ISSUES IN INDUSTRIAL PROLIFICATION, ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION

AND POLLUTION CONTROL POLICIES

The grand industrial developments, the successful Green Revolution, the transport explosion, the
rapid growth of cities and haphazard management of natural resources have adversely affected
environmental balance. Environmental pollution in India has increased manifold, one of the
greatest problems confronting the modern civilized world is pollution, which literally means
fouling the natural habitat and environment. Air pollution, water pollution, land pollution, noise
pollution are some types of pollution.

The industrial sector is one of the most dynamic sectors in the economy and plays vital role in
economic development. But thousands of people suffer at the hand of pollution created by
industries In general industrial process consume 37% of world energy and 50% of world co2
and 90%of world’s so2 and nearly all of its toxic chemicals.

Toxic pollutants released from industry include heavy metals; pesticides can be emitted into air,
water or in solid wastes. Industrial production and natural resources use and conversion often
result in the creation of large amounts of water- borne pollutants are oxygen demand(BOD5) and
chemical oxygen demand(COD5) ammonia, phosphorous,sulphised,nitrate,sulphate,chloride oil
and grease. The lists of conventional air pollutants from industry include so2 Total suspended
particulates (TSP) co2, and methane. The industrial air pollution primarily derived from energy
us In south Asia industrial sector has increased its share of total output from 21% to 26% during
period 2000 to 2010,it causes an increment in total co2 emission (GHG) .In 2000it was estimated
437 million tones increase by 85% in the year 2010.

Nearly 175 million hectares of land (35% of India's total land area) is subject to serious
environmental degradation. Hardly 10.12 per cent of the total area is under adequate tree cover.
In fact deforestation, siltation, water, air and noise pollution, sanitation—all are threatening not
only the quality of life rather the very survival of human beings.

It is doubtless that industrialization has done a great good to mankind. It has also led to
urbanization. But the haphazard growth of modern cities, industrial cities, migration of rural
population to the cities in search of work has created and unhealthy environment. It has given
rise to overcrowding, slums, juvenile delinquency, inadequate air amenities, addiction to drugs
and alcohol and crime are some results. People living in big cities no longer breathe the fresh air
and see any green, open spaces. There is lot of noise pollution in big cities and it is almost
impossible to get rid of this. There should be a regular check on the use of loud-speakers,
indiscriminate use of horns by the motorists. Medical experts have warned that the excessive
noise pollution can lead to deafness and create other health problems which can do irreversible
damage to the well-being of man.

Air pollution is another example of how the growth of modern industry and means of transport
have played havoc with man's environment. One of the worst agents of aerial pollution is the
smoke being belched out by the chimneys of the factories and emitted by vehicles. While it
cannot be totally eliminated because of the industrial expansion of the ever increasing number of
motor vehicles, some measures can be taken to minimize the menace. Already enough damage
has been done to human environment. Agricultural activities are yet another source of air
pollution. Spraying of pesticides and insecticides, use of chemical fertilizers and manures and
burning of field waste pollute the atmospheric air. Nuclear energy programme also pollutes the
air. Radioactive fallouts and fluorides are very dangerous pollutants.Water; one of the most
essential needs for the survival of life on earth is being polluted to such an extent by industrial
wastes that it is posing a serious threat to plant and animal life. Release of industrial wastes into
river creates havoc, it is estimated that more than 500 tons of mercury enters the ocean every
year as a result of dumping of wastes into rivers. Mercury concentration increases in fish, which
may result in poisoning of the people and domestic animals. The same polluted water is used for
irrigation and thus pollutes the food. It is unsafe for drinking, but is consumed by ignorant people
thereby leading to disease and death. Now the Government is taking some interest in this
neglected area by taking measures to check water pollution. In 1986 the Government launched
the clean Ganga Programme and several sewage treatment plants started operating at various
cities to purify the Ganga water.

India is a tropical country. It had at one time dense forests and was very rich in flora and fauna.
But the rate at which the denudations of the country's rich forest cover has been continuing it
may not be left with any prest cover by the end of this century. Commercial felling of trees, over-
gazing and over cultivation land .starved peasants—all these are factors that have been respon-
sible for the shrinkage of the forest cover consequently leading to climatic changes.

