Experiment 1

Aim :- To perform Amplitude modulation using a high frequency carrier signal on a low
frequency message signal by the following methods
a) Scilab b) Multisim c) Arbitatry Function Generator (AFG) d) AM kit

Theory:-
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique used in electronic communication,
most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. In amplitude
modulation, the amplitude (signal strength) of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to
that of the message signal being transmitted.

Time-domain Representation of the Waves

Let the modulating signal be as m(t)=Am.cos(2πfmt)

and the carrier signal be as c(t)=Ac.cos(2πfct)

Where, Am and Ac are the amplitude of the modulating signal and the carrier signal
respectively and ,fm and fc are the frequency of the modulating signal and the carrier
signal respectively.

Then, the equation of Amplitude Modulated wave will be

s(t) = [Ac+Am.cos(2πfmt)]cos(2πfct) ...(1)

A carrier wave, after being modulated, if the modulated level is calculated, then such an
attempt is called as Modulation Index or Modulation Depth. It states the level of modulation
that a carrier wave undergoes. Rearrange the Equation 1 as below.

s(t) = Ac[1+(Am/Ac)cos(2πfmt)]cos(2πfct) ⇒ s(t) = Ac[1+μcos(2πfmt)]cos(2πfct) ...(2)

Where, μ is Modulation index and it is equal to the ratio of Am and Ac. Mathematically, we
can write it as, μ = Am / Ac ....(3)

Hence, we can calculate the value of modulation index by using the above formula, when
the amplitudes of the message and carrier signals are known

Signal Time domain Representations:

a) Message Signal b) Carrier Signal c) AM signal

 Experiment 1(a)
Aim: : To perform Ampllitude modulation using Scilab
 a) Under-modulated AM wave

b) Critically-modulated AM wave
 c) Over-modulated AM wave

Observation Table:

Modulation Index (m) Type of AM wave

m<1 Under-modulated
m=1 Critically-modulated
m>1 Over-modulated
 Experiment 1(b)
Aim: : To perform Ampllitude modulation using Multisim

1) Under-modulated signal
for R1=22k, R2 =10k

2) Critically Modulated signal

for R1=35k,R2=10k
 3) Distorted Signal
for R1=22k, R2=5k

4) Change in Amplitude of carrier signal

Observation Table:

R1 R2 Type of AM wave
22k 10k Under-modulated (m<1)
35k 10k Critically-modulated (m=1)
22k 5k Distorted Signal
 Experiment 1(c)
Aim: To perform Amplitude Modulation using Arbitary function Generator AFG

Fig 1. For AM=100% (m=1) Fig 2. For AM=40% (m=0.4)

Fig 3. For AM=0

(m=0)

Observation Table:

Amax Amin AM% AM%=Amax-Amin

(units of scale) (units of scale) (Observed) Amax+Amin
4.5 0 100 100
2.5 1 40 42.85
5.52 4.8 10 7
6.16 4.1 20 20
6.56 3.6 30 29.06
7.52 2.6 50 48.61
7.92 2.2 60 56.62
8.8 1.6 70 69.23
8.96 1.4 80 73
9.44 6.8 90 84.38
 Experiment 1(d): Amplitude Modulation using AM hardware kit

Aim: To generate an Amplitude modulated wave using AM transmitter kit.

Fig 1. Maximum Modulation Fig 2. Minimum Modulation

Observations:

1. Minimum Modulation: 2. Maximum Modulation:

2.40− 2.25 2.96 −1.68

m= =0.032 m= =0.276
2.40+2.25 2.96+1.68

Conclusion:

-> The following points were concluded from the above experiment
1) Amplitude modulation is obtained by means of super-imposing a low frequency
message signal on a high frequency carrier signal.
2) An amplitude modulated signal may be classified as under-modulated, critically-
modulated and over-modulated on basis of m<1, m=1, m>1 respectively.