ECOREGION

GD4103 – GEOGRAFI LINGKUNGAN

WI WIN WINDUPRANATA & AGUNG BUDI HARTO
OUTLINE

• Definisi
• Biome
• Ecozone
• Ekoregion Indonesia
• Manfaat

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 DEFINISI

An ecoregion is a recurring pattern of ecosystems associated

with characteristic combinations of soil and landform that
characterise that region. (Brunckhorst, D., 2000)
Ecoregions is areas within which there is spatial coincidence in
characteristics of geographical phenomena associated with
differences in the quality, health, and integrity of ecosystems.
(Omernik, 2004)
Ecoregion is large area of land or water that contains a
geographically distinct assemblage of natural communities
(World Wildlife Fund-WWF)
Ekoregion adalah wilayah geografis yang memiliki kesamaan ciri
iklim, tanah, air, flora, dan fauna asli, serta pola interaksi
manusia dengan alam yang menggambarkan integritas sistem
alam dan lingkungan hidup. (UU No.32 Tahun 2009)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 ECOREGIONS:

• An ecoregion (ecological region),

sometimes called a bioregion, is
the next smallest ecologically and
geographically defined area
beneath "realm" or "ecozone".
• The WWF has identified 867
terrestrial ecoregions, and
approximately 450 freshwater
ecoregions across the Earth.
• Biodiversity is also an important
aspect of the study of
ecoregions. The biodiversity of
flora, fauna and ecosystems
that characterise an ecoregion
tend to be distinct from that of
other ecoregions
• Indonesia has 6 EcoRegions.

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 DEFINISI

• Biomes are climatically and geographically defined

as contiguous areas with similar climatic conditions
on the Earth, such as communities of plants, animals,
and soil organisms,and are often referred to as
ecosystems (major ecosystem).
• An ecozone is the broadest biogeographic division
of the Earth's land surface, based on distributional
patterns of terrestrial organisms

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

ECOREGIONS

BIOME

ECOZONE

ECOREGION

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 BIOME

Is function of:
• plant structures (such as trees, shrubs, and grasses),
• leaf types (such as broadleaf and needleleaf),
• plant spacing (forest, woodland, savanna), and
• Climate
biomes are not defined by genetic, taxonomic, or
historical similarities.
Ecoregions are grouped into both biomes and
ecozones.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

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 BIOME

Climate is a major factor determining the distribution of

terrestrial biomes. Among the important climatic factors
are:
Latitude: Arctic, boreal, temperate, subtropical, tropical
Humidity: humid, semihumid, semiarid, and arid
seasonal variation: Rainfall may be distributed evenly
throughout the year or be marked by seasonal variations.
dry summer, wet winter: Most regions of the earth receive most
of their rainfall during the summer months; Mediterranean
climate regions receive their rainfall during the winter months.
Elevation: Increasing elevation causes a distribution of
habitat types similar to that of increasing latitude.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

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 BIOME

latitude (or temperature zoning) and humidity are

main factor to classified biome. Biodiversity
generally increases away from the poles towards
the equator and increases with humidity.

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 BIOME

Classification:
• Terrestrial (land) biomes
• Aquatic biomes (including freshwater biomes and
marine biomes)
• Anthropogenic biome

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

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 BIOME

Biome classification schemes

1) Holdridge scheme
2) Whittaker's biome-type classification scheme
3) Walter system
4) Bailey system
5) WWF system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

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 BIOME (WALTER SYSTEM)

Including seasonality of temperature and precipitation

parameter/factor:
• I: Equatorial
• Always moist and lacking temperature seasonality
• Evergreen tropical rain forest
• II: Tropical
• Summer rainy season and cooler “winter” dry season
• Seasonal forest, scrub, or savanna
• III: Subtropical
• Highly seasonal, arid climate
• Desert vegetation with considerable exposed surface
• IV: Mediterranean
• Winter rainy season and summer drought
• Sclerophyllous (drought-adapted), frost-sensitive shrublands and
woodlands

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 BIOME (WALTER SYSTEM)

• V: Warm temperate
• Occasional frost, often with summer rainfall maximum
• Temperate evergreen forest, somewhat frost-sensitive
• VI: Nemoral
• Moderate climate with winter freezing
• Frost-resistant, deciduous, temperate forest
• VII: Continental
• Arid, with warm or hot summers and cold winters
• Grasslands and temperate deserts
• VIII: Boreal
• Cold temperate with cool summers and long winters
• Evergreen, frost-hardy, needle-leaved forest (taiga)
• IX: Polar
• Very short, cool summers and long, very cold winters
• Low, evergreen vegetation, without trees, growing over permanently
frozen soils