Destruction of forests has also led to extinction of many rare species of wild life; turned land into
fallow wasteland.So, unless everyone becomes aware of the need to save our planet from
destruction, there can be no hope for mankind. In view of the increasing awareness of formidable
dangers to mankind, many countries in the world have passed laws to prevent pollution. But it is
hard to understand why the laws being framed by Government should vest all powers in Anti-
Pollution Boards composed of salaried employees with no direct stake in the outcome of their
activities, denying the victims of pollution any right. If the prompt action is not taken, the earth
will soon become a graveyard and we cannot afford to be complacent in protecting and
conserving our environment for ourselves and for the generations to come today the industrial
and technological level attained determines how developed a nation.

For instance, the 1994 tabulation of developed nations showed Japan as the first, followed by
the United States of America. Their high industrial and technological feat earned them top
ranking positions among the World's developed Nations. Industrialization is accepted by the third
world nations as an avenue to Proffering solutions to their multi-dimensional problems such as
socio-economic debtBurden and poverty. Nigeria has embarked on various industrialization
plans, strategies and polices because they provide employment opportunities, raise the general
standard Of living, boost income, pay off both national and international debts, and promote
export and technical skills.

It conjures-up awesome imageries of spewing noxious plume from industrial stacks, gushing
toxic effluent from their waste pipesand lethal radio-active fall outs from their solid waste chutes
and bins, encroachinginto serene and untampered natural environment. As a matter of fact,
industrial growthand environmental protection standout in this scenario and are viewed as
mutuallyexclusive as the requirements of the former for raw materials and outlets for waste over
ride the demands of the latter.Natural resources extraction, processing and management are
purely legitimatepractices, in so far as they are sustainably carried out. Naturally, every
organismutilizes the natural resource within their reach in order to exist. Man is not an exception.

Human impact on the environment is two-pronged:

(a) Removal of natural resource
(b) Discharge of the externalities to the environment
This cause pollution, alters critical parameters of global circles and destroys habitats
at rates and on scales that are unmatched by other organisms, It is aclear fact that humanity is
purely dependent on natural systems. With all the availabletechnological sophistications, our
food is still absolutely from photosynthesis; wesource all our valuable raw materials for
industrial activities from natural sources andbreathe air whose constituents are as a result of
natural process.

Unsustainable industrialization is the bane of development. Since industrialdevelopment is the

foundation on which the present civilized and developed nationsstand, it is highly encouraged
provided the environment is fully protected. Securingor protecting the environment does not
strictly mean complete preservation of itsstatus quo, irrespective of the need to use it. Rather, the
rational and sustainableutilization of natural resources is what conservation is all about. There
are instanceswhere it refers to comparatively little restrictions in extents or intensities of
exploitationand in other cases; it could mean the protection of some particular areas or
resourcesfrom degradation. Whole-hearted allegiance should be paid in the protection of
theenvironment. It is improper to apply apparent protective measures only tocrafty nemeses the
benefits without considering the costs on the environment. Instances area bound where faulty and
leaking nuclear fuel processing plant and lead-acidaccumulator battery industries emit toxic
radio-active matters into the environment.

The management would merely plant pollution-resistant trees around it. Infract,
theenvironmental implication of these will extend beyond the industries premises in duecourse.
Environmental pressure groups such as Friends of the Earth, Earth Search,
Also the destruction of potential wildlifereserves for the development of new states, federal
capitals and government reserveareas; the ecological disruption of aquaticlife.
Water Pollution: Usually Water Pollution: Usually industrial wastes find their way into water
bodies throughrunoff flows and into underground, through seepage or leaching. The pure and
naturalstate of there water bodies as well as their faunal and floral micro- organisms
getcontaminated with these wastes. Sometimes vegetable oil wastes are directly dumpedor
discharged into these water bodies. This leads to the extinction and migrationof these aquatic
organisms. The portability of the water is usually lost. Also thefishing, recreational and aesthetic
values are at stake Effluent from the vegetableoil industries makes surface water bodies turbid.
Some of the waste materials formsludge’s in the water and this impedes spawining of fishes and
other aquatic fauna.

Resource depletion and pollution reduction can be viewed as an economic problem.

Environmental economics uses cost-benefit thinking to deal with environmental problems and
issues. Benefits and damage assessments are used to integrate the un-priced but valuable
functions of natural environments into cost-benefit analysis of real world projects, and to
illustrate the kinds of economic damage done to national economics by resource depletions and
pollution.

