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PROLOGUE
Srinagar, bearing quashing of the excruciating ravage ’14 flood that rendered state
Irrigation department in triturate titters. Having learned the lesson, no scope to run
the same mistakes over again with flaccid aptitude was consensually accentuated.
Hinging on such concerns a sedulous analysis of the existent emergency kick-in
mechanisms for crisis scenarios were put forth and earlier ones ditched, tagged
inept.In lieu of this, a sure-fire strategy to avert ominous situations lay bare
necessitated. Concomitant to such a master plan, increasing the capacity of flood
spill channels was cardinally posited.
In connection to this , Narbal spill channel offered a key position flow route that
corresponds to a watershed point in orchestrating flood aversion.Given that ,its
patently apt if hefty amounts are spent on its anterior proximity to play a pivotal
role in controlling upsizing water levels.Its re-sectioning is dexterously doled out
on par with scientific techniques, entailing drastic dredging and demolition
inasmuch ,wiping clean effective area of operation.
Concerning this, ensued massive transition in topography resulted in revisiting
connections between its ecology and locale vicinity. Four bridges were sanctioned
at key points of interest based on analytics of connectivity amidst semi-urban
zones. Of all these ,one politically essential bridge stands anchored would-be at
Sharifabad connecting the high value Kilo force Army camp head quarter with a
link route merging with National highway at the outskirts of Sharifabad-Bemina .
Given the nature of army goods, ferrying such valuable items and cargo to and fro
the camp gives the point of interest a fat panegyric worth. It serves forthright as an
asset than a mere liability of requirement. In addition, the connectivity with upper
suburbs is also made plausible inasmuch.
Also it’s a safe route of traversing for stone Lorry vehicles transporting from
Panthachowk / zewan ( mountainous ) to the place warranting such foundational
items.Still , approach roads need to be properly framed around based on traffic
flow consisting mostly of lorry’s ( as mentioned ).
The bridge spans over 182 m with three piers and two abutments to transmute
heavy instant based load effectively / equally over all the vertical structural
members.
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COORDINATES :
Latitude : 34.089431N
Longitude : 74.739559E

TRAINING RECONNOITRE
During our visits ,second and third pier substructure , second abutment rafting
was gaining ground, de facto.Later on concreting ( layering ) was witnessed along
with bar crossing at Rafting ( abutments ).1st abutment was partially completed
upon and not tinkered with since our final visit. Deliberate extra filling was done
along the bridge lines to cave in workability for fulltime basis contract workers
exempted only ‘under the weather’ days .This serves in parity with economically
legit considerations in lieu of July,2018 deadline of the said proposal with no
backpedalling possible. Work expedition is apposite plausibly.
Outside our stay course, first pier was also finished along with the second
.Whereas, the third still limps objective to funds sanction blowing cold and hot,
derailing the efficiency of work rate into temporal abeyance subject to de jure
release, thereto.
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We were witness to piling work along all sixteen piles, at the rate of five piles a
day. In the same vein, boring / removal of slush concrete was under radar. Items of
usage were noted duly and specifics of mixing which ought to be M35 (design
mix) concrete gradation were observed in exercise.
Replacement of trimmie rods was found particularly worthwhile along with
conspicuous variation of sub soil features. This formed the focal subject of our site
training .Juxtaposition of concrete and geotechnical analytics silhouettes the core
of our view based study.
Variation in soil gradations – clayey extracts posited for testing were taken report
of based on bore logs along with hydraulic data – subterranean investigation was
noted to check for parity with standard values of strength and surety of
corroboration with standard thereabouts.
A temporal steel framed bridge set forth on sitting principles stood effective
beforehand to provide against dereliction of transport route and linkability with
suburbs elsewhere.The soil seems apt for construction upon .Also steel frames are
furbished already with work underscore to frame them in consonant resonance with
against proscribed deets.This work is in tandem and parallel to the sub soil
construction. In lieu of cost and time effective requirements considering its
deadline. The site takes advantage of deforestation drive by Irrigation department
in provision of Sun exposure and moisture control required with concrete
settlement and speedy consolidation of wetwork.
PILING LOOK-OVER
Deep foundation is construed as a primal load transfer technique for apt
transmutation of bridge and surplus weight (instant traffic), pitched upon with
regular withering of load bearance abilities. Piles are vertical structural elements of
such a deep foundation, driven and drilled, subterranean, at the site of interest. A
deep foundation walks over a shallow one on any day given its withstanding hold
over larger design holds. Typically restricted to skyscrapers and concomitant
designs. Herein, the span of 182m warrants such deeper levels .Moreover, poor soil
at shallow depths ruled out shorter foundation per se (based on soil investigation
amounting 1 percent of total penury allotted). Pile is likened to a pole and a pier is
synonymous to column. Piles ought to be driven onto the ground in situ, post
excavation and drilling operations. The ones used thereto at Sharifabad was based
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on reinforced concrete barring other options of timber, steel ; considering

expenditure and operandi planned investigations sticked out for the same.

