INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

HARMONIC REDUCTION IN AN INVERTER

A report submitted to Electrical and Computer engineering department in partial

fulfillment for degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer engineering.
BY

Name ID NO
Ayele Adula……………......3598/00
Eyuael Getnet………..…...3795/00
Muluken Demissie……....3813/00
Nebil Ahmed…………..……3633/00

Project advisor
Mr Sherwin Catolos

JUNE 2012
 Harmonic reduction in an inverter

Declaration

We the undersigned, declare that this project is original work, has not been presented in this or
any other university, and all sources of materials used for the paper have been fully
acknowledged.
NAME
AYELE ADULA __________________________________
EYUAEL GETNET __________________________________
MULKUEN DEMISSIE __________________________________
NEBIL AHMED __________________________________
Signature

Place: JIMMA
Date of Submission:
This project paper has been submitted for examination with our approval as a university advisor.

Sherwin N. Catolos ____________________________________

Advisor’s Name Signature

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Acknowledgement

For our project to reach this final step we would like to acknowledge our advisor Eng. Sherwin N. Catolos
and the Electrical and computer engineering department for providing us the necessary materials
(computers with broadband internet connection) located in the departments laboratory all next to the
Almighty GOD.

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 Harmonic reduction in an inverter

Abstract
The main aim of this project is to explain the effects of Harmonics in the Power System and steps to
reduce the effects of Harmonics. This project will also explain how Harmonic distortion is one of the
most important problems associated with power quality and creates several disturbances to the Power
System. It includes the Harmonic reduction techniques to improve the power quality and it also includes
the simulation for the same.
In an inverter DC voltage is converted into an AC output. During this transformation from DC to AC,
harmonics affect the power quality a lot and hence the design of an inverter and the basics of harmonics
including Fourier analysis are explained briefly. How harmonic reduction will improve the power quality
is explained in detail.

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Contents
1 –The problem and its background......................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2 Project Objectives ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3 Scope and Delimitation ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4 Significance of the Project ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
2 – Related literature and Studies ............................................................................................................ 3
2.1 Harmonics ..................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1.1-Linear loads ............................................................................................................................ 3
2.1.2-Non – linear load .................................................................................................................... 3
2.1.2-Problems caused by harmonics ............................................................................................... 5
2.2-INVERTER .......................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.1-POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES ........................................................................................ 9
2.2.2-H-BRIDGE .............................................................................................................................. 11
2.2.3 MOSFET Drivers .................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.4-Circuit Protection and Snubbers ............................................................................................ 13
2.3 Filter ............................................................................................................................................ 14
2.3.1-Introduction:......................................................................................................................... 14
2.3.2Roles of Filters in Power System: ............................................................................................ 14
2.3.3 -Passive Filters: ..................................................................................................................... 14
2.3.4- Active Filters: ....................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 11 and 12 shows single phase active filters in shunt and series configuration respectively. ...... 19
2.4 – Research Paradigm.................................................................................................................... 21
3.1 Inverter Design ............................................................................................................................ 22
3.1.1 Pulse Width Modulations ...................................................................................................... 22
3.1.2 Carrier Wave Generator ........................................................................................................ 22
3.1.3 SINE WAVE generator ........................................................................................................... 23
3.1.4 PWM Gate Controller ............................................................................................................ 23
3.1.5 INVERTER .............................................................................................................................. 24
3.1.6 MOSFET Bridge ..................................................................................................................... 24

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3.2-HARMONIC ANAYSIS ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.2.1 Fourier Series and Analysis .................................................................................................... 26
3.3 Filter selection ............................................................................................................................. 30
3.3.1 Low pass filter ....................................................................................................................... 31
3.4 Measure of harmonic distortion................................................................................................... 36
4 Simulation ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5 Conclusion ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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1 –The problem and its background

1.1 Introduction

Beside the generating and distribution of power, power quality is attracting a major attention in
commercial and industrial power system designs. Since, nowadays with the use of complex designs
power distortion becomes a major treat. Major causes of power distortion are transients, sagging,
variations in voltage and Harmonics. Of the above causes of power disturbances that result in low power
quality of the system this project briefly explains the causes and methods of reduction for the harmonics
distortion.
Ideally, the electrical supply should be a perfect sinusoidal waveform without any kind of distortion. If
the current or voltage waveforms are distorted from its ideal form it will be termed as harmonic distortion.
This harmonic distortion could result because of many reasons which actually are mentioned briefly later
in this project.
This project explains the reduction of Harmonics in an inverter. This project will also explain how
harmonic distortion is one of the most important problems associated with power quality and creates
several disturbances to the System. It includes the Harmonic reduction techniques to improve the power
quality and it will also include the simulation for the same.
This project also explains inverters in the Power System and the methods used to get almost accurate
signal on the output of inverter.

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1.2 Project Objectives

The main objective of our project is to study the effects of harmonics caused in an inverter and hence
to perish those effects. Harmonics caused in an inverter can be divided in to harmonic current and
harmonic voltage. Harmonic currents can be of overloading of neutrals, overheating of transformers,
nuisance tripping of circuit breakers, over-stressing of power factor correction capacitors and skin
effect while harmonic voltages can be of voltage distortion, induction motor and zero-crossing noise
as each of these areas are discussed briefly in the upcoming sections.
After discussing briefly the causes of harmonics we go to the methodology part where we examine
how it is possible to perish the harmonics in an inverter.

1.3 Scope and Delimitation

Even though harmonics is a major treat for almost all types of power system: this project particularly
studies the causes, effects and means of reduction of harmonics in an Inverter. This is due to the time we
have got to do the project, that is starting from the day we submitted our title to the day we submitted this
project to the department of electrical and computer engineering.

1.4 Significance of the Project

This project can be great help for:

Researchers – for those who are interested in the study of harmonics, so that they can use
it as a reference and for those who want to enhance this project to harmonic reduction in power
system as a whole.
Students –students can also use this project as a reference while studying about harmonics and an
inverter.
Designers – for a one who designs a low pass filter he/she can use this project and adjust his/her
design so that he/she can design a filter free from harmonic.

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2 – Related literature and Studies

2.1 Harmonics

Harmonics present in power system has non-integer multiples of the fundamental frequency and have a
periodic waveform. Harmonics cause distortion in current and voltage waveforms resulting into
deterioration of the power system. It changes the wave shape of the current and voltages resulting in
unwanted wave shape. To analyze and study harmonics first we have to see different types of loads. But
harmonics are generated in a power system from two distinct types of loads. That’s linear loads and non-
linear loads as explained briefly below.

