Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences

Department of Civil Engineering

Steel Building Design

ENGM 042
Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Farah Taleb – MSc. Civil Engineering

 Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Table of Content

Part I: 3D Drawings of the Canopy 5

Part II: Design of Main Girder B 6
1- Calculation of Loading Applied on the Truss 6
a. Tributary Width 6
b. Applied Loads 6
2- Load Combinations 7
3- Calculation of Reactions at Supports A and G 7
4- Calculation of Internal Forces 7
5- Summary 9
6- Design of Tension Members 10
7- Design of Compression Members 10
Part III: Design of the Cantilever Roof Truss Type A 12
Part IV: Design of the Roof Bracing Member C 13
1- Design of the Tension Members 13
2- Design of the Compression Members 13
Part V: Design of the Vertical Cross Bracing D 14
1- Design of the Tension Members 14
2- Design of the Compression Members 15
Part VI: Detail Drawings for the Main Girder B 16
Part VII: Detail Drawings for the Roof Truss Type A 23
Part VIII: Detail Drawings for the Column-Foundation Connection 26
Part IX: Corrosion Protection 28
1- Introduction 28
2- Corrosion Protection Systems 28
a. Paint Coatings 28
b. Hot-Dip Galvanizing 29
3- Chosen Corrosion Protection System for the Project 29
Part X: Suitable Remedial Work for Column E 30
References 31

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 Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

List of Figures
Figure 1 Proposed Canopy from The Institution of Structural Engineers 1995 4
Figure 2 3D Drawing of the canopy – Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis 5
Figure 3 Top View of the Canopy – Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis 5
Figure 4 Front View of main Girder B – Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis 6
Figure 5 Tributary Width 6
Figure 6 All forces and joints of main girder B 9
Figure 7 Forces acting on Cantilever Roof Truss Type A 12
Figure 8 Forces in Cantilever Roof Truss Type A 12
Figure 9 3D Drawing showing Bracing C – Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis 13
Figure 10 Front View of Bracing D – Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis 14
Figure 11 Forces in Bracing D – Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis 14
Figure 12 Front View of the Main Girder B showing all the Connections – AutoCAD 2016 16
Figure 13 Connection Design of Joint A – AutoCAD 2016 17
Figure 14 Connection Design of Joints B and F – AutoCAD 2016 18
Figure 15 Connection Design of Joints L and H – AutoCAD 2016 18
Figure 16 Connection Design of Joints C, E and J – AutoCAD 2016 19
Figure 17 Connection Design of Joints K and I – AutoCAD 2016 20
Figure 18 Connection Design at Joint D – AutoCAD 2016 21
Figure 19 3D Wireframe view showing Beam-Column Connection at joint A – AutoCAD 2016 22
Figure 20 Front View of the Cantilever Roof Truss type A showing all the Connections – AutoCAD 2016 22
Figure 21 Front View of the Cantilever Roof Truss type A showing all the Connections – AutoCAD 2016 23
Figure 22 Connection Design of Joint M – AutoCAD 2016 24
Figure 23 Connection Design of Joint N – AutoCAD 2016 24
Figure 24 Connection Design of joint O – AutoCAD 2016 25
Figure 25 Connection Design of Joint P – AutoCAD 2016 25
Figure 26 Column–Foundation Connection Details – AutoCAD 2016 26
Figure 27 3D Hidden Lines view of the Column-Foundation Connection – AutoCAD 2016 27
Figure 28 3D Wireframe view of the Column-Foundation Connection – AutoCAD 2016 27
Figure 29 3D Hidden Lines view for Column E Remedial Work - AutoCAD 2016 30
Figure 30 X-ray view for Column E Remedial Work - AutoCAD 2016 30

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Design of a Canopy:
Design of a Canopy for the entrance to a major building. The structural
steelwork will be exposed to view.

Figure 1. Proposed Canopy from The Institution of Structural Engineers 1995.

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Part I: 3D Drawings of the Canopy.