In an ideal world all wastes that cannot be recycled would be outlawed. The costs of a pollution
free society would be very high. The other extreme is to live in a society where there is no
pollution control. The real world is somewhere in between these two extremes, i.e., it isnecessary
to achieve a balance between the social costs and social benefits of reducing pollution.

Empirical evidence indicates that after substantial amount of polluting emissions have been
reduced, extra waste reduction is much more costly than previous reductions. There is a point
beyond which the costs of further reducing pollution by far exceeds the increase in social
benefits and what people are willing to pay. The benefits of pollution control are measured by the
reduction in damages caused by pollution to human health, and to material, natural and
agricultural resources.

Mechanisms to achieve pollution reduction;

Production or consumption of goods and services often results in costs or benefits to people other
than the buyers and sellers. For example, if an industry disposes of wastes in a stream, it imposes
costs to people who want to use the stream for other purposes, such as drinking water. People
who live in that municipality will have to pay to clean up the water if they want to drink it. The
cost of cleaning the stream is a hidden cost of the production of goods by the industry. This
hidden cost, which will be assumed by taxpayers, is referred to in economic terms as a negative
externality.

Free market transactions are usually unregulated in the sense that there is no mechanism for
charging polluters a fee to correct for the damage done by their emissions. Once society has
decided on an acceptable level of environmental quality, it is necessary to adoptmeasures that
will change the behavior of producers and consumers. This could be achieved through
government intervention, by setting command and control regulations and market-based
incentives.

Acid Rain:
Sulphur dioxide released from coal burning power plants, industrial boilers and smelters, is
normally carried away and gets oxidized in the atmosphere. But when it gets absorbed in
suspended particulate matter in the air such as dust, fly ash, etc. and comes in contact with
moisture droplets, it turns into sulphuric acid.

Corrosive and Soiling Effects

Buildings, bridges and other man-made structures can be soiled and damaged extensively by
pollution. The accumulation of dirt and organisms that utilize polluted products can alter the
appearance of a building. But most damage is caused by acids present both in the air and in rain-
water. Stone work may get corroded.

In India, acid rain threatens our famous monument, the Taj Mahal. Crude-oil refineries situated
in nearby Mathura, spew out vast quantities of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. This sulphur
dioxide is carried by winds to Agra, among other places, where it gets adsorbed by water
droplets, and rains down on the Taj Mahal, made only of marbles ozone Depletion
The stratospheric pool of ozone is continually being produced and destroyed. Production takes
place when molecular oxygen O2 is split by ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation and the resulting
oxygen atoms slabs, is susceptible to corrosion. One thing that was overall negative is
urbanization. Due to all the people moving into the city, there was a tremendous increase in
population. This caused an increase in water and air pollution. Also, children started being hired
for extremely low wages and immensely long hours. Lastly, the worker’s houses were in poor
conditions and many people were crowded into very small spaces.

Another thing was overall negative is Child Labor. Children now had to start helping out their
families with providing money, and thus started working in factories. They had to work
exceptionally long hours, with almost no breaks, and low wages. Since most children were now
working in factories, they did not have time for education, nor could they afford it. Since most
poor families needed their children to help out by working in factories, it created a cycle.
Generation after generation would be poor, and because of this no one would ever have the
chance to get education, and get a higher paid job.

One more thing that was overall negative during the industrial revolution is the
conditions in Coal Mines. Although they created more jobs, they were one of the most dangerous
jobs in the city. The expected life span of Coal Mine workers was 17 years old. Children were
forced to crawl in tight spaces and narrow paths. There was also the danger of cave-ins that
happened occasionally. The workers also inhaled coal dust all day long, risking very dangerous
lung diseases.

One thing during the industrial revolution that was positive is education. Before industrialization,
education was only for children who could afford it. Most children, however, could not afford
education and had to work in factories to help out their families instead. During the industrial
revolution, the government started making it mandatory for every child to get at least a specific
amount of school every day. It then became a larger amount of time that was mandatory. The
government insisted that children should work on basic skills at school.
 Modern Inventions was another positive effect of the industrial revolution. Some
examples of inventions are x-rays, telephone, electricity, steamboats, spinning jenny, water
frame, and the power loom. Doctors in hospitals used X-rays to help them examine peoples’
overall health. Steamboats were a brilliant invention to help people move their goods or material
across rivers or other small bodies of water. Railroads were expanded during the industrial
revolution, which helped people sell their goods to more people in larger areas.