2.1.1-Linear loads
Linear loads are those loads where the current waveform conforms to the waveform of the applied voltage
or loads where a change in current is directly proportional to a change in applied voltage. The linear time-
invariant loads are characterized such that application of sinusoidal voltage results in sinusoidal flow of
current. Even if the flux wave in air gap of a rotating machine is not sinusoidal, under normal load
conditions transformers and rotation machines pretty much meet this definition. Also, in a transformer
the current contains odd and even harmonics including a dc component. More and more use of magnetic
circuits over a period of time may get saturated and result into generation of harmonics. In power
systems, synchronous generators produce sinusoidal voltages and the loads draw sinusoidal currents. In
this case, the harmonic distortion is produced because of the linear load types for sinusoidal voltage is
small as compared to non-linear loads.
Examples of linear loads are:
Resistance heating
Incandescent lighting
Water heater

2.1.2-Non – linear load

Non-linear loads are those loads where the current waveform does not conform to the waveform of the
applied voltage or loads where a change in current is not proportional to a change in applied voltage.
Examples of non-linear loads are:
Single phase loads, e.g
Switched mode power supplies (SMPS)
Electronic fluorescent lighting ballasts
Small uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) units
Three phase loads, e.g.
Variable speed drives
Large UPS units
The non-linear loads draw a current that may be discontinuous. Harmonic current is isolated by using
harmonic filters in order to protect the electrical equipment from getting damaged due to harmonic
voltage distortion. They can also be used to improve the power factor. The harmful and damaging effects
of harmonic distortion can be evident in many different ways such as electronics miss-timings, increased

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heating effect in electrical equipments, capacitor overloads, etc. There can be two types of filters that are
used in order to reduce the harmonic distortion, Active filters and the Passive filters. Active harmonic
filters are electronic devices that eliminate the undesirable harmonics on the network by inserting
negative harmonics into the network. The active filters are normally available for low voltage networks.
The active filters consist of active components such as IGBT-transistors and eliminate many different
harmonic frequencies. The signal types can be single phase AC or three phase AC. On the other hand,
passive harmonic filters consist of passive components such as resistors, inductors and capacitors. Unlike
the active filters which are used only for low voltages, the passive filters are commonly used and are
available for different voltage levels.

2.1.2.1-Single phase loads

2.1.2.1.1-Switched mode power supplies (SMPS)

The majority of modern electronic units use switched mode power supplies (SMPS). These differ from
older units in that the traditional step-down transformer and rectifier is replaced by direct controlled
rectification of the supply to charge a reservoir capacitor from which the direct current for the load is
derived by a method appropriate to the output voltage and current required. The advantage – to the
equipment manufacturer is that the size, cost and weight is significantly reduced and the power unit can
be made in almost any required form factor. The disadvantage – to everyone else – is that, rather than
drawing continuous current from the supply, the power supply unit draws pulses of current which contain
large amounts of third and higher harmonics and significant high frequency components. A simple filter is
fitted at the supply input to bypass the high frequency components from line and neutral to ground but it
has no effect on the harmonic currents that flow back to the supply. Single phase UPS units exhibit very
similar characteristics to SMPS. For high power units there has been a recent trend towards so-called
power factor corrected inputs.
The aim is to make the power supply load look like a resistive load so that the input current appears
sinusoidal and in phase with the applied voltage. It is achieved by drawing input current as a high
frequency triangular waveform that is averaged by the input filter to a sinusoid. This extra level of
sophistication is not yet readily applicable to the low-cost units that make up most of the load in
commercial and industrial installations. It remains to be seen what problems the wide-scale application of
this technology may involve.

2.1.2.1.2-Fluorescent lighting ballasts

Electronic lighting ballasts have become popular in recent years following claims for improved
efficiency. Overall they are only a little more efficient than the best magnetic ballasts and in fact, most of
the gain is attributable to the lamp being more efficient when driven at high frequency rather than to the
electronic ballast itself. Their chief advantage is that the light level can be maintained over an extended
lifetime by feedback control of the running current - a practice that reduces the overall lifetime efficiency.
Their great disadvantage is that they generate harmonics in the supply current. So called power-factor
corrected types are available at higher ratings that reduce the harmonic problems, but at a cost penalty.
Smaller units are usually uncorrected. Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) are now being sold as
replacements for tungsten filament bulbs. Miniature electronic ballast, housed in the connector casing,
controls a folded 8mm diameter fluorescent tube. CFLs rated at 11 watt are sold as replacements for a 60
watt filament lamp and have a life expectancy of 8000 hours.

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2.1.2.2-Three phase loads

Variable speed controllers, UPS units and DC converters in general are usually based on the three-phase
bridge, also known as the six-pulse bridge because there are six pulses per cycle (one per half cycle per
phase) on the DC output. The six pulse bridge produces harmonics at 6n +/- 1, i.e. at one more and one
less than each multiple of six. In theory, the magnitude of each harmonic is the reciprocal of the harmonic
number, so there would be 20 % fifth harmonic and 9 % eleventh harmonic, etc. The magnitude of the
harmonics is significantly reduced by the use of a twelve-pulse bridge. This is effectively two six-pulse
bridges, fed from a star and a delta transformer winding, providing a 30 degrees phase shift between
them. The 6n harmonics are theoretically removed, but in practice, the amount of reduction depends on
the matching of the converters and is typically by a factor between 20 and 50. The 12n harmonics remain
unchanged. Not only is the total harmonic current reduced, but also those that remain are of a higher order
making the design of the filter much easier. Often the equipment manufacturer will have taken some steps
to reduce the magnitudes of the harmonic currents, perhaps by the addition of a filter or series inductors.
In the past this has led some manufacturers to claim that their equipment is ‘G5/3’ compliant. Since G5/3
is a planning standard applicable to a complete installation, it cannot be said to have been met without
knowledge of every piece of equipment on the site
A further increase in the number of pulses to 24, achieved by using two parallel twelve-pulse units with a
phase shift of 15 degrees, reduces the total harmonic current to about 4.5 %. The extra sophistication
increases cost, of course, so this type of controller would be used only when absolutely necessary to
comply with the electricity suppliers’ limits.

