Pavement Material

Characterization
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Pavement Material
1. Unbound Material
2. Bound Material
 Hydraulically-bound material
 Bitumen-bound material

3. Reinforcement material of pavement

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Material Characterization
 Strength
 Stiffness & Poisson Ratio
 Deformation
 Performance :
 Permeability, Suction, Plasticity
 Durability
 Fatigue
 Permanent Deformation
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Pavement Material Category

(Austroads)

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Stress
 Force per unit area
Load P
σ = = A
Area
 Units: MPa, psi, ksi
 Types: bearing, shearing, axial
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Strain
 Ratio of deformation caused by load to the
original length of material
∆L
ε = Change in Length
=
Original Length L

 Units: Dimensionless
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Stiffness
σ
 Stiffness = stress/strain =
ε

 For elastic materials:

Stress, σ

 Modulus of Elasticity
E  Elastic Modulus
 Young’s Modulus
1

Strain, ε
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Stress vs. Strain of a Material in

Compression
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Poisson’s Ratio
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Typical Modulus (E) Values

Material E (psi)
Rubber 1,000
Wood 1,000 – 2,000,000
Aluminum 10,000,000
Steel 30,000,000
Diamond 170,000,000
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Typical Modulus Values

Material Range (ksi) Typical (ksi)

HMA 200 - 800 450

PCC 3,000 - 8,000 4,000
ATB 70 - 450 150
CTB 500 - 1,000 700
Lean concrete 1,000 - 3,000 1,500
Granular base 14 - 50 30
Granular soil 7 - 22 15
Fine-grained soil 3 - 10 4
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Typical E Values – Asphalt

Concrete

Material E (psi)
Asphalt concrete (32F) 2,000,000
Asphalt concrete (70F) 500,000
Asphalt concrete (120F) 20,000
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Typical Poisson’s Ratios

Material Range Typical

PCC 0.10 - 0.20 0.15
HMA / ATB 0.15 - 0.45 0.35
Cement Stab. 0.15 - 0.30 0.20
Base
Granular 0.30 - 0.40 0.35
Base / Subbase
Subgrade Soil 0.30 - 0.50 0.40
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Deflection (∆)
 Change in length
 Deformation
 Units: mm, mils (0.001 in)

∆
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Determination of Modulus
 Laboratory tests
 Boundmaterials
 Unbound materials

 Field tests
 Destructivetests
 Non-destructive test
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Stiffness
σ
 Stiffness = stress/strain =
ε

 For elastic materials:

Stress, σ

 Modulus of Elasticity
E  Elastic Modulus
 Young’s Modulus
1

Strain, ε
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Resilient Modulus Test

Axial Compression

 Used primarily Load

Ram
for testing of Load
Cell
bound materials
Gage Length LVDT
(prepared
specimens or
core samples) OEM, Inc. © 2000

• Heavier duty test equipment is used

to measure compressive strength
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Coring
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Core Samples
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Pavement Core
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Resilient Modulus Test

Triaxial Compression
Used primarily for
testing of unbound
materials
(re-compacted
specimens or push
tube samples)
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Hveem Resistance Test

(R-value)
σv
 Stiffness measure for
unbound materials
150
 Standard axial stress
mm σh
(σv) is applied
 R-value is basically the
ratio of the applied
vertical pressure (σv)
to the developed lateral
100 mm pressure (σh)
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California Bearing Ratio

(CBR) Test
50 mm
diameter  Strength measure for
piston unbound materials
 Piston advanced at
1.3 mm / min. rate
180 Saturated  Measure load at 2.5
mm Specimen
mm penetration (P2.5)
 CBR = 100∗(P2.5/Pstd)
150 mm
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Estimation of Elastic Modulus of

PCC (ACI 318)
Ec = (Wc)1.5 (33)(fc)0.5

Where:
Ec = Static elastic modulus, psi
Wc = Unit weight of PCC, pcf (90-155)
fc = Specified compressive strength for
6”x12” cylinders (<6000 psi, normally 28-
day cure)
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Estimation of Elastic Modulus of

PCC (ACI 318)
Ec = 57,000(fc)0.5

Where:
Ec = Static elastic modulus, psi
fc = Specified compressive strength for
6”x12” cylinders