One more overall positive effect of the industrial revolution is a regular person’s overall
life. Workers and lower class families were suffering during the industrialization. However, this
was only a very small percentage of the population. For most people that lived during this time
period, their lives overall improved. Wages started slowly getting better for the average person
during industrialization. Also, during this time new classes were emerging, instead of just having
rich and poor.

Pollution may muddy landscapes, poison soils and waterways, or kill plants and animals.
Humans are also regularly harmed by pollution. Long-term exposure to air pollution, for
example, can lead to chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer and other diseases. Toxic chemicals
that accumulate in top predators can make some species unsafe to eat. More than one billion
people lack access to clean water and 2.4 billion don’t have adequate sanitation, putting them at
risk of contracting deadly diseases.

CAUSES
Many of the activities and products that make modern human life possible are polluting the
world. Even places that are relatively untouched by 21st-century developments experience the
effects of pollution.

TOXIC CHEMICAL
By 2000, the world’s chemical production had increased 400 fold since 1930. Chemicals have
made much of modern life possible, but they’ve also contaminated landscapes around the world.
They can travel great distances by air or accumulate in the bodies of animals and humans who
absorb chemicals through the skin or ingest them in food or water. While some chemicals may be
harmless, others can cause damage. Increasingly, there is particular concern lately about three
types of chemicals: chemicals that persist in the environment and accumulate in the bodies of
wildlife and people, endocrine disruptors that can interfere with hormones, and chemicals that
cause cancer or damage DNA
OCEAN LITTER
Litter in the world’s oceans comes from many sources, including containers that fall off ships
during storms, trash that washes off city streets into rivers that lead into the sea, and waste from
landfills that blows into streams or directly into the ocean. Once in the ocean, this debris may
degrade slowly and persist for years, traveling the currents, accumulating in large patches and
washing up on beaches.

PESTICIDES AND FERTILIZERS

Use of pesticides and fertilizers on farms has increased by 26-fold over the past 50 years, fueling
increases in crop production globally. But there have been serious environmental consequences.
Indiscriminate pesticide and fertilizer application may pollute nearby land and water, and
chemicals may wash into nearby streams, waterways and groundwater when it rains. Pesticides
can kill non-target organisms, including beneficial insects, soil bacteria and fish. Fertilizers are
not directly toxic, but their presence can alter the nutrient system in freshwater and marine areas.
This alteration can result in an explosive growth of algae due to excess nutrients. As a result, the
water is depleted of dissolved oxygen, and fish and other aquatic life may be killed

AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution brings to mind visions of smokestacks billowing black clouds into the sky, but this
pollution comes in many forms. The burning of fossil fuels, in both energy plants and vehicles,
releases massive amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, causing climate change.
Industrial processes also emit particulate matter, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and
other noxious gases. Indoor areas can become polluted by emissions from smoking and cooking.
Some of these chemicals, when released into the air, contribute to smog and acid rain. Short term
exposure to air pollution can irritate the eyes, nose and throat and cause upper respiratory
infections, headaches, nausea and allergic reactions. Long-term exposures can lead to chronic
respiratory disease, lung cancer, and heart disease. Long-term exposures also can lead to
significant climatic changes that can have far reaching negative impacts on food, water and
ecosystems.

NOISE AND LIGHT POLLUTION

Artificial light and noise often drown out natural landscapes. In the Arctic, the sounds of oil and
gas explorations are so loud that belugas, bowhead whales and other sea life have had difficulty
feeding and breeding. Light pollution disrupts circadian rhythms for both humans and animals
alike and may even contribute to the development of cancer. Light pollution also can impact sea
turtles. Adult and hatchling sea turtles are drawn toward lights along the beach, thinking they are
heading toward the moon. Coastal developments, therefore, are encouraged to turn off their
lights or cover them at night.

IMPACTS
Human activities contaminate ecosystems around the world—from pole to pole, from the highest
mountains to the ocean deep. Toxic chemicals can be found in pristine forests and the blood of
Arctic animals. Litter floats beneath the surface of oceans miles away from land. Even excess
noise and light are interrupting natural patterns and disrupting the lives of animals and people.