2.1.2-Problems caused by harmonics

Harmonic currents cause problems both on the supply system and within the installation. The effects and
the solutions are very different and need to be addressed separately; the measures that are appropriate to
controlling the effects of harmonics within the installation may not necessarily reduce the distortion
caused on the supply and vice versa.
There are several common problems caused by harmonics: -
Problems caused by harmonic currents:
Overloading of neutrals
Overheating of transformers
Nuisance tripping of circuit breakers
Over-stressing of power factor correction capacitors
Skin effect
Problems caused by harmonic voltages:
Voltage distortion
Induction motor
Zero-crossing noise
Each of these areas is discussed briefly in the following sections.

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2.1.2.1-Problems caused by harmonic currents

Neutral conductor over-heating
In a three-phase system the voltage waveform from each phase to the neutral star point is displaced
by120 degrees so that, when each phase is equally loaded, the combined current in the neutral is zero.
When the loads are not balanced, only the net output of the balanced current flows in the neutral. In the
past, installers have taken advantage of this fact by installing half-sized neutral conductors. However,
although the fundamental currents cancel out, the harmonic currents do not. In fact those that are an odd
multiple of three times the fundamental, the ‘triple-N’ harmonics, add in the neutral. The third harmonic
of each phase is identical, being three times the frequency and one-third of a (fundamental) cycle offset.
There is some confusion as to how designers should deal with this issue. The simple solution, where
single cored cables are used, is to install a double sized neutral, either as two separate conductors or as
one single large conductor. The situation where multi-cored cables are used is not so simple. The ratings
of multi-core cables, that the loads balanced and the neutral conductor carries no current, in other words,
only three of the four or five cores carry current and generate heat. Since the cable’s current carrying
capacity is determined solely by the amount of heat that it can dissipate at the maximum permitted
temperature, it follows that the cable’s carrying triple-N currents must be de-rated.
Effects of Harmonics on Transformers
Transformers are designed to deliver the required power to the connected loads with minimum losses at
fundamental frequency. Harmonic distortion of the current, in particular, as well as the voltage will
contribute significantly to additional heating. There are three effects that result in increased transformer
heating when the load current includes harmonic components. These are:
1- rms current. If the transformer is sized only for the KVA requirements of the load, harmonic currents
may result in the transformer rms current being higher than its capacity. The increased total rms current
results increase conductor losses.
2-Eddy-current losses. These are induced currents in the transformer caused by the magnetic fluxes.
These induced currents flow in the windings, in the core, and in the other connecting bodies subjected to
the magnetic field of the transformer and cause additional heating. This component of the transformer
losses increases with the square of the frequency of the current causing the eddy current. Therefore, this
becomes a very important component of transformer losses for harmonic heating.
3- Core losses. The increase in core losses in the presence of the harmonics will be dependent on the
effect of the harmonics on the applied voltage and the design of the transformer core. Increasing the
voltage distortion may increase the eddy currents in the core laminations.
Effects of Harmonics on Lines and Cables
The main problems associated with harmonics are: Increasing losses and heating, serious damages in the
dielectric for capacitor banks and cables, appearance of the corona (the amount of the ionization of the air
around the conductor or the transmission line) due to higher peak voltages and corrosion in aluminum
cables due to dc current.

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Effects of Harmonics on Converter Equipments

These equipments can be expressed as switches or On-Off equipment because of the switching the current
and voltage by some devices such as diodes and thyristors. These converters can switch the current so,
creating notches in voltage waveforms, which may affect the synchronizing of the other converter
equipment. These voltage notches cause misfiring of the thyristors and creating unarranged other firing
instances of the other thyristors in the equipment.
Effects of Harmonics on Capacitor Banks
Resonance due capacitor banks can magnify the harmonic problems. Capacitors used by both electricity
suppliers and customers to improve these power factors. There is an intermediate range of frequencies
where the capacitive and inductive effects can combine to give very high impedance. A small harmonic
current within this frequency range can give a very high and undesirable harmonic voltage. Capacitor
bank failure because of are active power overload, resonance, and harmonic amplification and nuisances
fuse operation.
Skin effect
Alternating current tends to flow on the outer surface of a conductor. This is known as skin effect and is
more pronounced at high frequencies. Skin effect is normally ignored because it has very little effect at
power supply frequencies but above about 350 Hz, i.e. the seventh harmonic and above, skin effect will
become significant, causing additional loss and heating. When harmonic current is present, designers
should take skin effect into account and de-rate cables accordingly. Multiple cable cores or laminated bus
bars can be used to help overcome this problem. Note also that the mounting systems of bus bars must be
designed to avoid mechanical resonance at harmonic frequencies.

2.1.2.2-Problems caused by harmonic voltages

Because the supply has source impedance, harmonic load currents give rise to harmonic voltage distortion
on the voltage waveform (this is the origin of ‘flat topping’). There are two elements to the impedance:
that of the internal cabling from the point of common coupling (PCC), and that inherent in the supply at
the PCC, e.g-the local supply transformer.
The distorted load current drawn by the non-linear load causes a distorted voltage drop in the cable
impedance. The resultant distorted voltage waveform is applied to all other loads connected to the same
circuit, causing harmonic currents to flow in them - even if they are linear loads.
The solution is to separate circuits supplying harmonic generating loads from those supplying loads
which are sensitive to harmonics. Here, separated circuits feed the linear and non-linear loads from the
point of common coupling, so that the voltage distortion caused by the non-linear load does not affect the
linear load.
When considering the magnitude of harmonic voltage distortion it should be remembered that, when the
load is transferred to a UPS or standby generator during a power failure, the source impedance and the
resulting voltage distortion will be much higher.
Where local transformers are installed, they should be selected to have sufficiently low output impedance
and to have sufficient capacity to withstand the additional heating, in other words, by selecting an
appropriately oversized transformer. Note that it is not appropriate to select a transformer design in which
the increase in capacity is achieved simply by forced cooling – such a unit will run at higher internal

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temperatures and have a reduced service life. Forced cooling should be reserved for emergency use only
and never relied upon for normal running.
Induction Motors
Harmonic voltage distortion causes increased eddy current losses in motors in the same way as in
transformers. However, additional losses arise due to the generation of harmonic fields in the stator, each
of which is trying to rotate the motor at a different speed either forwards or backwards. High frequency
currents induced in the rotor further increase losses.
Where harmonic voltage distortion is present motors should be de-rated to take account of the additional
losses.
Zero-crossing noise
Many electronic controllers detect the point at which the supply voltage crosses zero volts to determine
when loads should be turned on. This is done because switching reactive loads at zero voltage does not
generate transients, so reducing electromagnetic interference (EMI) and stress on the semiconductor
switching devices. When harmonics or transients are present on the supply the rate of change of voltage at
the crossing becomes faster and more difficult to identify, leading to erratic operation. There may in fact
be several zero-crossings per half cycle.