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 ANTHROPOGENIC BIOME

Major anthropogenic biomes

• Dense settlements
• Villages
• Croplands
• Rangelands
• Forested

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 Map of terrestrial biomes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

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 FRESHWATER BIOME

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

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 ECOZONE

Ecozones delineate large areas of the Earth's surface

within which organisms have been evolving in relative
isolation over long periods of time, separated from one
another by geographic features, such as oceans, broad
deserts, or high mountain ranges, that constitute barriers
to migration.
Ecozone based on life form, or the adaptation of plants
and animals to climatic, soil, and other conditions.
Biomes are characterized by similar climax vegetation.
Each ecozone may include a number of different biomes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecozone w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

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 ECOZONE

The patterns of plant and animal distribution in the

world's ecozones were shaped by the process of
plate tectonics, which has redistributed the world's
land masses over geological history.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecozone w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

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ECOZONE

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 ECOREGION DELINEATION

• Characteristics of geographical phenomena may include

geology, physiography, vegetation, climate, hydrology,
terrestrial and aquatic fauna, and soils, and may or may
not include the impacts of human activity (e.g. land use
patterns, vegetation changes).
• There is significant, but not absolute, spatial correlation
among these characteristics, making the delineation of
ecoregions an imperfect science.
• Another complication is that environmental conditions
across an ecoregion boundary may change very
gradually, e.g. the prairie-forest transition in the
midwestern United States, making it difficult to identify an
exact dividing boundary. Such transition zones are called
ecotones.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion
w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013
 ECOREGION DELINEATION

Ecoregions can be categorized using

1) an algorithmic approach or a holistic,
2) “weight-of-evidence” approach where the
importance of various factors may vary.

an algorithmic approach example: Robert Bailey’s

uses a hierarchical classification that first divides land
areas into very large regions based on climatic factors,
and subdivides these regions, based first on dominant
potential vegetation, and then by geomorphology
and soil characteristics.

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 ECOREGION DELINEATION

The intended purpose of ecoregion delineation may

affect the method used. For example, the WWF
ecoregions were developed to aid in biodiversity
conservation planning, and place a greater
emphasis than the Omernik or Bailey systems on
floral and faunal differences between regions.

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 ECOREGION CLASS/GROUP

1) Terrestrial Ecoregion
terrestrial is used to mean "of land" (soil and rock), rather than
the more general sense "of Earth" (which includes land and
oceans).
2) Freshwater Ecoregion
a large area encompassing one or more freshwater systems that
contains a distinct assemblage of natural freshwater
communities and species.
3) Marine Ecoregion
Areas of relatively homogeneous species composition, clearly
distinct from adjacent systems….In ecological terms, these are
strongly cohesive units, sufficiently large to encompass
ecological or life history processes for most sedentary species.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 TERRESTRIAL ECOREGION

• Land ecoregions, as distinct from freshwater and marine

ecoregions. In this context, terrestrial is used to mean "of land"
(soil and rock).
• WWF (World Wildlife Fund) ecologists currently divide the land
surface of the Earth into 8 major ecozones containing 867
smaller terrestrial ecoregions . The WWF effort is a synthesis of
many previous efforts to define and classify ecoregions.
• The eight terrestrial ecozones follow the major floral and faunal
boundaries, Ecozone boundaries generally follow continental
boundaries, or major barriers to plant and animal distribution,
like the Himalayas and the Sahara. The boundaries of
ecoregions are often not as decisive or well recognized, and
are subject to greater disagreement.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 TERRESTRIAL ECOREGION

• Ecoregions are classified by biome type, which are the major

global plant communities determined by rainfall and climate.
• Forests, grasslands (including savanna and shrubland), and
deserts (including xeric shrublands) are distinguished by climate
(tropical and subtropical vs. temperate and boreal climates)
and, for forests, by whether the trees are predominantly conifers
(gymnosperms), or whether they are predominantly broadleaf
(Angiosperms) and mixed (broadleaf and conifer).

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 TEXAS ECOREGION LEVEL III

http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/bio373l/docs/Texas%20ecoregions/ecoregi
w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013
ons_tx_color_map.pdf
 TEXAS ECOREGION LEVEL IV

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

http://www.cityofkeller.com/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=3264
 TEXAS ECOREGION LEVEL III

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

http://www.cityofkeller.com/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=3264
 FRESHWATER ECOREGION

Freshwater is defined as having a low salt

concentration — usually less than 1%. Plants and
animals in freshwater regions are adjusted to the low
salt content and would not be able to survive in
areas of high salt concentration (i.e., ocean).