Figure 2. 3D Drawing of the canopy – Autodesk Robot Strutural Analysis

Firgure 3. Top View of the Canpoy – Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Part II: Design of Main Girder B.

Figure 4. Front View of main Girder B – Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis

1- Calculation of Loading Applied on the Truss:

a. Tributary Width:

Figure 5. Tributary Width

b. Applied Loads:
 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = (𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠) ×
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ =
(0.2 + 0.15) × 4.5 = 1.575 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑠 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =

0.6 × 4.5 = 2.7 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 0.6 × 4.5 = 2.7 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑈𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 = 0.5 × 4.5 = 2.25 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

2- Load Combinations:
 1.35 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 1.5 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = (1.35 × 1.575) + (1.5 × 2.7) =
6.176 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
 1.35 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 1.5 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = (1.35 × 1.575) + (1.5 × 2.7) =
6.176 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 1.5 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑈𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 = (1.00 × 1.575) + (1.5 × 2.7) = 4.95 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
 1.35 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 1.5 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 0.9 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
(1.35 × 1.575) + (1.5 × 2.7) + (0.9 × 2.7) = 8.606 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
 1.35 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 1.05 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 1.5 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝐾𝑁
(1.35 × 1.575) + (1.05 × 2.7) + (1.5 × 2.7) = 9.01 ≅ 9𝐾𝑁/𝑚 (Most
𝑚
Critical Case)

At the supports A and G the applied load is:

4.5
9 × ( ) = 20.255𝐾𝑁
2
At all other nodes the applied load is:
4.5 4.5
9×( + ) = 40.5𝐾𝑁
2 2

3- Calculation of Reactions at Supports A and G:

 ∑ 𝑀𝑎𝑡 𝐴 = 0 (Positive direction is Anti-Clockwise)

[−40.5 × (4.5 + 9 + 13.5 + 18 + 22.5)] − (20.25 × 27) + (𝐺𝑦 × 27) = 0

2733.75+546.75
𝐺𝑦 = = 121.5 𝐾𝑁
27

 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 (Positive direction is upward)

−(40.5 × 5) − (20.25 × 2) + 121.5 + 𝐴𝑦 = 0

𝐴𝑦 = 243 − 121.5 = 121.5 KN

4- Calculation of Internal Forces:

For vertical forces, the positive direction is upward.
For horizontal forces, the positive direction is to the right.
Section I-I: Joint A
 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
−𝐹𝐴𝐵 . sin 22.5 − 20.5 + 121.5 = 0
121.5−20.5
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = = 263.92 𝐾𝑁 ≅ 264 𝐾𝑁 (C)
sin 22.5
 ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
−𝐹𝐴𝐵 . cos 22.5 + 𝐹𝐴𝐿 = 0
𝐹𝐴𝐿 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 . cos 22.5 = 243.23 𝐾𝑁 ≅ 243 𝐾𝑁 (T)

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Section II-II: Joint L

 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐹𝐿𝐵 = 0 (Zero Force Member)
 ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
−𝐹𝐿𝐴 + 𝐹𝐿𝐾 = 0
𝐹𝐿𝐾 = 243 𝐾𝑁 (T)
Section III-III: Joint B
 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐹𝐴𝐵 . cos 67.5 − 40.5 − 𝐹𝐵𝐾 . cos 67.5 = 0
264 cos 67.5−40.5
𝐹𝐵𝐾 = = 158.73 𝐾𝑁 ≅
cos 67.5
159 𝐾𝑁 (T)
 ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
−𝐹𝐵𝐶 + 𝐹𝐵𝐾 . cos 22.5 + 𝐹𝐴𝐵 . sin 67.5 = 0
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 159 cos 22.5 + 264 sin 67.5 =
393.57 𝐾𝑁 ≅ 394 𝐾𝑁 (C)
Section IV-IV: Joint C
 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
−40.5 + 𝐹𝐶𝐾 = 0
𝐹𝐶𝐾 = 40.5 𝐾𝑁 (C)
 ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 𝐹𝐶𝐵 = 394 𝐾𝑁 (C)