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2.2-INVERTER

It is Dc to Ac converter. Here the input is dc wave form and the output is an ac wave form. The inverter is
widely used in uninterruptible power supply, variable speed ac motor and so on. Keep in mind that the
term ac does not mean a perfect sinusoidal wave form; rather it refers to wave form that has positive and
negative portion in each cycle. This inverter circuit is composed of semiconductor devices.

2.2.1-POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

Power Electronics is the technology of converting electric power from one form to other using electronic
power device. Several types of solid state power semiconductor devices have been developed to control of
output parameters, such as voltage, current or frequency.
In a static power converter, the power semiconductor devices function as switches, which operate
statically, that is, without moving contacts. The time durations, as well as the turn operations of these
ON/OFF switches, are controlled in such a way that an electrical power source at the input terminals of
the converter appear in a different form at its output terminals. In most types of converters, the individual
switches in the converter is operated in a particular sequence in one time period, and this sequence is
repeated at the switching frequency of the converter.
The DC to AC conversion takes place by using these kinds of switch. This type of power conversion is
called inversion, and the circuit itself is called an inverter. The inverter power circuit works this
conversion by using static switches. The static switch is a kind of switch which controls the output
parameter such as voltage, current or frequency.
Types of static switches:
1) Uncontrolled static switch
2) Controlled switch
3) Directional property of static switch-Current direction
4) Directional voltage capability of static switch

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Figure 1 Types of static switches

Uncontrolled Static Switch (The Power Diode)

The simplest static switch is the diode. A power diode is a two-terminal device. An ideal diode conducts
when forward-biased, with negligible voltage drop across it and a forward current, flows through it. If
however, is reverse-biased, ideally it does not conduct. A real diode will have a small forward voltage
drop across it when it conducts and a small reverse leakage current when it is reverse-biased.
The diode switch blocks reverse voltages, but have no capability to block forward voltages. We can
describe the ideal power diode as uncontrolled static switch that turns and turns by itself, depending on
the polarity of the voltage.
Controlled Switch
A controlled switch is one that could be turned ON and OFF by activating and deactivating a control
circuit. Figure (b) shows a non static (with moving contacts) switch of this kind. It has a control coil
whose terminals are labeled C1 and C2. The power terminals of the switch are labeled 1 and 2.To turn
this switch, we send a current through the control coil, ON which will cause the plunger to move and
connect the power terminals.
The following aspects should be noted here.
1. The switch has four terminals—two for the power circuit and two for the control circuit.
2. The control circuit is electrically isolated from the power circuit.
The electrical isolation between the power terminals and the control is very often a requirement in static
power converters. Unfortunately, power semiconductor switching devices presently available do not
provide any isolation at all between the power and control terminals. In fact, every power semiconductor
switch is a three-terminal device. A typical example is the power transistor. The power terminals are the
collector and the emitter. The third terminal, namely the base, and the emitter are the control terminals.
The circuit symbol that we shall use to represent an ideal three-terminal controlled unidirectional static

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switch is shown in Fig. (c). the power terminals of the switch are labeled 1 and 2. The arrow shows the
direction of state current through it. The control input is across ON terminals.
Directional Properties of Static Switches
Current direction of the power diode is a static uncontrolled switch with only one direction for current
flow. The general circuit symbol that we have chosen and shown in Fig. 1.2(c) is for a controlled switch,
which is also unidirectional.
The unidirectional power semiconductor switches are,
1. Power diode,
2. Bipolar power transistor,
3. Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT),
4. Thyristor, also known as the silicon controlled rectifier (SCR),
5. Asymmetrical silicon controlled rectifier (ASCR),
6. Gate turn off thyristor (GTO)
7. MOS controlled Thyristor (MCT).
The switches with bi-directional current capability are:
1. Power MOSFET,
2. Reverse conducting thyristor,
3. Thetriac.

Of these, the power MOSFET and the reverse conducting thyristor function as controlled switches in the
forward direction and as uncontrolled switches in the reverse direction Fig. (d). Thetriac works as a
controlled switch in both directions.
Directional Voltage Capabilities of Static Switches
A distinction must be drawn between directional current flow capability and directional voltage blocking
capability for a static power semiconductor switch. The bipolar power transistor is a static switch that can
only switch current in the "forward" direction. This does not mean that it has the ability to block reverse
voltages. In contrast, the thermistor, which is also unidirectional switch, has asymmetrical voltage
blocking capability in that it can block approximately the same voltages in both forward and reverse
directions.

2.2.2-H-BRIDGE

In our case we choose power semi-conductor with unilateral current direction with H-bridge
configuration. H-Bridge or full bridge converter is a switching configuration composed of four switches
in an arrangement that resembles an H. By controlling different switches in the bridge, a positive,
negative, or zero potential voltage can be placed across a load. When this load is a motor, these states
correspond to forward, reverse, and off states. The use of an H-Bridge configuration to drive a motor is

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shown in Figure below. As shown in Figure 2, the H-Bridge circuit consists of four switches
corresponding to high side left, high side right, low side left, and low side right. There are four possible
switch positions that can be used to obtain voltages across the load.

Figure 2The H-ridge

Our inverter power circuit consists of four switches labeled S1-S4. The input is a DC voltage source of
magnitude 12v connected to the input terminals of the inverter. Therefore the input DC voltage appears at
the output terminals with terminal a positive. During the next interval switch 1 and 4 are kept at OFF state
while Switch 2 and 3 are kept ON. Therefore, during this interval, the input DC ON voltage appears at the
output terminals with reversed polarity (negative). This sequence of switching is repeated, and in this way
the input voltage V of fixed polarity is presented at the output terminals as an AC square wave voltage as
shown in Fig. This type of power conversion is called inversion, and the circuit itself is called an
Inverter. These positions are outlined in Table 1 below. Note that all other possibilities are omitted, as
they would short the circuit power to ground, potentially causing damage to the device or rapidly
depleting the power supply.
High Side Left High Side Right Low Side Left Low Side Right Voltage Across Load

On Off Off On Positive

Off On On Off Negative
On On Off Off Zero Potential
Off Off On On Zero Potential

Table 1 positions of switch in H-Bridge

The switches used to implement an H-Bridge can be mechanical or built from solid state transistors.
Selection of the proper switches varies greatly. The use of P-Channel MOSFETs on the high side and
N-Channel MOSFETs on the low side is easier, but using all N-Channel MOSFETs and a FET driver,
lower “on” resistance can be obtained resulting in reduced power loss. The use of all N-Channel
MOSFET requires a driver, since in order to turn on a high side N-Channel MOSFET; there must be a
voltage higher than the switching voltage. This difficulty is often overcome by driver circuits capable of
charging an external capacitor to create additional potential.