Pile Installation Methods

Piles are an essential part of the construction industry. They’re used to provide
much needed support to both permanent and temporary installations, including
buildings, bridges and industrial structures. Because of their usefulness and ease of
use, piles have become a fairly common sight both within and outside of the
construction industry.

There are various different types of piles, each of which has been developed to suit
a particular purpose. Whereas previously piles were limited to one of just a handful
of material types, it’s now possible to construct piles out of a range of natural and
man-made materials. To this day, however, piles tend to be made out of one of just
three materials – timber, concrete or wood.

Why Do We Need Piling?

Piles are most commonly used to support and strengthen foundations. They
function as both a lateral load support and as a type of supporting wall, being able
to both reinforce ground soil and provide stability to the structure being erected.
Because of this, piling is deemed a necessary component of modern construction.

How to Install Piles

Piles are installed using a number of different methods, each of which is selected
according to need. The various factors which influence what type of pile you’ll
need and the ways in which your piling can be installed might include:

 The depth of your excavation

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 The material your piles are made of

 The angle at which your piles are being driven
 Environmental issues which may impact local residents, flora or fauna

Once your needs have been assessed, you will feel better able to decide which of
the two most common pile installation methods you will use for your project:
displacement or replacement. Displacement piling installation refers to the method
of driving piles into the ground without first removing any of the soil or other
material. Replacement piling installation refers to the method of first digging out a
hole, into which the pile is then manoeuvered.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Pile Installation Methods

Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages – for example,

displacement piling is best used for projects where there are concerns about
potential disturbance levels. On the other hand, displacement piling is not able to
penetrate obstructions and is therefore unsuitable for rocky or otherwise
problematic terrain. Replacement piling, however, is much more appropriate for
installation in difficult ground, but does cause an elevated amount of disturbance to
the surrounding environment both during and after the pile installation is complete.
Your choice as to which method will be most appropriate for your construction
project should be based on a thorough assessment, not just of the type of soil and
environment you are working in and with, but also of the particular demands of
your construction project.
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4 PHASES INVOLVED IN BORED CAST IN-SITU PILE

CONSTRUCTION WORK

Piles can either be driven into the ground (driven piles) or be installed in a
predrilled hole (bored piles or drilled shafts). The construction of bore cast in situ
concrete pile consists of 4 primary phases

1.Pile boring,

2.Reinforcement cage lowering,

3.Flushing

4.Pile concreting.

Now we will discuss each phase one by one.

Pile installation process

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1. PILE BORING

1. Hydraulic rig/manually operable auger should be mobilized at the required

location
2. Four reference points (making two lines perpendicular to each other) should be
marked for checking centre of pile bore during boring of pile.
3. Initial boring of about 2.0 meters is to be done using cutting tool of desired
diameter of pile
4. Then boring will be carried out according to the sub-soil investigation report of
that location. It will be done using liner, bentonite or both.
5. The temporary guide casing, approximately 2.0 meter length with outside
diameter equivalent to nominal diameter of the pile, may then lowered in the
bore hole. In such a case dia of cutting tool will be little less, maximum 75 mm
less than outside dia of casing for free movement in the casing pipe during
operation.
6. Position / centerline of the guide casing pipe with reference to pile reference
points already fixed around the pile location shall be checked to shift/adjust the
casing pipe to ensure proceeding of drilling at exact pile location without any
deviation.
7. Boring has to be done up to the founding strata as per drawings/ pre decided
depth using intermittently bentonite slurry as per requirement. In case of
requirement the bore hole is then supplied with bentonite slurry, from
bentonite installation. Bentonite circulation channel will be made from bore
hole to bentonite tank and fresh bentonite slurry will be pumped to bore hole
through hose pipes. 24 hours prior to start of pile boring, ensure that bentonite
is completely dispersed I the water and attains required density to stabilize the
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sides of bore hole during drilling. Bentonite slurry of specified quality should
be circulated continuously during boring process.
8. Bentonite used to stabilize the sides of bore hole should be conforming to
requirements as listed in inspection and test plan. Density of bentonite solution
should be checked during boring operation to ensure that the density is about
1.05 g/cc to 1.10 g/cc, marsh cone viscosity 30 to 40 and pH value 9.5 to 12.
9. Bentonite slurry is pumped by high pressure reciprocating pumps/ vertical
pump into the bore hole and the same is allowed to overflow the bore hole. The
overflow slurry with bored mud/soil etc that comes out along with bentonite
slurry is passed through channels and is collected in sediment tanks where
sediments settle and bentonite can be re used. If necessary, the bentonite may
be passed through the de sander tank to remove sand particles before it is re
used.
10.Depth of pile shall be checked with sounding chain and exact depth shall be
recorded in the pile report.
11.After boring upto required depth under reaming will be done using under
reamer of desirable diameter. Completion of desired bulb cutting will be
ascertained by (i) vertical movement of the handle and (ii) using L shaped rod
of length enough to reach upto bulb location from approximately 2 feet above
ground level and horizontal dimension equal to 0.5 of bulb dia minus pile dia.