Section V-V: Joint K

 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐹𝐾𝐵 . cos 67.5 − 𝐹𝐾𝐶 − 𝐹𝐾𝐷 . cos 67.5 = 0
159.cos 67.5−45
𝐹𝐾𝐷 = = 53.16 𝐾𝑁 ≅
cos 67.5
53𝐾𝑁 (C)
 ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
−𝐹𝐾𝐿 − 𝐹𝐾𝐵 . cos 22.5 − 𝐹𝐾𝐷 . cos 22.5 +
𝐹𝐾𝐽 = 0
𝐹𝐾𝐽 = 243 + 159 cos 22.5 + 53 cos 22.5 = 438.86 𝐾𝑁 ≅ 439 𝐾𝑁 (T)

Section VI-VI: Joint J

 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐹𝐷𝐽 = 0 (Zero Force Member)
 ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
−𝐹𝐽𝐾 + 𝐹𝐽𝐼 = 0
𝐹𝐽𝐼 = 439 𝐾𝑁 (T)

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Section VII-VII: Joint D

 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐹𝐷𝐾 . sin 22.5 − 40.5 + 𝐹𝐷𝐼 . sin 22.5 = 0
40.5−53 sin 22.5
𝐹𝐷𝐼 = = 52.83 𝐾𝑁 ≅ 53 𝐾𝑁 (C)
sin 22.5
 ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐹𝐷𝐶 + 𝐹𝐷𝐾 . cos 22.5 − 𝐹𝐷𝐼 . cos 22.5 − 𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 0
𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 394 + 53 cos 22.5 − 53 cos 22.5 =
394 𝐾𝑁 (C)

5- Summary:
MEMBER FORCE (KN) TENSION/COMPRESSION
AB/FG 264 Compression
BC/CD/DE/EF 394 Compression
CK/EI 40.5 Compression
KD/DI 53 Compression
GH/AL/LK/IH 243 Tension
IJ/JK 439 Tension
BK/FI 159 Tension
DJ/LB/FH --- Zero Force Members

Figure 6. All forces and joints of main girder B

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

6- Design of Tension Members:

The maximum tension force is held by members IJ and JK, upon which the design for
tension members will be done. 2
𝑓𝑦 = 355 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
Assume the grade of steel to be S355
𝑓𝑢 = 335 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑓𝑦
𝑁𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 =
𝛾𝑀0

0.9𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑢
𝑁𝑢,𝑅𝑑 = ; 𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.
𝛾𝑀2

𝑁𝑢 = 439,000 𝑁 < 𝑁𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 & 𝑁𝑢,𝑅𝑑

𝛾𝑀0 ×𝑁𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 1.0×439000
𝐴1 = = = 1236.61 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 355

𝛾𝑀2 ×𝑁𝑢,𝑅𝑑 1.25×439000

𝐴2 = = = 1820 𝑚𝑚2 = 18.2 𝑐𝑚2 > 𝐴1 ; Most critical option.
𝑓𝑢 335×0.9

Try 100 × 100 × 6.3, hot finished square hollow section with an area 𝐴 =
23.2 𝑐𝑚2 > 18.2 𝑐𝑚2
2320×355 Both larger that the load applied
𝑁𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 = = 823,600 𝑁
1.0 on the members so the section is
0.9×2320×335 satisfactory
𝑁𝑢,𝑅𝑑 = = 559,584 𝑁
1.25

Apply the same section 100 × 100 × 6.3 to all tension members.