PREDATORS FULL OF POLLUTANTS

When toxic chemicals and metals enter the environment, organisms may absorb them through
their skin or ingest them in their food or water. Animals higher in the food chain accumulate
these toxins in higher and higher concentrations, a process called bio magnification. Top
predators—including fish, birds, and mammals—can have much higher levels of these toxins in
their bodies, making them more likely to experience the diseases, birth defects, genetic
mutations, and other deleterious effects of these poisons.

WATER POLLUTION
Clean freshwater is an essential ingredient for a healthy human life, but 1.1 billion people lack
access to water and 2.4 billion don’t have adequate sanitation. Water becomes polluted from
toxic substances dumped or washed into streams and waterways and the discharge of sewage and
industrial waste. These pollutants come in many forms—organic, inorganic and even radioactive
—and can make life difficult, if not impossible, for humans, animals and other organisms alike.

HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS AND DEAD ZONES

Human activities, especially agriculture, have led to large increases in the levels of nitrogen and
phosphorus in the environment. In water, this overabundance of nutrients, a process called
eutrophication, can fuel the excessive growth of phytoplankton and algae, which can sometimes
have devastating consequences. Harmful algal blooms—blooms of species that produce deadly
toxins and sometimes known as “red tides” or “brown tides” for their appearance in the water—
can kill fish, marine mammals and seabirds and harm humans. And when the algae and other
organisms that had been allowed to bloom because of the nutrient excess eventually die off,
bacteria may suck up all the oxygen from the water as the algae decompose. This hypoxia creates
a “dead zone” where fish cannot live. More than 400 areas around the world have been identified
as experiencing eutrophication and 169 are hypoxic.
ACID RAIN
When water in the atmosphere mixes with certain chemicals—particularly sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides emitted during the burning of fossil fuels—mild acidic compounds are formed.
This acid rain can leach toxic aluminum from the soil, which at low levels can stress fish in lakes
and streams or, at higher concentrations, kill them outright. Acid rain also weakens trees in
forests and contributes to air pollution that can harm humans.

OCEAN GARBAGE PATCHES

Plastics and other marine debris that can float may persist in the oceans for years, traveling the
currents. Some of this material accumulates in the centers of ocean gyres, creating great garbage
patches. The term “garbage patch” brings to mind floating islands of trash, but little of the debris
can be seen on the surface. Garbage patches, instead, are areas where concentrations of flotsam
and jetsam, mostly small pieces of plastic, are particularly high. This litter can distribute toxic
chemicals throughout the oceans, snag and tear corals, and harm animals if they ingest pieces of
plastic or become entangled in the debris.

ADVOCATING TO REDUCE POLLUTION

Pollution is regulated at local, national and international levels. WWF works at all three levels to
push for measures that will minimize the impacts of development and reduce pollution.

INSPIRING LOCAL CONSERVATION

WWF works to encourage local conservation and environmental awareness. For example, in
June 2012 WWF helped organize the first Coral Triangle Day, to bring to light the importance of
the oceans and the need to protect them. The regional celebration will involve beach and river
cleanups, selling of handicrafts made from recycled materials, and local campaigns which raise
awareness of the need to keep the marine environment clean.

PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE LIVING

WWF, in partnership with Toyota, helps to make the Galápagos a model of sustainable living.
Achievements include international environmental certification of the fuel-handling facility on
Baltra Island, a four-year renewable-energy teacher education campaign, the creation of the first
Municipal Department of the Environment on Santa Cruz Island, and an oil-recycling program.
Our vision for the future is to help create a successful waste management and recycling system
on all four inhabited islands. We continue to strive for innovative solutions, such as a new type of
landfill being constructed on Santa Cruz that will offer environmentally sound disposal of solid
waste. We also educate the local communities about theneed to reduce waste and recycle, create
a culture of responsible consumption.
EXAMPLES;
*BP Oil Spill of 2010 was one of the worst deep water oil spills. The oil spilled flowed for 3
months. Damage to the environment and coastal economies are still seen today even after the
capping of the well
*The Aral Sea is located between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The sea used to be the fourth
largest inland sea, but a Soviet irrigation policy have caused the redirection of the flow of the
rivers and has ceased the flow of water into the sea. Pesticides and pollutants have soaked into
the soil and harmed the regions farming industries.
*28TH April 1986
• Chernobyl nuclear power plant is located near Kiev, Ukraine.
• A reactor exploded in the power plant due to a poorly planned safety experiment design.