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2.2.3MOSFET Drivers
When utilizing N-Channel MOSFETs to switch a DC voltage across a load, the drain terminals of the
high side MOSFETs are often connected to the highest voltage in the system. This creates a difficulty, as
the gate terminal must be approximately 10V higher than the drain terminal for the MOSFET to conduct.
Often, integrated circuit devices known as MOSFET drivers are utilized to achieve this difference through
charge pumps or boot strapping techniques. These chips are capable of quickly charging the input
capacitance of the MOSFET quickly before the potential difference is reached, causing the gate to source
voltage to be the highest system voltage plus the capacitor voltage, allowing it to conduct. A diagram of
an N-Channel MOSFET with gate, drain, and source terminals is shown below in Figure 4.

Figure 3N channel

There are many MOSFET drivers available to power N-Channel MOSFETs through level translation of
low voltage control signals into voltages capable of supplying sufficient gate voltage. Advanced drivers
contain circuitry for powering high and low side devices as well as N and P-Channel MOSFETs. In this
design, all MOSFETs are N-Channel due to their increased current handling capabilities. To overcome the
difficulties of driving high side N-Channel MOSFETs, the driver devices use an external source to charge
a bootstrapping capacitor connected between Vcc and source terminals. The boot strap capacitor provides
gate charge to the high side MOSFET. As the switch begins to conduct, the capacitor maintains a
potential difference, rapidly causing the MOSFET to further conduct, until it is fully on. The name
bootstrap component refers to this process and how the MOSFET acts as if it is “pulling itself up by its
own boot strap”.

2.2.4-Circuit Protection and Snubbers

One of the major factors in any electronic device is its ability to protect itself from surges that could
damage the circuitry. In the case of the inverter, inductive loads can cause special problems because an
inductor cannot instantly stop conducting current, it must be dampened or diverted so that the current
does not try to flow through the open switch. If not dampened the surges can cause trouble in the
MOSFETs used to produce the output sine wave; when a MOSFET is turned off the inductive load still
wants to push current through the switch, as it has nowhere else to go. This action can cause the switch to
be put under considerable stress, the high dV/dt, dI/dt, V and I associated with this problem can cause the
MOSFETs to malfunction and break.

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2.3 Filter
2.3.1-Introduction:
Presence of harmonics has been a lot since the 1990’s and has led to deterioration in the quality of power.
Moreover, there has also been an increase in use of devices and equipments in power system also
including the nonlinear loads and electronic loads used in residential areas there by loading the
transmission and the distribution systems. This is because they operate at very low power factors which
increases the losses in line and also causes poor regulation in voltage further leading the power plants to
supply more power. Also, some nonlinear loads and electronics equipment are such that instead of
drawing current sinusoidal they tend to draw current in short pulses thus creating harmonics. Some of
the examples of nonlinear loads would be rectifiers, inverters, etc. Some of the examples of electronics
equipments would be computers, scanners, printers, etc.
Some of the major issues concerned with harmonics in nonlinear loads are overheating, temperature
increase in generators, etc. These effects may result into permanent damage of the devices.
One of the way out to resolve the issue of harmonics would be using filters in the power system.
Installing a filter for nonlinear loads connected in power system would help in reducing the harmonic
effect. The filters are widely used for reduction of harmonics. With the increase of nonlinear loads in the
power system, more and more filters are required.

2.3.2Roles of Filters in Power System:

There are two types of filters:
The Passive Filters
The Active Filters
Capacitors are frequently used in the Active and Passive filters for harmonics reduction.
The Passive filters are used in order to protect the power system by restricting the harmonic current to
enter the power system by providing a low impedance path. Passive filters consist of resistors, inductors
and capacitors.
The Active filters are mostly used in distribution networks for sagging in voltage, flickering, where there
are harmonics in current and voltages, etc. Using the filter would result into a better quality of power.
There is also a third type of filter which is used i.e. The Hybrid Filter. Hybrid filters are composed of the
passive and active filters both.

2.3.3 -Passive Filters:

As explained earlier, passive filters consists of resistors, inductors and capacitors. They are not expensive
and are often used to restrict the harmonic currents from entering the power system there by minimizing
the effect of harmonics due to nonlinear loads. Also, the passive filters are kept close to the source of
harmonic generation i.e. the nonlinear loads. Doing so, the passive filters produce better results in
reducing the harmonic effect. Figure 4 below shows a single phase representation of distribution system
with the nonlinear load and passive shunt filter.

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Figure 4Single Phase Representation of Non Linear load and Passive Shunt filter

One of the most important aspect of installing the passive filters in the power system is that they should
be installed based on the order of the harmonics that are supposed to be filtered. For example, in order to
install a filter for the 3rd order of harmonics, it is required that the filter of 1st order of harmonics is
already installed.
In order to reduce the harmonic effect, the passive filters create a resonance frequency. This resonance
frequency is kept away from the nonlinear load’s harmonic distortion. Also, the passive filters are
calibrated at a point which is a bit lower than the point at which the harmonics is supposed to be reduced
so that, if there is any change in the parameters there is still margin for improvement. If this is not done,
then there might be a condition in power system due to capacitance and inductance of filter that the
resonance is shifted causing unfavorable conditions in the power system.

2.3.3.1-Types of Passive Filters:

There are two types of passive filters:
Shunt Passive Filters and
Series Passive Filters
These filters are used for single phase and three phase power system. One important thing to note is that,
more than one, shunt and series passive filters can be used with and without each other in a system.
Some of the basic differences between the shunt passive and series passive filters are as follows.
The shunt passive filters carry only part of the total load current while the series passive filter carries full
load current.
The shunt passive filters are cheaper compared to the series passive filters so they are used more often
than the series passive filters.
Figure 5 and 6 shows the single phase passive filter with shunt and series configuration respectively.