7- Design of Compression Members:

The maximum compression force is held by members BC, CD, DE and EF, upon
which the design for compression members will be done.
𝑁𝑢 = 394,000 𝑁
𝐸 = 210,000 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2

235 235
𝜀=√ =√ = 0.813
𝑓𝑦 355

Assume that the member is a class 1 member,

𝐴𝑓𝑦 𝑁𝑐,𝑅𝑑 ×𝛾𝑀0 394,000×1.0
𝑁𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = ;𝐴= = = 1,109.85 𝑚𝑚2 = 11.09 𝑐𝑚2
𝛾𝑀0 𝑓𝑦 355

Try 100 × 100 × 5, hot finished square hollow section with an area 𝐴 = 18.7 𝑐𝑚2 >
11.09 𝑐𝑚2
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋2 ×210,000×279×104
𝑁𝑐𝑟 = = = 285,560.55 𝑁 = 285.56 𝐾𝑁
𝐿2 45002

𝐴𝑓𝑦 1870×355
𝜆̅ = √ = √ = 1.52
𝑁 𝑐𝑟285,560.55

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

𝜙 = 0.5[1 + 𝛼(𝜆̅ − 0.2) + 𝜆2̅ ] = 0.5[1 + 0.21(1.52 − 0.2) + 1.522 ] = 1.79

1 1
𝜒= ̅2 )0.5 = = 0.36
𝜙+(𝜙2 −𝜆 1.79+(1.792 −1.522 )0.5

𝜒𝐴𝑓𝑦 0.36×1870×355
𝑁𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = = = 238,986 𝑁 = 238.986 𝐾𝑁 <
𝛾𝑀1 1.0
394 𝐾𝑁 (𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)
Try a bigger section,
Try 100 × 100 × 8, hot finished square hollow section with an area 𝐴 = 28.8 𝑐𝑚2 >
18.7 𝑐𝑚2
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋2 ×210,000×400×104
𝑁𝑐𝑟 = = = 409,405.81 𝑁 = 409.4 𝐾𝑁
𝐿2 45002

𝐴𝑓𝑦 2880×355
𝜆̅ = √ = √ = 1.58
𝑁𝑐𝑟 409,405.81

𝜙 = 0.5[1 + 𝛼(𝜆̅ − 0.2) + 𝜆2̅ ] = 0.5[1 + 0.21(1.58 − 0.2) + 1.582 ] = 1.89

1 1
𝜒= ̅2 )0.5 = = 0.34
𝜙+(𝜙2 −𝜆 1.89+(1.892 −1.582 )0.5

𝜒𝐴𝑓𝑦 0.34×2880×355
𝑁𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = = = 349,616 𝑁 = 349.616 𝐾𝑁 <
𝛾𝑀1 1.0
394 𝐾𝑁 (𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)
Try 100 × 100 × 10, hot finished square hollow section with an area 𝐴 =
34.9 𝑐𝑚2 > 28.8 𝑐𝑚2
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋2 ×210,000×462×104
𝑁𝑐𝑟 = = = 472,863.71 𝑁 = 472.86 𝐾𝑁
𝐿2 45002

𝐴𝑓𝑦 3490×355
𝜆̅ = √ = √ = 1.61
𝑁𝑐𝑟 472,863.71

𝜙 = 0.5[1 + 𝛼(𝜆̅ − 0.2) + 𝜆2̅ ] = 0.5[1 + 0.21(1.61 − 0.2) + 1.612 ] = 1.94

1 1
𝜒= ̅2 )0.5 = = 0.33
𝜙+(𝜙2 −𝜆 1.94+(1.942 −1.612 )0.5

𝜒𝐴𝑓𝑦 0.33×3490×355
𝑁𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = = = 408,853.5 𝑁 = 408.853 𝐾𝑁 >
𝛾𝑀1 1.0
394 𝐾𝑁 (𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)
Apply the same section 100 × 100 × 10 to all compression members.

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Part III: Design of the Cantilever Roof Truss Type A.