*The explosion contaminated 100, 000 sq. miles of land in Ukraine and Russia.
People had to be evacuated from villages and forced to resettle in new areas radiation was spread
all over Europe, Asia.
*North Industrial plants have dumped toxic wastes and pollution into the Ganges River. The
Hindu worshippers have risked getting sick from drinking and bathing in the waters.

Industrial pollution control policies in India

In India industries are now back bone to the economy. The industrial sector now
account for28.6% of the GDP. In India the demand for certain types of consumer products which
have led to the development of industrial growth .This growth alone contribute 4%of large scale
industrial pollution and 20%of small and medium enterprises pollution load.
Pollution is much higher in the case of thermal power plant, open cast mining, chemical,
fertilizer factories, manufacturing of bicycles & diesel engines. Emission from glass and iron
steel industries are extremely toxic. Waste disposal from such industries causes extensive water
and soil contamination too. Extraction of raw materials causes large surface disturbance and
erosion.
In India, Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) at the central level, and State Pollution Control
Board (SPCB) at the state level are authorities to deal the industrial pollution.
CPCB has identified 1551 large and medium industries in 17 categories are highly
polluting industries, contributing maximum pollution load.1351 industries have so far provide
the necessary pollution facilities.178 industries are closed down. Remaining 22 industries default
as per the Environment Protection Act 1986.
State wise analysis

state No of c Provide de
industria l necessary faul
l units o facilities to t
polluted s control pollution
e
d

Gujarat 117 0 170 0

7

Kerala 28 0 22 0
6

Madhya 62 1 48 03
Pradesh 1

Maharas 335 2 306 05

htra 4

Karnata 35 0 76 00
ka 9

Tamil 119 0 117 0

Nadu 2

West 173 2 144 0

Bengal 9

As per the CPCB report on September 30 2003

Category wise
 categor No of c Provide defa
y industria los necessary ult
l units ed facilities to
polluted control
pollution

Alumin 0 06 0
um 1

Castic 25 0 0 25

Cement 116 0 108 0

8

Copper 02 0 02 0

Distille 117 3 142 02

r 3

Dyes & 64 0 56 0
DI 8

Fertiliz 110 1 97 01
er 2

Iron 08 0 04 04
&steel

Leather 70 1 59 04
1
 Pestici 71 0 64 59
de 7

Petroch 49 0 49 0
em 0

pharam 251 2 225 0

a 6

Pulp 96 2 76 0
&paper 0

Refiner 12 0 12 0
y

Sugar 392 4 342 01

9

TPP 97 0 80 14
3

zin 04 0 04 0

As per the CPCB report on September 30 2003

Policy instruments

In India both regulatory and fiscal such as instrument have been employed to control and prevent
the pollution.
1. Regulatory measures:
The government has used the following regulatory instruments as preventive
mechanism includes no-objection certificate, consent, and standards.
a. NOC
 The NOC (Non Objection certificate) is required to start business new business and is
essentially a certificate of site clearness to be obtained by the entrepreneur from
concerned state PCB for the proposed project. Legally it is impossible to start or expand
any industries without prior environmental clearness. Environment impact assessment and
environment management planning are absolute pre-condition to start an industry and
public hearings have become necessary for factory expand.
b. consent
Consent is required after the completion of industry project .But before commissioning of
industrial process. This given consent to all instrumentation of o all required control
equipment to abate pollution. Without such consent, the factory or industry cannot start its
operation. The consent renewed every year and is renewed only if pollution standards are
complied with it can conditional or unconditional. It may be refuse or withdrawn if
measures to control pollution are found to inadequate.
c. standards :
Standards refer to a specific parameter previously quantified with respect to measure
disposal, discharge and emission solid, liquid and gaseous waste into environment. Until
the early nineties, standards needs periodical inspection of industries for this purpose the
MOEF classifies industries into red, green, orange according to level of severity of
pollution generating.
The standards are revised every 5 year, due the inclusion of new industries and
technical development .the frequency of inspection depends on firm size, pollution
It is not work effectively distillery units were notified to have maximum BOD pollution
load 30mg/1 discharge their association argued that with association argued that available
technology, they are unable to meet the standards, at last ministry re fixes BOD value as 10mg/1.
Similarly with respect to obtaining consent, the instrument appears to be only on the
paper. This evident from a recent study of pulp and paper industry which find that of 24 pulp and
paper producing plants in india,5 do not have any consent and 5 have only deemed consent of 5
which do not have any consent, one has been operating without consent since 1974 and 2 since
1994.