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Figure 5Single Phase Passive filter with Shunt Configuration

Figure 6Single Phase Passive Filter with Series Configuration

Figure 7 and Figure 8 shows three phase three wire passive filter for shunt and series configuration
respectively.

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Figure 7Three Phase, Three Wire Passive Filter for Shunt Configuration.

Figure 8Three Phase, Three Wire Passive Filter for Series configuration.

Normally more than 3 filters are connected in a system to reduce the harmonics. The first two filters are
connected in order to reduce the effect of harmonics which are less effective and then a high pass filter is
used.
Figure 9 and 10 shows shunt and series connected passive filters respectively.

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 Harmonic reduction in an inverter

Figure 9Shunt Passive Filter Block.

Figure 10Series Passive Filter Block

2.3.4- Active Filters:

Active filters are a perfect alternative to the passive filters. The active filters are used in a condition
where the harmonic orders change in terms of magnitudes and the phase angles. In such conditions it is
feasible to use the active elements instead of passive ones in order to provide dynamic compensation.
The active filters are used in nonlinear load conditions where the harmonics are dependent on the time.
Just like the passive filters, active filters can be connected in either series or parallel depending on the
type of sources which create harmonics in the power system. The active filters minimize the effect of
harmonic current by using the active power conditions to produce equal amplitudes of opposite phase
there by cancelling the harmonics that are caused in the nonlinear components and replace the current
wave from the nonlinear load.

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Advantages of Active Filter over Passive Filter:

One of the main advantage of using an active filter over the passive filter is that it can be used to
reduce the effects of harmonics of more than one order.
Active filters are also useful in flickering problems that are caused in the power system.
Disadvantages of Active Filter over Passive Filter:
Active filters cost more than the passive filters
Active filters cannot be used for small loads in a power system
Due to the presence of harmonics in both current and voltage, active filter may not be able to
resolve the issue in certain typical applications.
For the conditions where both voltage and current are leading to a deterioration in power system, more
complex filters are used which are made up of combination of active and passive filters. Such filters are
called as Hybrid Filters.

Figure 11 and 12 shows single phase active filters in shunt and series configuration respectively.

Figure 11Single Phase Active Filter, Shunt Configuration.

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Figure 12single phase active filter series configuration

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2.4 – Research Paradigm

Input Process Output

Electronics Reduced
DC supply
devices and harmonic in
materials the output
Inverter signal

Filter

Load

Performance
simulation

Feedback

Figure 13research paradigm

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3-Research methodology

3.1 Inverter Design

3.1.1 Pulse Width Modulations

PWM control requires the generation of both reference and carrier signals that feed into a comparator
which creates output signals based on the difference between the signals. The reference signal is
sinusoidal and at the frequency of the desired output signal, while the carrier signal is often either a saw
tooth or triangular wave at a frequency significantly greater than the reference. When the carrier signal
exceeds the reference, the comparator output signal is at one state, and when the reference is at a higher
voltage, the output is at its second state.
Output voltage from an inverter can also be adjusted by exercising a control within the inverter itself.
The most efficient method of doing this is by pulse-width modulation control used within an inverter.
In this method, a fixed dc input voltage is given to the inverter and a controlled ac output voltage is
obtained by adjusting the on and off periods of the inverter components. This is the most popular method
of controlling the output voltage and this method is termed as Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Control.

The advantages possessed by PWM techniques are as under:

(i) The output voltage control with this method can be obtained without any additional components.

(ii) With the method, lower order harmonics can be eliminated or minimized along with its output
voltage control. As higher order harmonics can be filtered easily, the filtering requirements are
minimized.

PWM inverters are quite popular in industrial applications. PWM techniques are characterized by
constant amplitude pulses. The width of these pulses is however modulated to obtain inverter output
voltage control and to reduce its harmonic content.

3.1.2 Carrier Wave Generator

Generating a sine wave at 50Hz requires both the reference sine wave and a carrier wave at the switching
speed of the power supply. Carrier waves can be either saw tooth or triangular signals; in this case, a
triangular wave will be used. This wave will be at 1KHz as determined in optimal power loss simulations.
The generation of the triangular carrier wave will be done with analog components. The circuit for the
construction of the triangle wave generator consists of a square wave generator and integrator, as shown

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Figure 14 carrier wave generator

The above circuit will oscillate at a frequency of 1/4RtC, and the amplitude can be controlled by the
amplitude of R1 and R2. Using the TL084 op amp, with R1=R2

3.1.3 SINE WAVE generator

There are many types of sine wave oscillator circuits and variants—in an application, the choice depends
on the frequency and the desired monotonicy of the output waveform. In our case we have chosen a sin
wave generator of 50 HZ.

+ A
SINE
R1 B

1 AM FM
- C

Figure 15 sine wave generator

3.1.4 PWM Gate Controller

The PWM Gate Controller, shown in Figure 16, inputs sine wave and a triangle wave. The output of the
comparator is then sent to the gates with varying duty cycles. The triangle wave frequency is set to 1kHz,
much greater than the approximate 50Hz frequency of sine wave, so that the low-frequency wanted 50Hz
component will dominate the output of the inverter.

The high-frequency triangle wave is compared to the sine wave many times per sine wave cycle. The
comparator output is a PWM signal whose duty cycle is related to how long the sine-wave amplitude is
greater than the triangle wave. In other words, as the sine wave reaches its crest, the switching mosfet’s
are held closed longer to develop a greater voltage across the load.

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 Harmonic reduction in an inverter

V1
3 U1A R1 R2
12 V 5 1kΩ 1kΩ
JIT (2012-01-29): 2
SINE WAVE
5
0 1 4

12 MC3302D

3 U2B
JIT (2012-01-29): 7
TRIANGLE WAVE 1 3
2 6

12 MC3302D

Figure 16 PWM Gate Controller

3.1.5 INVERTER

The inverter consists of the MOSFET Bridge and the PWM Gate Controller. The varied duty cycle
produces an output voltage of either 12V or negative 12V for amounts of time that vary with the varying
duty cycle. The output is then stepped up to 220v and sent to the line switching.