Using “Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional”, it was found that the forces in the
members of the cantilever “A” are as follows:

Figure 7. Forces acting on Cantilever Roof Truss Type A

The support on which the 10 KN force is acting is considered to be a roller acting as a spring.
This is due to the presence of the steel member that is beneath the roof truss type A

Figure 8. Forces in Cantilever Roof Truss Type A

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 50.25 𝐾𝑁 < 394 𝐾𝑁; This member can also be designed as 100 ×
100 × 10. This will ensure the homogeneity of the structure which is an advantage because
the structure is exposed to view.
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 36.28 𝐾𝑁 < 439 𝐾𝑁; This member can also be designed as 100 × 100 ×
6.3. This will ensure the homogeneity of the structure which is an advantage because the
structure is exposed to view.

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Part IV: Design of the Roof Bracing Member C.

Using “Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional”, it was found that the forces in the
bracing “C” are as follows:

Figure 9. 3D Drawing showing Bracing C – Autodesk Robot

Structural Analysis

1- Design of the Tension Member:

𝑁𝑢 = 7130 𝑁 < 𝑁𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 & 𝑁𝑢,𝑅𝑑
𝛾𝑀0 ×𝑁𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 1.0×7130
𝐴1 = = = 20.1 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 355
𝛾𝑀2 ×𝑁𝑢,𝑅𝑑 1.25×7130
𝐴2 = = = 29.6 𝑚𝑚2 = 0.296 𝑐𝑚2 > 𝐴1 ; Most critical option.
𝑓𝑢 335×0.9
Try 40 × 40 × 4.0, hot finished square hollow section with an area 𝐴 = 5.59 𝑐𝑚2 >
1.5 𝑐𝑚2

559×355 Both larger that the load applied

𝑁𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 = = 198,445 𝑁
1.0 on the members so the section is
0.9×559×335
𝑁𝑢,𝑅𝑑 = = 134,830 𝑁 satisfactory
1.25

2- Design of the Compression Member:

𝑁𝑢 = 2152 𝑁
𝐸 = 210,000 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
Try 40 × 40 × 4.0, hot finished square hollow section with an area 𝐴 = 5.59 𝑐𝑚2
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋2 ×210,000×11.8×104
𝑁𝑐𝑟 = = = 10,315.18 𝑁
𝐿2 4869.252

𝐴𝑓𝑦 559×355
𝜆̅ = √ = √ = 4.38
𝑁𝑐𝑟 10,315.18

𝜙 = 0.5[1 + 𝛼(𝜆̅ − 0.2) + 𝜆2̅ ] = 0.5[1 + 0.21(4.38 − 0.2) + 4.382 ] = 10.53

1 1
𝜒= ̅2 )0.5 = = 0.049
𝜙+(𝜙2 −𝜆 10.53+(10.532 −4.382 )0.5

𝜒𝐴𝑓𝑦 0.049×460×355
𝑁𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = = = 8121.53 𝑁 > 2152 𝑁; Acceptable
𝛾𝑀1 1.0

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Part V: Design of the Vertical Cross Bracing D.

Using “Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional”, it was found that the forces in the
bracing “D” are as follows:

Figure 10. Front View of Bracing D – Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis

Figure 11. Forces in Bracing D – Autodesk Robot Structural

Analysis

1- Design of the Tension Member:

𝑁𝑢 = 18,560 𝑁 < 𝑁𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 & 𝑁𝑢,𝑅𝑑
𝛾𝑀0 ×𝑁𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 1.0×18560
𝐴1 = = = 52.28 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 355
𝛾𝑀2 ×𝑁𝑢,𝑅𝑑 1.25×18560
𝐴2 = = = 72.61 𝑚𝑚2 = 0.7261 𝑐𝑚2 > 𝐴1 ; Most critical
𝑓𝑢 335×0.9
option.
Try 26.9 × 3.2, Circular hollow section with an area 𝐴 = 2.38 𝑐𝑚2 > 0.7261 𝑐𝑚2

238×355 Both larger that the load applied

𝑁𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 = = 84,490 𝑁
1.0 on the members so the section is
0.9×238×335
𝑁𝑢,𝑅𝑑 = = 57405.6 𝑁 satisfactory
1.25