2. REINFORCEMENT CAGE LOWERING

1. Prefabricated reinforcement cage prepared as per the drawings and approved

depths, is brought and kept near pile location while boring is in progress.
2. After getting the permission from the engineer, the reinforcement cage will be
gently lifted and lowered by crane/manually into the bored hole. Necessary
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concrete cover will be obtained by using the circular cover blocks already
made of the same strength as of pile.
3. If the reinforcement cage is very long i.e. not possible to handle in one lift, the
cage will be lifted one by one and spot welded at the joints and then lowered
inside the bored hole.
4. It is to be checked whether the reinforcement cage has reached up to bottom of
the pile by measuring from the top of the cage to the ground level.

3. FLUSHING

1. After cage lowering, 200 mm diameter tremie pipes in suitable lengths are to
be lowered in the hole. The operation is done by lowering one tremie pipe after
another and connecting them threading to maintain water tightness throughout
its length till the gap between the pile base and Tremie is between75 – 100
mm. the tremie pipe is locked/supported from top to maintain the level and
funnel is attached on top.
2. The tremie head to be provided to the tremie pipe for the flushing activity. The
bore is flushed by fresh bentonite slurry through the tremie head. The pumping
for flushing is done by use of mud circulation pump. Flushing will be done
to remove all the loose sediments which might have accumulated on the
founding strata. Further, the flushing operation shall be continued till the
consistency of inflowing and out flowing slurry is similar.

4. PILE CONCRETING

1. The concrete placing shall not proceed if density of fluid near about the bottom
of borehole exceeds 1250 kg/m3.
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2. Determination of the density of the drilling mud from the base of the borehole
shall be carried out by taking samples of fluid by suitable slurry sample
approved by the engineer in charge, in first few piles and at suitable interval of
piles thereafter and the results recorded.
3. After flushing is completed, tremie head should be removed and funnel should
be attached to the tremie pipe.
4. The slump of the concrete will be maintained at 150 mm to 200 mm.
5. Concreting operation will be carried out using the 200 mm diameter trmie
pipes.
6. Initial charge of concrete should be given in the funnel using a plug. Total
concrete quantity in the funnel should be more than the volume of the entire
pipe plus free space below the tremie. This will ensure a water tight concrete
pouring through tremie.
7. Lifting and lowering is repeated keeping sufficient concrete in funnel all the
time. As the concreting proceeds the tremie pipe are to be removed one by one,
taking care that the tremie pipe has sufficient embedment in the concrete until
the whole pipe is concreted. Sufficient head of green concrete shall be
maintained to prevent inflow of soil or water in to concrete. Placing of
concrete shall be a continuous process from the toe level to top of pile.
8. The concrete is poured in the funnel. As the concrete reaches the top of the
funnel, the plug is lifted up to allow the concrete to flow corresponding to the
placing of each batch of concrete.
9. The concreting of pile is to be done up to minimum of 300 mm above the cut
off level to get good and sound concrete at cut off level.
10.After completion of concreting tremie, funnel and other accessories are to be
washed properly and kept greased in proper stacking condition near next pile
location.
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11.While doing under water concreting 10% extra cement over and above the
design mix requirement should be added in each batch.

DIRECT MUD CIRCULATION METHOD :

Direct Mud Circulation method of pile foundation installation is used for bored
cast in-situ piles. Direct Mud Circulation method is best suited when working-
space is a huge constraint.