3 types of freshwater regions:

1. Ponds and lakes
2. Streams and rivers
3. Wetlands
(http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/freshwater.php)

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 FRESHWATER ECOREGION

WWF identifies twelve major habitat types of

freshwater ecoregions: (1) Large lakes,
(2)large river deltas, (3)polar freshwaters,
(4)montane freshwaters, (5)temperate
coastal rivers, (6)temperate floodplain rivers
and wetlands, (7)temperate upland rivers, (8)
tropical and subtropical coastal rivers,
(9)tropical and subtropical floodplain rivers
and wetlands, (10)tropical and subtropical
upland rivers, (11)xeric freshwaters and
endorheic basins, and (12)oceanic islands.

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 MARINE ECOREGION

• Areas of relatively homogeneous species

composition, clearly distinct from adjacent
systems. The species composition is likely to be
determined by the predominance of a small
number of ecosystems and/or a distinct suite of
oceanographic or topographic features. The
dominant biogeographic forcing agents defining
the ecoregions vary from location to location but
may include isolation, upwelling, nutrient inputs,
freshwater influx, temperature regimes, ice
regimes, exposure, sediments, currents, and
bathymetric or coastal complexity.
MARK D. SPALDING (2007), Marine Ecoregions of the World:
A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas, Bioscience
w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013
vol 57 no. 7
Figure 2. Final biogeographic framework: Realms and provinces. (a)
Biogeographic realms with ecoregion boundaries outlined. (b) Provinces
with ecoregions outlined. Provinces are numbered and listed in box 1.
w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013
Figure 2. Final biogeographic framework: Realms and provinces. (a)
Biogeographic realms with ecoregion boundaries outlined. (b) Provinces
with ecoregions outlined. Provinces are numbered and listed in box 1.

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013
 MARINE ECOREGION

• WWF/Nature Conservancy scheme for marine

ecoregions groups the individual ecoregions into
12 marine realms. The marine realms are
subdivided into 62 marine provinces, which
include one or more of the 232 marine
ecoregions.
Major habitat types are identified: polar,
temperate shelves and seas, temperate
upwelling, tropical upwelling, tropical coral,
pelagic (trades and westerlies), abyssal, and
hadal (ocean trench).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_realms#Marine w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 MARINE ECOREGION
WWF 12 marine realms, represent large regions of the ocean basins:
1) Arctic,
2) Temperate Northern Atlantic
3) Temperate Northern Pacific
4) Tropical Atlantic
5) Western Indo-Pacific
6) Central Indo-Pacific
7) Eastern Indo-Pacific
8) Tropical Eastern Pacific
9) Temperate South America
10) Temperate Southern Africa
11) Temperate Australasia
12) Southern Ocean.

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 EKOREGION INDONESIA

• Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup (KLH) meluncurkan peta dan

deskripsi Ekoregion nasional guna menjalankan amanat
Undang-Undang No.32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan
Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.
• UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 mengamanatkan bahwa
pengelolaan sumber daya alam dan lingkungan hidup yang
lebih baik disusun dalam Rencana Perlindungan dan
Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (RPPLH) yang didasarkan pada
hasil inventarisasi lingkungan hidup berbasis ekoregion.
• Tahapan yang dilakukan dalam Perencanaan Perlindungan
Lingkungan Hidup terdiri dari tahapan inventarisasi lingkungan
hidup, penetapan wilayah ekoregion, dan penyusunan RPPLH.
(Jakarta (ANTARA News))

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 EKOREGION INDONESIA

• Penetapan Ekoregion Nasional Indonesia dilakukan dengan

pembagian wilayah NKRI berdasarkan karakteristik fisik masing-
masing wilayah yang terbentuk oleh sejarah geologi yang
menyebabkan terjadinya persamaan dan perbedaan
karakteristik biotik yang saling berinteraksi, baik di darat
maupun laut.
• Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup menetapkan ekoregion
bersama dengan Badan Informasi Geospasial (BIG) dan
didukung oleh instansi pemerintah terkait, pakar perguruan
tinggi, dan Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat.
(Jakarta (ANTARA News))

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 EKOREGION INDONESIA

Ekoregion Indonesia terdiri dari:

 Ekoregion Sumatera,
 Ekoregion Kalimantan,
 Ekoregion Sulawesi,
 Ekoregion Papua,
 Ekoregion Maluku,
 Ekoregion Bali Nusa Tenggara yang
merupakan kesatuan wilayah daratan dan
lautan yang mengelilinginya.

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 EKOREGION INDONESIA

Adapun tahapan yang dilakukan dalam penetapan ekoregion

tersebut, meliputi pemilihan parameter deliniator dan deskriptor,
penyusunan hierarki, penamaan ekoregion, pemetaan dan
penyusunan deskripsi.