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

2- Design of the Compression Member:

𝑁𝑢 = 23,400 𝑁
𝐸 = 210,000 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
Try 26.9 × 3.2, Circular hollow section with an area 𝐴 = 2.38 𝑐𝑚2
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋2 ×210,000×1.7×104
𝑁𝑐𝑟 = = = 869.15 𝑁
𝐿2 63672

𝐴𝑓𝑦 238×355
𝜆̅ = √ = √ = 9.85
𝑁𝑐𝑟 869.15

𝜙 = 0.5[1 + 𝛼(𝜆̅ − 0.2) + 𝜆2̅ ] = 0.5[1 + 0.21(9.85 − 0.2) + 9.852 ] = 55.33

1 1
𝜒= ̅2 )0.5 = = 0.009
𝜙+(𝜙2 −𝜆 55.33+(55.332 −9.852 )0.5

𝜒𝐴𝑓𝑦 0.009×238×355
𝑁𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = = = 760.41 𝑁 < 23400 𝑁; Not acceptable
𝛾𝑀1 1.0

Try 42.4 × 3.2, Circular hollow section with an area 𝐴 = 3.94 𝑐𝑚2
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋2 ×210,000×7.62×104
𝑁𝑐𝑟 = = = 3,896 𝑁
𝐿2 63672

𝐴𝑓𝑦 394×355
𝜆̅ = √ = √ = 5.99
𝑁𝑐𝑟 3896

𝜙 = 0.5[1 + 𝛼(𝜆̅ − 0.2) + 𝜆̅2 ] = 0.5[1 + 0.21(5.99 − 0.2) + 5.992 ] = 19.048

1 1
𝜒= ̅2 )0.5 = = 0.02
𝜙+(𝜙2 −𝜆 19.048 +(19.048 2 −5.992 )0.5

𝜒𝐴𝑓𝑦 0.02×394×355
𝑁𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = = = 2797.4 𝑁 > 23400 𝑁; Acceptable
𝛾𝑀1 1.0

15
 Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Part VI: Detail Drawings for the Main Girder B.

Figure 12. Front View of the Main Girder B showing all the Connections – AutoCAD 2016

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Figure 13. Connection Design of Joint A – AutoCAD 2016

All compression members are 100 × 100 × 10.

All tension members are 100 × 100 × 6.3.
All Plates are 6 mm plates.
Review part II, section 5 for members’ classification.
The horizontal member “AL” is connected to the steel column by being welded unto 2 plates
directly welded to the column, and also by being welded to the column from its face. Another
plate is then welded to the column and the member “AL”, on which the inclined member “AB”
is welded. See figures 19 and 20 for more details.
The bottom of the girder is made of 2 horizontal members but the top is made of 4 horizontal
members. This is done to show 2 different approaches of constructing or designing the girder.
However, during construction only one approach will be held.

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 Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Figure 14. Connection Design of Joints B and F – AutoCAD 2016

Figure 15. Connection Design of Joints L and H – AutoCAD 2016

18
 Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Figure 16. Connection Design of Joints C, E and J – AutoCAD 2016

19
 Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Figure 17. Connection Design of Joints K and I – AutoCAD 2016

20
Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Figure 18. Connection Design at Joint D – AutoCAD 2016

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Figure 19. 3D Wireframe view showing Beam-Column Figure 20. 3D Hidden Lines view showing Beam-Column
Connection at joint A – AutoCAD 2016 Connection at joint A – AutoCAD 2016

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Part VII: Detail Drawings for the Cantilever Roof Truss Type A.