In Industries and power plants where there is a labyrinth of pipelines snaking all
around, DMC comes to the rescue. While the other methods are comparatively
expensive, DMC is a fairly cheaper method to install piles.

The apparatus basically comprises a Tripod with pulley, winch machine, wire-rope,
Chisel, drill pipes, tremie pipes, a vertical pump and a pit where bentonite powder
is mixed with fresh water.

A tripod as the name suggests is a three-legged structure which is mounted with a

pulley at the apex to maneuver the chisel that bores the earth, which is further
appended to drill pipes in tandem with a wire rope that is ultimately knotted to the
winch machine. To make it sound simple, the chisel is the primary boring tool and
the drill pipes are mere appendages that provide the depth, and also, suffuse the
bore with bentonite suspension.

The number of drill pipes required varies depending on the depth of the bore
required. Besides this, a vertical pump is installed in the bentonite pit so as to
pump the bentonite solution into the bore hole through drill pipes and chisel.
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The method is termed as Direct Mud Circulation because it involves the

circulation of mud from the pile bore directly to the bentonite pit where the pump
reuses the bentonite slurry leaving alone the settled mud.

Fig1. Direct Mud Circulation Method of Pile Installation

Procedure for Direct Mud Circulation Method of Pile Foundation Installation
1) The Tripod is made to stand around the target pile (two legs around the pile and
one into the slot provided in winch machine) and a plumb bob is then hung down
the pulley (mounted on the tripod) aiming the center of the target pile so as to
obtain the center for the chisel. The maximum tolerance permissible for piles with
diameter 600mm or more is 75mm or D/2, whichever is more.

2) Once the position of winch machine and the tripod is fixed, casing is installed
into the earth keeping the center point intact. A wall made up of sacks filled with
rubble or soil is created around the pile-area so as to channel an artificial conduit
directed towards the bentonite pit. This channel directs the mixture of mud and
bentonite slurry coming out from the bore to the bentonite pit.

3) The topmost drill pipe is connected with a hose emerging from the vertical
pump (installed in the bentonite) pit sending fresh bentonite slurry to the borehole
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through a fine opening in chisel and when the bore hole is filled to the brink, it
flows back to the bentonite pit along with the mud through the artificial conduit. In
this way the mud from the bore keeps on moving up the borehole and is directed to
the bentonite tank.

4) It is preferred to use fresh and clean water for the preparation of bentonite
suspension as the minutest impurities may alter the properties of a suspension. In
case, clean water is not available at the site, special additives such as Ferrosome
lignosulphate in combination with soda ash, phosphates and flocculants are added.

The specific gravity of the bentonite suspension should be between 1.05 to 1.12 as
it is responsible for the retention of the vertical cut soil surface of pile borehole.
Cohesiveness and surface tension develop among the soil particles if the specific
gravity of the suspension is overlooked which eventually leads to the collapse of
vertical cut soil surface.

To achieve the requisite specific gravity of the bentonite solution, the

concentration of bentonite is calculated as under:

Ys=1+0.006 x Cs
Where “ys” is the density of the bentonite suspension and “Cs” is the concentration
of bentonite by weight.

“Concentration of bentonite” means percentage of bentonite (by weight), to be

mixed with water.

So, Cs=1/6 x (1.05-1) x1000 =8.33% by weight.

i.e In 1m3 of water 83.3kg bentonite shall be mixed to get 1.05 specific gravity of
the bentonite solution.
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There are two stages of use of bentonite suspension:

o First flushing: When earth is being bored, bentonite suspension of specific gravity
between 1.05 to 1.12 is to be maintained.

o Second flushing: When the bore has to be cleaned after the completion.

5) Chisel is then driven inside the casing and the earth is bored until the chisel has
fully gone down inside the earth. Drill pipes are attached to the chisel in tandem
and the boring progresses by maneuvering the winch machine until the requisite
depth is bored. Flushing is done all the while during the pile boring. After the
completion of bore, chisel is brought outside and the second flushing of the bore
hole is done to remove all the mud and impurities.

6) Cage Insertion should be done immediately after the completion of second

flushing. It is recommended to provide temporary hooks to the cages so as to keep
the verticality of the cage in view while inserting it down the bore hole.

