APPLICATION OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:

DILUTION PROBLEMS

Arranged to satisfy Ordinary Differential Equation assignment

Lecturer:

Prof. Dr. St. Budi Waluya, M.Si.

Arranged by:

Hariyadi Salam (4101416044)

Muhammad Fayakuun (4101416090)

MATHEMATICS DEPARTEMENT

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SEMARANG

2018
 PREFACE

Praise the author turning to God for the overflow of grace, because of God guidance
we can finish this paper well, which is organized to satisfy the assignment of Ordinary
Differential Equation subject.
The author would like to thank to:
1. Prof. Dr. St. Budi Waluya, M.Si., as lecturer of Ordinary Differential Equation subject.
2. Both parents are always offered prayers and support.
3. Friends are always giving spirit.
4. And the people who are help in the completion of this paper writers who cannot mention
one by one.
In our final words as the authors hope that this report can be useful for the readers.
As the saying goes, there is no ivory that is not cracked, nor is this report still imperfect.
Although this paper is not perfect and requires improvement but also has a fairly clear detail.
In this report there may still be deficiencies and errors, therefore constructive criticism and
suggestions are to be expected for the perfection of this paper.

Semarang, October 1st 2018

Author
 PART I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background

A differential equation is a mathematical equation that relates some function with

its derivatives. In applications, the functions usually represent physical quantities, the
derivatives represent their rates of change, and the equation defines a relationship between the
two. Because such relations are extremely common, differential equations play a prominent
role in many disciplines including engineering, physics, economics, and biology.

In pure mathematics, differential equations are studied from several different perspectives,
mostly concerned with their solutions—the set of functions that satisfy the equation. Only the
simplest differential equations are solvable by explicit formulas; however, some properties of
solutions of a given differential equation may be determined without finding their exact form.

If a self-contained formula for the solution is not available, the solution may be numerically
approximated using computers. The theory of dynamical systems puts emphasis
on qualitative analysis of systems described by differential equations, while many numerical
methods have been developed to determine solutions with a given degree of accuracy.

One of the example of application of first order differential equation is dilution problem. In
this paper author discuss about dilution problem and its example.

B. Formulation of The Problem

1. What is Dilution?
2. How is the application of first order differential equation in dilution problems?
3. What are the example of dilution problems?

C. Purpose
1. To know what is Dilution.
2. To know the application of first order differential equation in dilution problems.
3. To know the examples of dilution problems.
 PART II
DISCUSSION
Dilution Problem
Consider a tank which initially holds 𝑉0 gal of brine that contains a lb of salt. Another brine
solution, containing b lb of salt per gallon, is poured into the tank at the rate of e gal/min while,
simultaneously, the well-stirred solution leaves the tank at the rate of f gal/min. The problem
is to find the amount of salt in the tank at any time t.
Let Q denote the amount (in pounds) of salt in the tank at any time t. The time rate of change
𝑑𝑄
of Q, , equals the rate at which salt enters the tank minus the rate at which salt leaves the
𝑑𝑡

tank. Salt enters the tank at the rate of be lb/min. To determine the rate at which salt leaves the
tank, we first calculate the volume of brine in the tank at any time t, which is the initial
volume 𝑉0 plus the volume of brine added et minus the volume of brine removed ft . Thus, the
volume of brine at any time is 𝑉0 + 𝑒𝑡 − 𝑓𝑡. The concentration of salt in the tank at any time
𝑄 𝑄
is 𝑉 +𝑒𝑡−𝑓𝑡, from which it follows that salt leaves the tank at the rate of 𝑓 𝑉 +𝑒𝑡−𝑓𝑡 gal/min.
0 0

𝑑𝑄 𝑄 𝑑𝑄 𝑄
Thus, = 𝑏𝑒 − 𝑓 𝑉 +𝑒𝑡−𝑓𝑡 or + 𝑓 𝑉 +𝑒𝑡−𝑓𝑡 = 𝑏𝑒.
𝑑𝑡 0 𝑑𝑡 0

Example 1.
A tank initially holds 100 gal of a brine solution containing 20 Ib of salt. At t = 0, fresh water
is poured into the tank at the rate of 5 gal/min, while the well-stirred mixture leaves the tank at
the same rate. Find the amount of salt in the tank at any time t.
Here, 𝑉0 = 100, 𝑎 = 20, 𝑏 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 = 𝑓 = 5 . So, equation is
𝑡
𝑑𝑄 1
+ 20 𝑄 = 0. Solution to this linear equation is 𝑄(𝑡) = 𝐶𝑒 −20 .
𝑑𝑡
0
At 𝑡 = 0, we are given that 𝑄 = 𝑎 = 20, so 20 = 𝐶𝑒 20 or 𝐶 = 20
𝑡
So, 𝑄(𝑡) = 20𝑒 −20 .
Note that 𝑄 → 0 when 𝑡 → ∞ as it should, since only fresh water is being added.

Example 2.
A tank contains 40 l of solution containing 2 g of substance per liter. Salt water containing 3 g
of this substance per liter runs in at the rate of 4 l/min and the well-stirred mixture runs out at
the same rate. Find the amount of substance in the tank after 15 minutes.
Note that here we have problem in terms of liters and grams, not in terms of pounds and gallons.
It doesn't matter. The main thing is that all variables were presented using same units.
Since initially there are 40 l of solution and each liter contains 2 grams of substance then
initially there are 40*2=80 grams of substance.
So𝑉0 = 40𝑎 = 80, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑒 = 𝑓 = 4. .
𝑑𝑄 1
And equation is written as + 10 𝑄 = 12. This is linear equation. Its solution is 𝑄(𝑡) =
𝑑𝑡
𝑡
−
120 + 𝐶𝑒 10 .
0
At 𝑡 = 0, we are given that 𝑄 = 𝑎 = 80 , so 80 =120 + 𝐶𝑒 −10 or 𝐶 = −40.
𝑡
Thus, 𝑄(𝑡) = 120 − 40𝑒 −10 .
We need to find 𝑄(15):
15
𝑄(15) =𝑄(𝑡) = 120 − 40𝑒 −10 ≈ 111.075 grams.
 PART III

CLOSING

Conclusion

Dilution problems is one of application of first order differential equation. Dilution is the
process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution, usually simply by mixing with
more solvent like adding more water to a solution. To dilute a solution means to add more
solvent without the addition of more solute. The resulting solution is thoroughly mixed so as
to ensure that all parts of the solution are identical.

The same direct relationship applies to gases and vapors diluted in air for example. Although,
thorough mixing of gases and vapors may not be as easily accomplished.
 REFERENCES

Onishi, Y, et. al. (1995). Dilution Physics Modeling Dissolution/Precipitation Chemistry.

Richland, Washington 99352: Pacific Northwest Laboratory.

https://www.emathhelp.net/notes/differential-equations/applications-of-first-order-
ode/dilution-problems/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilution_(equation)