment data commenced in 2007. Only Canada Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a
and the EC reported. sustainable basis
(No global or regional data are available.)
Debt sustainability
Indicator 8.10
Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision
points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points
(cumulative)
Number of countries
20001/ 20102/
Reached completion point 1 28

Reached decision point but not completion point 21 7
Yet to be considered for decision point 12 5
Total eligible countries 34 40
1/
As of December 2000. Only includes countries that are HIPC in 2010.
2/
As of March 2010.
Indicator 8.11
Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI initiative
Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI initiatives
(US$ billions, cumulative)1/
2000 20102/
To countries that reached decision or completion point 32 82

1/
Expressed in end-2008 net present value terms. Commitment status as of March 2010.
2/
Excludes $38.4 million (in nominal terms) of committed debt relief by the IDA to Afghanistan
and $201.3 million (in nominal terms) of committed debt relief from IDA and IMF to Congo.
20
Target 8.F Indicator 8.16
Internet users per 100 population
In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of
new technologies, especially information and communications Number of Internet users per 100 population
1995 2000 2008
Indicator 8.14
Telephone lines per 100 population World 0.7 6.5 23.4
Number of fixed telephone lines per 100 population Developing Regions 0.1 2.0 15.1
1990 2000 2008 Northern Africa <0.1 0.7 19.1
World 9.8 15.9 18.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 0.1 0.5 6.0
Developing Regions 2.4 8.0 12.9 Latin America and the Caribbean 0.1 3.9 28.8
Northern Africa 2.8 7.1 12.5 Caribbean 0.1 2.8 19.9
Sub-Saharan Africa 1.0 1.4 1.4 Latin America 0.1 4.0 29.5
Latin America and the Caribbean 6.3 14.7 18.6 Eastern Asia 0.1 3.6 24.6
Caribbean 7.0 11.2 11.2 Eastern Asia excluding China 0.9 27.0 54.4
Latin America 6.2 15.0 19.1 Southern Asia <0.1 0.5 5.8
Eastern Asia 2.4 13.8 26.5 Southern Asia excluding India 1/ <0.1 0.3 9.1
Eastern Asia excluding China 24.8 42.8 39.2 South-Eastern Asia 0.1 2.4 13.9
Southern Asia 0.7 3.2 4.4 Western Asia 0.1 4.0 23.8
Southern Asia excluding India 1.0 3.4 7.2 Oceania <0.1 1.8 6.0
South-Eastern Asia 1.3 4.8 13.6 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 0.1 1.4 22.9
Western Asia 9.7 17.8 17.1 CIS, Asia 1/ <0.1 0.5 12.3
Oceania 3.3 5.2 5.4 CIS, Europe 0.1 1.7 27.0
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 12.5 18.6 26.0 Developed Regions 3.9 29.8 67.7
CIS, Asia 7.9 8.8 12.0 Transition countries of South-Eastern Europe 0.1 3.4 31.7
CIS, Europe 13.9 21.9 31.3 Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 2/ <0.1 0.1 2.1
Developed Regions 42.4 55.0 45.9 Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 1/ <0.1 0.3 5.2
Transition countries of South-Eastern Europe 13.1 21.1 25.9 Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 0.2 4.9 20.8
1/ 2/
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 0.3 0.5 1.0 The 1995 column shows 1996 data. The 1995 column shows 1998 data.