3.1.6 MOSFET Bridge

Generating a sine wave centered on zero volts requires both a positive and negative voltage across the
load, for the positive and negative parts of the wave, respectively. This can be achieved from a single
source through the use of four MOSFET switches arranged in an H Bridge configuration. To minimize
power loss and utilize higher switching speeds, N Channel MOSFETs were chosen as switches in the
bridge. Level translation between PWM signals and voltages required to forward bias high side N
Channel MOSFETS, the IR2110 MOSFET driver integrated circuit was chosen. A diagram of the H
Bridge circuit with MOSFETS and drivers is shown
Operation of the IR2110 device will be controlled through generated PWM signals. The PWM signal will
be fed to the HIN and LIN pins simultaneously. If the internal logic detects a logic high, the HO pin will
be driven; if a logic low is detected, the LO pin will be driven.

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Figure 17 Inverter

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3.2-HARMONIC ANAYSIS

Harmonics voltage is created by non-linear loads that generate non-sinusoidal Voltage on distribution
power system. However, because of the increased popularity of electronic and other non-linear loads, the
voltage waveform quite often became distorted. To understand the distortion phenomena, it is necessary
to analyze the distorted waveform by a process called harmonic analysis. It allows us to express the
distorted waveform as a sum of dc component, fundamental sine wave of the distorted waveform and a
series of pure sine waves. These sinewaves have different magnitudes and their frequencies are integer
multiple of the fundamental distorted waveform. This chapter provides a quantities discussion of
harmonics analysis. Distorted waveform, effective value, Total Harmonics Distortion (THD), effect of
harmonic for power and power factor are analyzed and presented using Fourier series. Harmonics are
usually defined as periodic steady state distortions of voltage and current waveforms in power system.
Initially, the Fourier series and analysis method that can be used to interpret waveformphenomenon is
reviewed. The general harmonics theory, the definitions of harmonic quantities, harmonic indices in
common use, and power system response are then described.

3.2.1Fourier Series and Analysis

The theory of the Fourier series was first introduced by the French physicist and mathematician, Joseph
Fourier. It proves that any non-sinusoidal periodic function f(t) in an interval of time T could be
represented by the sum of a fundamental and a series of higher orders of harmonic components at
frequencies which are integral multiples of the fundamental component. The series establishes a
relationship between the function in time and frequency domains. This expression is called Fourier series
representation. A distorted waveform can be analyzed using Fourier series representation given as the
following equation
Fourier series Representation of a Periodic Signal
A periodic function is any function for which
Y(t)=y(t+nT),n=0,±1,±2,….
for all t.
The period T is the length of the time at which the function begins to repeat itself.
Clearly the trigonometric functions sinwt and coswt are periodic with period T=1/f=2π/w, where f
is the frequency in cycles/s (Hz) and w is the circular (angular) frequency in radians/s.
Any piecewise-continuous, integral periodic function may be represented by a super position of sine and
cosine functions

y(t) = a0+

where wo is the fundamental frequency and w =nwo is the nth harmonic of the periodic

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function.

The orthogonality property of the sine and cosine functions gives the following expression for
the Fourier coefficients an and bn:

ao = 2/T

ao = 2/T(6T-6T)
ao = 0

an +

an = 2/T
an=2/T( - + )

w=2π/T
an=2/T( ) n=0,1,2…………………….

So, an=0 for all value of n = integer

dt

Take the integral from 0 to T/2 and T/2 toT.

bn=

bn=24/nwT( )

for n=odd

=1

There fore
For n= even
bn=24/nwT (2-2)
bn=0
For n=odd
bn=96/nwT
Tw=2π
bn=48/nπ

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output of inverter as y(t)]=

an = 0, n=0,1,2,3………..

bn=

Substituting the value of ao,an,bn. we came up with the equation.

y(t)= + + +…….)

Figure 18harmonic with the fundamental signal

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an

Figure 19 Inverter output after being analyzed by Fourier series.

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3.3 Filter selection

The ladder filters are networks that are composed of alternating series and shunt element. Notice that the
same source and load resistances are assumed. This is called doubly terminated filters. All of our filter
will be doubly filter. A circuit designer can achieve a sharper frequency roll off with ladder filters than
with simple RL or RC circuit. Additionally, doubly terminated ladder filters have a low sensitivity to
component variation. The most common ladder filters are Butterworth filter and Chebyshev filter. First
and probably best-known filter approximation is the Butterworth or maximally-flat response. Itexhibits a
nearly flat passband with no ripple. The rolloff is smooth and monotonic, with a low-pass or high-pass
rolloff rate of 20 dB/decade (6 dB/octave) for every pole. The Chebyshev response is a mathematical
strategy for achieving a faster roll-off by allowing ripple in thefrequency response. The Chebyshev
response is an optimal trade-off between these two parameters. In our case we choose Butterworth filter
by considering the following advantages:

Butterworth maximally flat magnitude

Advantages:
• Maximum flat magnitude response in the pass-band.
• Good all-around performance.
• Rate of attenuation better than Bessel.
This filter has the flattest possible pass-band magnitude response. Attenuation is -3dB at the design cutoff
frequency. Attenuation beyond the cutoff frequency is a moderately steep -20dB/decade/pole. Ones we
select this type of filter it depends on the specifications then you can synthesize the filter.

The required filter specifications are: cut-off frequency, order of the filter, impedance level for source and
load. With this specification, you can calculate the specific inductor and capacitor values needed to
realize the filter.It is complicated procedure to drive the formulas for these component values. Instead of
deriving these formulas designers often simply use filter tables. These are tabulated values for
normalization suspectance and reactance.

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N g1 g2 g3 g4 g5 g6 g7 g8 g9
1 2.0000 1.0000
2 1.4142 1.4142 1.0000
3 1.0000 2.0000 1.0000 1.0000
4 0.7654 1.8478 1.8478 0.7654 1.0000
5 0.6180 1.6180 2.0000 1.6180 0.6180 1.0000
6 0.5176 1.4142 1.9318 1.9318 1.4142 0.5176 1.0000
7 0.4450 1.2470 1.8019 2.0000 1.8019 1.2470 0.4450 1.0000
8 0.3902 1.1111 1.6629 1.9615 1.9615 1.6629 1.1111 0.3902 1.0000

Table 2 – Element values for Maximally flat (Butterworth) LPP (g0 = 1, ωc =1).
Source - G.L. Matthaei, L. Young and E.M.T. Jones, “Microwave filters, impedance-matching
networks, and coupling structures”. Artech House 1980.
3.3.1 Low pass filter

As described above the ladder filter consists of high pass, band pass as well as the low pass filter but in
our design we have chosen the low pass filter instead of the other two.