2. Fiscal instrument
In addition to pure regulatory judicial means the authorities also use fiscal instrument like
fines and subsidies to encourage pollution abatement.
In the state PCB’s are empowered by the MOEF as monitoring and implementing agency to
action behalf and demand information from any person or industry about the amount of
discharge of affluent into a steam or on land and details about the installation and pollution
control equipments. Non compliance with direction of state PCB under the water act is
punishable by the imprisonment of 3 month and a fine of up to RS 1000. An additional daily fine
of RS 500 can be imposed for the continued non-compliance, if non-compliance continued
beyond a period of 1 year and after the date of convict on the offense is punishable with
imprisonment for 2-7 year with fine.
Until 1988, the enforcement authority of state PCB was very weak as it limited to
criminal prosecution (with its attended delay) and seeking in to criminal prosecution (with its
attended delay) and seeking in to restrain polluter. Now however states PCB have power to close
complaint factories or cut off their water and electricity by the administrative order.
The water cess act provides for charges on water consumed. The main objective of this
charge is to increase its resources of PCB’s for the prevention and control of water pollution.
Pollution abatement measures taken by industries

Factories taken abatement measure

industries
sou Surfa wat
Air
nd ce er

9.8
Food product 9.45 0.63 0.73
4

16.
Cotton textile 14.5 1.34 0.34
12

Beverage
4.0
tobacco and 2.72 0.22 0.23
4
product

Machinery 9.2
9.65 1.25 0.49
equipment 5

6.9
Metal product 7.37 1.18 0.61
4
 9.4
Paper &product 4.65 0.19 0.62
7

ASI REPORT

All industries spend fewer amounts for pollution control measures; because it is increase cost of
production and reduces profit.

Various preventive strategies for industrial pollution abatement

This scheme is an amalgamation of the three on-going schemes viz. Environmental Audit,
Adoption of Clean Technologies in Small Scale Industries and Environmental statistics and
Mapping, which have been continuing since eighth Five Year Plan. Due to encouraging results
and benefits to various small scale units, these schemes are being continued during the 10th Five
Year Plan also:

1. Environment statement(as part of environment audit)

Environment audit is management tool and provide structure and a mechanism for
ensure all activities and products of an environment statement by polluting unit
seeking consent either under the water act 1974 or air act 1981.The environment
statement enables to the units to undertake a comprehensive look at the industrial
operation and facilitate, understanding of material flow and focus on area where
waste reduction and consequently saving in-put cost if possible , the primary benefit
of environment audit is that ensure cost effective compliance of laws ,standards ,
regulations , companies policies.
2. Waste minimization/clear production
It is one of the strategies adopted the minimizing in industry pollution. The objective
of this scheme is to assist small and medium industry in adoption of clear production
practices .Implementation of this project has helped in identification of more than 200
options for resources and energy conservation in various small industries.
3. Environment statistics and mapping
For the sound environment management, reliable information base and the mapping of areas
needed special attention for pollution prevent and control pollution.

Conclusion
For many years, pollution control policy was believed to be incompatible with rapid economic
development Sustained progress on pollution control in a developing country like India depends
on clear evidence that its benefits and costs compare favorably with those of other social
investment.
However, regulating all pollutants under all conditions are neither economically nor politically
sustainable. Regulators have limited skills and resources and they will rapidly lose political
support if the public regards them as unfair or ill informed. The regulators must decide which
sources to target, taking note of factories’ importance as local employers and other politically
sensitive issues. Agencies can avoid serious trouble if they target a small group of serious
polluters, limit regulation to a few critical pollutants, effectively measure these pollutants as well
as regulatory compliance, and publicly document their activities.

The authorities should take pollution control as a necessary component of economic

development.

References
1. Environmental and Economic Accounting for Industry, Murty .M.N, Kumar Surender, Oxford
University press New York 2004
2. ‘Industrial pollution control choosing the right option’, Vinish Kathuria, G.S.Haripriya EPW,
October 28,2000