Sources
Indicator 8.15 United Nations Inter-Agency and Expert Group on the Millennium Development
Cellular subscribers per 100 population Goals Indicators and MDG Indicators Database (http://mdgs.un.org).
Number of cellular subscriptions per 100 population
1995 2000 2008
Notes
World 1.6 12.1 59.7
Except where indicated, regional groupings are based on United Nations
Developing Regions 0.4 5.5 48.8 geographical regions with some modifications necessary to create to the extent
possible homogenous groups of countries for analysis and presentation. The
Northern Africa <0.1 2.7 66.7 regional composition adopted for 2010 reporting of MDG indicators is available
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.1 1.7 31.8 at http://mdgs.un.org under “Data”.
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.8 12.2 80.1 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) comprises Belarus, Republic of
Moldova, Russian Federation and Ukraine in Europe, and Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Caribbean 1.2 6.4 49.8 Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, in
Asia.
Latin America 0.8 12.6 82.4
Where shown, “Developed Regions” comprises Europe (except CIS countries),
Eastern Asia 0.5 9.9 50.4 Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand and the United States. Developed
Eastern Asia excluding China 3.4 49.9 81.1 Regions always include transition countries in Europe.
Southern Asia <0.1 0.4 32.7
Southern Asia excluding India <0.1 0.5 40.9
Oceania 0.2 2.4 20.9
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) <0.1 1.8 113.4
CIS, Asia <0.1 1.3 63.4
CIS, Europe 0.1 2.0 132.4
Transition countries of South-Eastern Europe 0.1 8.9 111.9
Least Developed Countries (LDCs)1/ <0.1 0.3 20.9

Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs) <0.1 1.1 27.8
1/
The 1995 column shows 1996 data.
21

The Millennium Development Goals - Report 2010 (ONU 2010)

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The Millennium Development Goals - Report 2010 (ONU 2010)

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The Millennium Development Goals Report

MDG Report 2010 En 20100604 r14 Final.indd 1 6/15/2010 12:51:26 PM

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

THE WORLD BANK

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA

JOINT UNITED NATIONS PROGRAMME ON HIV/AIDS

UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND

UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT FUND FOR WOMEN

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME

UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE

UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES

UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME

UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND

INTERNATIONAL TRADE CENTRE

ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION

MDG Report 2010 En 20100604 r14 Final.indd 2 6/15/2010 12:51:29 PM

MDG Report 2010 En 20100604 r14 Final.indd Sec1:3 6/15/2010 12:51:29 PM

MDG Report 2010 En 20100604 r14 Final.indd Sec1:4 6/15/2010 12:51:29 PM

MDG Report 2010 En 20100604 r14 Final.indd Sec2:3 6/15/2010 12:51:31 PM

The most severe impact of climate change is being felt

MDG Report 2010 En 20100604 r14 Final.indd Sec2:4 6/15/2010 12:51:31 PM

Achieving the MDGs will also require increased attention

• Even in countries close to achieving universal primary

• Maternal health is one of the areas in which the gap

• Disparities in access to care during pregnancy are also

• Lack of education is another major obstacle to

• Contraceptive use is four times higher among women

• Only about half of the developing world’s population

MDG Report 2010 En 20100604 r14 Final.indd Sec2:5 6/15/2010 12:51:31 PM

Goal 1 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people

The global economic crisis has slowed

hunger Sub-Saharan Africa

Robust growth in the first half of the decade reduced the

MDG Report 2010 En 20100604 r14 Final.indd Sec2:6 6/15/2010 12:51:31 PM

to a no-crisis scenario, principally in sub- Southern Asia

The lack of good quality surveys carried out

MDG Report 2010 En 20100604 r14 Final.indd Sec2:7 6/15/2010 12:51:33 PM

Investments in disaster risk TARGET

MDG Report 2010 En 20100604 r14 Final.indd Sec2:8 6/15/2010 12:51:33 PM

The positive downward trend in vulnerable employment was

Those engaged in ‘vulnerable employment’, defined as the

MDG Report 2010 En 20100604 r14 Final.indd Sec2:9 6/15/2010 12:51:34 PM

The ‘working poor’ are defined as those who are employed

MDG Report 2010 En 20100604 r14 Final.indd Sec2:10 6/15/2010 12:51:34 PM

continuation of historical trends (scenario 1)

817 797 805 830

Since 1990, developing regions have made some progress

Food prices spiked in 2008 and falling income due to the

MDG Report 2010 En 20100604 r14 Final.indd Sec2:11 6/15/2010 12:51:34 PM

Before the onset of the food and financial

MDG Report 2010 En 20100604 r14 Final.indd Sec2:12 6/15/2010 12:51:36 PM

From 1990 to 2008, the proportion of children