In order to eliminate the switching frequency and all multiples of the switching frequency, alow pass filter
had to be inserted after the output of the 555 inverter. A low pass filter only allows frequencies below the
cut-off frequency to pass the filter will reject any frequency above the cut-off frequency.

An LC low-pass filter was chosen for the power inverter. The cut-off frequency can be set by the formula;

fc = 1/(2π )

Figure 20 Low pass filter

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3.3.1.1 Analysis of Low pass filter

A- Second order filter analysis and its transfer function

The Butterworth low pass filter is designed by the following formula

L1=g1 =g1

L2=g2

C1 =

C2 =

R1 L1

50 101.514mH

C1(1)

C1
75.015uf

Figure 21 RLC low pass filter

Second order low pass filter

The transfer function of second order low pass filter is

f(s)= =

f(s)=

R=50
Wc=60

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 Harmonic reduction in an inverter

Then the value of the inductor and the capacitor are,

L1=101.514mH
C1=75.015uF
When this value inserted in to the transfer function above

f(s)=

The bode plot of this transfer function is given below

Figure 22 The bode plot and phase angle of second order low pass filter

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B- Forth order low pass filter analysis and its transfer function
When two second order filters are cascaded it gives us a fourth order filter. Consequently its transfer
function becomes the multiple of the two filters. i.e
The value of impedance and cutoff frequency is the same as the above value. i.e
R=50hom
Wc=60hz
L1=0.101514H
L2=0.245099H
C1=0.0000980394f
C2=0.0000406057f

F2(s)=

F1(s)=

The over all transfer function is

F(s)=f1(s)*f2(s)

F(s)=

R1 L1 L2

50 101.514mH
245.099mH
R2
C1(1) C2 50
6840.6uf
C1
98.0394uf

Figure 23 fourth order low pass filter

When substitute the value

F(s)=

The resulting bode plot becomes

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 Harmonic reduction in an inverter

Figure 24 The bode plot and transfer function of third order low pass filter

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3.4 Measure of harmonic distortion

The extent of distortion which will cause equipment damage or malfunction is characterized by the
voltage in which the equipment can tolerate. The other one is the measure of how equipment will affect
the supply and characterized by the harmonic current drawn. When the voltage wave distortion is
considered, although similar idea will apply to current. There are several measures of harmonic distortion
including the level of the voltage at each harmonic. One of particular is total harmonic distortion (THD).

Harmonic Magnitude
frequency
48hz 0.84234
152hz 0.154
248hz 0.05845
352 0.029056
Table 2 effect of harmonics for second order

Harmonic Magnitude
frequency
48hz 0.9253
152hz 0.024263
248 hz 0.0034249
352 hz 0.00084388

Table 3 effect of harmonics for fourth order

THD= in our case odd rectangle wave and only up to seventh harmonics
only our THD becomes

THD=

S0THD for second and the fourth harmonic filter calculated by using the above formula
For the second order filter
THD=0.198567HZ
For the fourth harmonic filter
THD =0.026497 HZ
As we can see in the above result total harmonic distortion is much smaller in fourth order filter than
second order. This is due to the fact that, as the order of the filter increases the effect of the harmonics
decreases. Also as the order increases roll off become steeper.

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4 Simulation
Two second-order low pass filters can be cascaded together to produce a fourth-order low pass filter, and
so on. Although there is no limit to the order of the filter that can be formed, as the order increases so
does its size and cost, also its accuracy declines but in our case the harmonics in the 2nd order is much
greater than harmonics in 4th order (harmonics is much more reduced in the 4th order than in the 2nd order)
as shown in the figure below and its full circuit diagram
As we can see wave form of the 4th order sharper than wave form of the 2nd order filter

Figure 25 inverter circuit with the 2nd order low pass filter

Figure 26 output of wave form in 2nd order low pass filter

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Figure 25 inverter circuit with 4th order low pass filter

Figure 28 output of wave form in 4th order low pass filter

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The presentation of data

Order of the filter Values of capacitance Values of inductance

Second order C1=75.015uF L1=101.514mH

Fourth order C1=98.0394uf L1=101.514mH

C2=40.6057uf L2=245.099mH

Table 4

Order of the filter Total harmonic distortion

(THD)
Second order 19.85667%
Fourth order 2.647%
Table 5

N g1 g2 g3 g4 g5 g6 g7 g8 g9
1 2.0000 1.0000
2 1.4142 1.4142 1.0000
3 1.0000 2.0000 1.0000 1.0000
4 0.7654 1.8478 1.8478 0.7654 1.0000
5 0.6180 1.6180 2.0000 1.6180 0.6180 1.0000
6 0.5176 1.4142 1.9318 1.9318 1.4142 0.5176 1.0000
7 0.4450 1.2470 1.8019 2.0000 1.8019 1.2470 0.4450 1.0000
8 0.3902 1.1111 1.6629 1.9615 1.9615 1.6629 1.1111 0.3902 1.0000

Table 6 – Element values for Maximally flat (Butterworth) LPP (g0 = 1, ωc =1).
Source - G.L. Matthaei, L. Young and E.M.T. Jones, “Microwave filters, impedance-matching
networks, and coupling structures”. Artech House 1980.

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5 Conclusion
So far in our project we have tried to analyze the inverter and harmonics in an inverter.
In the first section of our project problem and background of our project is written and has been analyzed
and within section introduction, project objective, scope and delimitation and the significant of the project
are included.
In the next chapter of our project related literature of our project has been studied. This section includes
theoretical analysis of the systems that we have used. This includes Harmonics where the linear loads
have been included under it. Also power semiconductor devices and the MOSFE are studied under the
inverter section. Filters were the studied, their roles and their types have been studied in detail. At last but
by no means at least we have drawn our research paradigm.
In the third section of our report we have written the methodology. Inverter design, Harmonic analysis
using Fourier transforms and filter selection and design of it are included in this part. In power system, it
is necessary to control power quality by harmonic mitigating techniques. Among them, low pass filter are
used to reduce harmonics because of economics and usefulness. From the simulation, the output of the
inverter is square wave; the filter reduced the harmonics generated from inverter, the second order higher
total harmonic distortion than the second order filter. We have found the reduced harmonic from the
output of inverter.
In our last section we have tried to show the simulation for our project.

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