152 × 76 𝑅𝑆𝐶

Figure 21. Front View of the Cantilever Roof Truss type A showing all the Connections – AutoCAD
2016

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 Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Figure 22. Connection Design of Joint M – AutoCAD 2016

Figure 23. Connection Design of Joint N – AutoCAD 2016

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 Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

152 × 76 𝑅𝑆𝐶

Figure 24. Connection Design of joint O – AutoCAD 2016

Figure 25. Connection Design of Joint P – AutoCAD 2016

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Part VIII: Detail Drawings for the Column-Foundation Connection.

Figure 26. Column–Foundation Connection Details – AutoCAD 2016

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Figure 27. 3D Hidden Lines view of the Column- Figure 28. 3D Wireframe view of the Column-
Foundation Connection – AutoCAD 2016 Foundation Connection – AutoCAD 2016

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Part IX: Corrosion protection.

1- Introduction:
According to the law of Thermodynamics, steel will eventually corrode, given that iron
oxide is more thermodynamically stable than the metallic iron, hence the formation of
rust.1 Rust is a reddish non-adhesive film formed on the surface of steel due to
corrosion. The fact that the rust film keeps falling off the steel surface, makes the
beneath fresh surfaces of steel continuously exposed to the external conditions from
which oxygen and water, which are the main two reasons of the occurrence of the
corrosion phenomenon.

2- Corrosion Protection Systems:

Before providing any kind of protection to a steel surface, the latter must be prepared
and cleaned in order to avoid steel contamination and to guarantee that the coating/mean
of protection gives the best performance. Protection may be provided in plenty of ways,
of which:
a. Paint Coatings:
Paint coatings have developed over the years to comply with environmental
legislation and offer a better performance as a corrosion protection system.
Paints are formed of three components: the pigment, the binder and the solvent.
The pigment is what gives the colour to the paint, the binder is the reason of the
formation of the paint film and the solvent eases the use of the paint.2 The paint
system is usually composed of multiple layers such as the primer and the
finishing coat. The method of application and handling these layers is a key
point in the effectiveness of the paint.

Advantages of using Paint3:

 It can be made to meet any desired colour specification for the project.
 It is available in a wide range of types.
 Two-coat formulations provide excellent corrosion resistance.
Disadvantages of using Paint:4
 Paints are very harmful for the environment and for humans.
 Exact colour uniformity cannot be achieved.
 Amounts of waste are generated during application of the paint.

1
"Corrosion Theory." Corrosion Doctors - Kingston Technical Software. 2015. http://www.corrosion-
doctors.org/Principles/Theory.htm.
2
"Corrosion Protection." In Steel Buildings. First ed. London, Westminster: British Constructional
Steelwork Association - BCSA, 2003.
3
"Advantages & Disadvantages of Wet Paint." Aluminium Extrusion Company Anodizing, Painting,
Powder Coating, Thermal Barrier, and Thermal Strutting, Custom Extrusion/Profile Manufacturer:
Keymark Corporation. http://www.keymarkcorp.com/paintAdvDis.php3.
4
"Advantages & Disadvantages of Wet Paint." Aluminium Extrusion Company Anodizing, Painting,
Powder Coating, Thermal Barrier, and Thermal Strutting, Custom Extrusion/Profile Manufacturer:
Keymark Corporation. http://www.keymarkcorp.com/paintAdvDis.php3.

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

b. Hot-Dip Galvanizing:
This is done by immersing the steel in a 450°C molten zinc. The steel is
uniformly coated by the zinc which later solidifies forming a very stiff and tough
coat.5
However galvanizing the steel has some limitations that can represent obstacles
during the construction works. Metals must be of suitable length and
specifications in order to be galvanized. “Structural steel that is to be hot-dip
galvanized should be clearly specified, by invoking the appropriate options in
the material standards"6
Advantages of Hot-Dip Galvanizing:7
 It has a very low first cost.
 It has a very low long term maintenance cost.
 It has a very long life (up to 30 years in corrosive environments).
 It is environmentally friendly.
 It offers a uniform protection.
 Steel can be inspected and erected as soon as it is galvanized.
Disadvantages of Hot-Dip Galvanizing:
 It cannot be done on site.
 When welded it loses some parts of its coating.

