Homework 1

Problem 1
Browse the 331 website to answer:
When you should use data symbols on a graph. (Hint check out lab reports...)

Solution 1
Use data symbols to show data points unless there is so much data that the symbols
overlap. If the data symbols overlap it is better to connect the data points with a line and
not show the data symbols. In this case it is imperative that the number of data points or
the data interval be included in the figure caption.If a model or theoretical curve is
presented, it should be a smooth curve without data points.

Problem 2
How can a team member quit or be fired?

Solution 2
If no resolution is achieved, the cooperating team members may notify the uncooperative
member in writing that he/she is in danger of being fired, sending a copy of the memo to the
course instructor. If there is no subsequent improvement, they should notify the individual in
writing (copy to their instructor) that he/she is no longer with the team. The fired student should
meet with his/her instructor to discuss options.
Similarly, students who are consistently doing all the work for their team may issue a warning
memo (copy to instructor) that they will quit unless more cooperation is forthcoming, and a
second memo(copy to instructor) if the non-cooperation continues. The student who quits
should meet with his/her instructor to discuss options.

Problem 3
Given that for an isentropic compression or expansion of gases Ev = k⋅ p
Ev
c=
and ρ
k⋅ R⋅ T
c= where Mgas is the molecular weight of the gas and R is the
show that M gas
universal gas constant (not the R used in the Munson text!)

Solution 3

Ev
c=
ρ

k⋅ P
c= Substitute kp for bulk modulus of elasticity at constant volumeEv = k⋅ P
ρ

We need a relationship between density and pressure. The ideal gas law contains this relationship

P⋅ V = n ⋅ R⋅ T Ideal gas law

 n ⋅ M gas
ρ= Density as a function of moles (check this units!)
V

ρ⋅V
n=
M gas

ρ⋅V
P⋅ V = ⋅ R⋅ T Substitute in to the ideal gas law
M gas

P R⋅ T Solve for Pressure/density

=
ρ M gas

k⋅ R⋅ T
c=
M gas

Problem 4
The force F, that is exerted on a spherical particle moving slowly through a liquid is given by
the equation

F = 3π ⋅ µ ⋅ D⋅ V
where µ is the fluid dynamic viscosity, D is the particle diameter, and V is the particle velocity.
Show that the equation is dimensionally correct.

Solution 4

[ F] = ⎡ M⋅ L ⎤ [µ ] = ⎡M⎤ [ D] = [ L ] [ V] = ⎡ L⎤
⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ L⋅ T ⎦ ⎣ T⎦
⎣ T ⎦

[ µ ⋅ D⋅ V ] = ⎡ M⋅ L ⎤
⎢ 2⎥
⎣ T ⎦
Therefore the dimensions are consistent.

Problem 5
An important dimensionless parameter in fluids problems with free surfaces where there is a
conversion between potential and kinetic energy is the Froude number.

V
Fr :=
g⋅ L

where V is a velocity, g is the acceleration due to gravity and L is a length. Determine the
Froude number for flow in a stream with the following conditions

m
V := 0.5 average velocity in the stream
s

L := 1m
depth of water in the stream
 m
g = 9.807
2
s

Then convert each of these parameters to English units and recalculate the Froude number.
Explain the signficance of these calculations.

Solution 5

V
Fr := Fr = 0.16
g⋅ L

In English units
ft ft
V = 1.64 g = 32.174 L = 3.281 ft
s 2
s

Fr = 0.16

The results are independent of the units when using a dimensionally correct equation.

Problem 6
A compressed air tank contains 8 kg of air at a temperature of 80°C. A pressure gage on
the tank reads 300 kPa. Determine the volume of the tank. (The gage reads gage
pressure and the atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa)

Solution 6 N⋅ m
Rgas := 8.314 ⋅ kPa := 1000⋅ Pa
P⋅ V = n ⋅ Rgas⋅ T mol⋅ K

T := 273.15K + 80K T = 353.15 K

1mol
n := 8 ⋅ kg
0.029kg n = 275.862 mol P := 300kPa + 101 ⋅ kPa P = 401 kPa

T
V := n ⋅ Rgas⋅
P

3
V = 2.02 × 10 L

Problem 7
A layer of water at 15°C flows down an inclined fixed surface with the following velocity profile.
 2
u z z
= 2⋅ − U
U h 2 h
h z u

Determine the magnitude and direction of the shearing stress that the water exerts on the fixed surface for U=
m/s and h = 10 cm.

Solution 7
2 m
z z U := 2
u = 2 ⋅ U⋅ − U⋅ s
h 2
h
h := 10cm
⎛d ⎞
τ = µ ⋅⎜ u
− 3 kg
⎝ dz ⎠ µ := 1.12 × 10
s⋅ m

d U z
u = 2 ⋅ − 2 ⋅ U⋅
dz h 2 evaluate at z=0 to get shear at the solid boundary
h

τ 0 := µ ⋅ ⎛⎜ 2 ⋅
U⎞
⎝ h⎠
τ 0 = 0.045 Pa

The water exerts a shear stress on the fixed surface in the direction of the velocity u.
τ 0 = 0.045 Pa

Problem 8
Methane (CH4) at 20°C and standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa is compressed isentropically to a new
absolute pressure of 400 kPa. Determine the final density and temperature of the gas.
k := 1.31 Specific heat ratio for methane

Solution 8
kPa := 1000⋅ Pa

12 + 4 kg
P⋅ V = n ⋅ R⋅ T ideal gas law M methane := molecular weight of methane
1000 mol

n ⋅ M gas Rgas := 8.314472⋅

joule
ρ= mole⋅ K
V definition of density
 P⋅ M methane Ti := 273.15K + 20K Ti = 293.15 K
ρ=
Rgas⋅ T substitute ideal gas law
Pi := 101.3 ⋅ kPa Pf := 400kPa

Pi⋅ M methane kg
ρ i := ρ i = 0.665
Rgas⋅ Ti 3 substitute to obtain initial density
m

Pi Pf
=
k k true for isentropic compression
ρi ρf

1
k
⎛ Pf ⎞
ρ f := ⎜ ⋅ρi solve for final density
⎝ ⎠
Pi

We will calculate final temperature using the ideal gas law

V V M methane
Tf := Pf⋅ but from density definition =
n ⋅ Rgas n ρ
M methane
Tf := Pf⋅
ρ f⋅ Rgas

kg
ρ f = 1.9
3 Tf = 133 °C
m
Surface tension (N/m)

Problem 9 0.080
Two vertical, parallel, clean glass plates are spaced a 0.075
distance b apart. If the plates are placed in 20° C water, how
0.070
high will the water rise between the plates due to capillary
action? Plot h as a function of b over the range 0.5 mm to 5 0.065
mm. 0.060
0.055
0.050
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)

Solution 9
N kg
σ := 0.072 ρ := 1000
m 3 b := 0.5mm , 0.6mm .. 5mm
m
Let L be length of the plates, h be the capillary rise, and b be the
distance between the plates. Then the weight of the water is

W = ρ ⋅ g⋅ h⋅ b⋅ L

The force of surface tension acts along both plates for a total distance of 2L.
Fσ := σ ⋅ 2 ⋅ L

At equilibrium the weight and the surface tension force balance

ρ ⋅ g⋅ h⋅ b⋅ L = σ ⋅ 2⋅ L

σ
h ( b ) := 2 ⋅
ρ ⋅ g⋅ b

30

20
h( b)
mm
10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
b
mm

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