Parameter deliniator adalah parameter yang digunakan untuk

membatasi suatu ekoregion, dimana batas ekoregion dilakukan
melalui proses secara spasial untuk mendapat batas ekoregion.

Perlu disusun pedoman pemetaan ekoregion per provinsi (skala

1:250.000), kebutuhan data geospasial untuk pengelolaan ekoregion,
pendeskripsian peta ekoregion per provinsi, serta pemanfaatan peta
ekoregion untuk basis perencanaan dan pengelolaan lingkungan
hidup per region.
(Jakarta (ANTARA News))

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 EKOREGION INDONESIA

Penetapan wilayah ekoregion sebagaimana

dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilaksanakan dengan
mempertimbangkan kesamaan:
• a. karakteristik bentang alam;
• b. daerah aliran sungai;
• c. iklim;
• d. flora dan fauna;
• e. sosial budaya;
• f. ekonomi;
• g. kelembagaan masyarakat; dan
• h. hasil inventarisasi lingkungan hidup.

UU NO 32 2009 Pasal 7 nomer 2 w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 EKONUSA

http://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?url=http%3
a%2f%2fgeoservices.ina-
sdi.or.id%2fArcGIS%2frest%2fservices%2fKementerian_LH%2fKLH_Ek
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oregionNusantara%2fMapServer&source=sd
http://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?url=http%3a%2f%2fgeoservices.ina-
sdi.or.id%2fArcGIS%2frest%2fservices%2fKementerian_LH%2fKLH_Ekoregion_JawaTimur_250K%2fMapServer&source=sd

EKOREGION JAWA 1: 500.000

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EKOREGION JAWA 1: 250.000

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EKOREGION KALIMANTAN 1: 500.000

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http://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?url=http%3a%2f%2fgeoservices.ina-
sdi.or.id%2fArcGIS%2frest%2fservices%2fKementerian_LH%2fKLH_Ekoregion_KalimantanBarat_250K%2fMapServer&source=sd

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 MARINE ECOREGION

(WWF Delineation)
Kriteria utama yang dipakai untuk
mengidentifikasi sebuah ekoregion adalah:
 Adanya area geografi yang nyata
 Adanya komunitas alam dan spesies yang
khas (terutama ikan-ikan karang)
 Kondisi lingkungan (seperti arus, temperatur
permukaan laut, kadar garam, dan
kedalaman laut).

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 MARINE ECOREGION

WWF Global 200 mencakup 43 ekoregion.

Ekoregion-ekoregion ini merupakan daerah
dimana target konservasi laut diimplementasikan
sebagai prioritas.
Indonesia merupakan tuan rumah dari 3 daerah
prioritas ekoregion ini:
• Sulu Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion (SSME),
• Banda Flores Marine Ecoregion (BFME),
• Bismarck Salomon Seas Ecoregion (BSSE).
Dalam setiap ekoregion, WWF menerapkan
strategi lokasi inti dan lokasi pendukung.

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 MANFAAT

Why care about Ecoregions?

• By studying ecoregions, we begin to understand more
about the history, ecology and biodiversity of the United
States.
• Conservationists use ecoregions to help in habitat
protection and restoration projects and to produce
recovery plans for endangered species.
• Historians and biologists study ecoregions to map out
the connection between the settlements of early
indigenous peoples and wildlife and how the ecology
has changed over time.
• Gardeners study their local ecoregion to determine
what native flowers to plant in their Certified Wildlife
Habitat™.

US Forest Service-Ecoregions of the United States

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013
 EXAMPLES OF ECOREGION
APPLICATIONS
• Percentage of land protected within CEC North American Level III ecoregions
• Arkansas Wildlife Action Plan
• Native Seed Network
• U.S. Geological Survey Land Cover Trends Project
• Indiana Biological Survey - Aquatic Research Center
• Birding Nebraska
• Biological Assessment of Iowa's Streams and Rivers
• New Mexico Environment Department, Surface Water Quality Bureau's Nutrient
Assessment Protocol for Wadeable Perennial Streams
• Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation Water Quality
Assessment
• Arizona Forest Resource Strategy
• Minnesota National Lakes Assessment Project
• Minnesota's approach to nutrient criteria development
• Mapping Watershed Potential to Contribute Phosphorus from Geologic Materials
to Receiving Streams, Southeastern United States

http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/links.htm w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

 MANFAAT

Konsep wilayah
ekoregion dapat
membantu
menselaraskan
antara perencanaan
pembangunan/
penataan ruang,
dan pertimbangan
lingkungan hidup

w.windupranata & a. b. harto @ 2013

SELESAI

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