3- Chosen Corrosion Protection System for the Project:

In order to provide the ultimate protection for the canopy, it is better to consider
galvanizing the steel members. Galvanizing the steel will give it a very durable and stiff
cover, not to mention all the advantages stated previously. However the canopy will be
exposed to view, the fact that plays in major role in choosing a corrosion protection
system for the structure. Hence painting the structure might sound the perfect solution
since it will give it a good appearance.
In our, the steel structure will first be hot-dip galvanized to provide a tough and uniform
protection. Then it will be over coated by paint to provide an extended service lifetime,
as well as an acceptable appearance for the canopy.
It is also important to note that almost all the steel section from which this canopy is
constructed are hollow sections. Hence, all the hollow sections grinded at their top
surface in order to make it smooth, then they are closed using steel placed with
appropriate dimensions. Closure of the hollow sections will prevent accumulation of
dust and water inside of them, thus an extra protection from the corrosion or any other
deteriorating system.

5
"Corrosion Protection." In Steel Buildings. First ed. London, Westminster: British Constructional
Steelwork Association - BCSA, 2003.
6
"Corrosion Protection." In Steel Buildings. First ed. London, Westminster: British Constructional
Steelwork Association - BCSA, 2003.
7
"Steel Protection By Hot Dip Galvanizing - Hot Dip Galvanizing." HOT DIP GALVANIZERS
ASSOCIATION SOUTHERN AFRICA. http://www.ckit.co.za/secure/conveyor/troughed/corrosion-
protection/steel-protection/steel-protection---05-galvanizing.htm.

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

Part X: Suitable Remedial Work for Column E.

The concrete base under one of the columns marked E has been cast 150𝑚𝑚 too low. The
column height is 4500 𝑚𝑚 and it is a 120 × 120 × 6.3 SHS. The overall needed section
is 4500 + 150 = 4650 𝑚𝑚. The most efficient solution is to weld a steel section having the
same specifications as column E, to column E. The steel section is first bolted to the concrete
footing then welded to column E. However it is noted that a section of 150mm is very short to
be cut and worked on for a steel section.
Hence, 850 𝑚𝑚 are cute from column E leaving it with a height of 3650 𝑚𝑚. Then, a 1 meter
steel section having the same properties is bolted on the foundation then welded to column E.
3 𝑚𝑚 space is left between the sections prior to welding, in order to provide full penetration
of the weld. The latter fact will for sure offer more strength to the connection. Finally a plate
is welded on each side of the section in order to provide more strength. See figure 29 and 30.
It is important to note that the connection could have been made by bolt, but this won’t be
complying with the appearance of the canopy, especially that it is exposed to view.

Figure 29. 3D Hidden Lines view for Figure 30. 3D X-ray view for Column E
Column E Remedial Work - AutoCAD Remedial Work - AutoCAD 2016
2016

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Steel Building Design Coursework 1 – Design of a Canopy

References:
"Advantages & Disadvantages of Wet Paint." Aluminium Extrusion Company Anodizing, Painting,
Powder Coating, Thermal Barrier, and Thermal Strutting, Custom Extrusion/Profile Manufacturer:
Keymark Corporation. http://www.keymarkcorp.com/paintAdvDis.php3.

"Corrosion Theory." Corrosion Doctors - Kingston Technical Software. 2015. http://www.corrosion-

doctors.org/Principles/Theory.htm.

"Corrosion Protection." In Steel Buildings. First ed. London, Westminster: British Constructional
Steelwork Association - BCSA, 2003.

"Steel Protection By Hot Dip Galvanizing - Hot Dip Galvanizing." HOT DIP GALVANIZERS
ASSOCIATION SOUTHERN AFRICA. http://www.ckit.co.za/secure/conveyor/troughed/corrosion-
protection/steel-protection/steel-protection---05-galvanizing.htm.

31