7) Tremie are finally inserted into the bore hole attached to a hopper at the top
hung by the wire rope. The joint between the hopper and tremie pipe is closed with
a steel plug before the first charge of concrete. The hopper is then filled with
concrete to its full capacity. Once filled, the steel plug is removed to allow the
concrete to flow down the tremie pipes thereby replacing the bentonite solution.

Concreting is done up to at least 1m above the cut-off levels to ensure good

concrete for proper embedment into pile cap.

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS OF BRIDGE

RD : 9.60 Km
BRIDGE TYPE : STEEL TRUSS GIRDER THROUGH TYPE
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NO OF SPANS : 4 x 45 mtrs
H.F.L : 1585.605 MTRS
Free board : 1.50 MTRS
DISCHARGE : 30,000 cusec
Formation level of cunnette bed - 1580.586 meters
Carriageway of bridge - 7.50 meters
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PILE INFORMATION AND INSTALLATION

The test pile is bored cast in-situ (DMC) RCC pile M35 grade concrete ,with pile
dia 1200 mm and pile length 26mtrs deep.Reinforcing cage lowered into the
borehole and concrete done with M35 grade concrete using Tremmie pipe casing.
Vertical load test synopsis :
The pile head of concrete lay on the pile top after removal of the unsound concrete,
reinforcement bent and covered under the pile head.The bearing plate placed on the
pile head for the jack to rest.downward incremental test loads applied on the pile
head by means of hydraulic jack,with remote control pumping unit fitted with the
pressuregaugereacting against the reaction loaded loaded platform supported clear
of the test pile.The reaction load comprised of ISMB steel girders ( main and cross
) steel plates and gunny bags filled with the coarse aggregate. The center of
gravity of the reaction laod applied by the jack co-axial with the pile under
test.Settlements observed and recorded with the helpof micrometer dial gauges
0.01 mm – 50 mm for each increment of test load at intervals of time nearest to
0.01 mm - the increment of load the applied.Settlement observations repeated and
recorded.The dial gauges held in position by the magnetic base dial gauge holders
placed on the datum bars.
The test pile was subjected to maximum test load of 265 MT, which is
concomitant to a maximum settlement of 18.94 mm , the safe load of the test pile
corresponds to a permissible settlement of 12 mm with FOS 1.5 totting up to 172
MT.Pile load test was carried out as per the established guidelines ( IS-2911 Part 4
) by maintained load method.

PILE AUDIT
Quality control probing is warranted bearing in mind realistic potency of the
structure , which is long term sighted.Also hefty investment of government funds
and temporal deadlines vindicate proper usage thereof. Ergo,technical
specifications ought to be under archetype.
The following data was collected from Quality check labs located in Pampore
conducted under IS CODE METHOD.
Technical deets on ‘overhaul’ piles -
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TEST COMPLEXION : SINGLE PILE LOAD BASED

LOADING AXIS : VERTICAL
PILE TYPE : Bored cast (in-situ) { DMC }
CAST DATE : 11/10/2017 {IND }
TEST DATE : 19/2/18
CONCRETE GRADE : M-35 { DESIGN MIX }
PILE DIAMETER : 120 cm
PILE LENGTH : 2600 cm { used in test }
LOADING EQUPIMENT CONSTANTS -
DIAL GAUGES : .01mm – 50mm
PRESSURE GAUGE CAPACITY : 400 MT
LC OF PRESSURE GAUGE : 02 MT
RAM DIA : 295 mm
HYDRAULIC JACK CAPACITY : 400 MT
PISTON DIA : 295 mm
TEST LOAD DATA –
LOAD SETTLEMENT (mm )
25MT .34
50MT .75
75MT 1.03
100MT 1.33
125MT 1.73
150MT 2.21
175MT 2.90
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200MT 3.80
225MT 5.16
250MT 9.09
265MT 18.94
Rebound = 3.21 mm
Inference from LOAD SETTLEMENT CURVE
The yield point 12mm settlement is concomitant with the test load setting of 257.5
MT ,with FOS-1.5 .For 26 mtr length pile, the safe load capacity of the test pile
works out to172 MT.
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DESIGN PARAMETERS
In lieu with the proposed structure and type of construction at the location meted
out, the below under engineering specified design parameters have been ferret out.
Foundation design parameters
The results of field investigations / SPT snd laboratory recce have been
incorporated to sass out Safe Bearing Capacity at various intervals at the proposed
construction site. The SBC of the stratum has been evaluated on the basis of :
1. Shear strength criterion ( IS CODE PROCEDURE ) : considering local shear
failure criterion and un-drained conditions (for cu-* soil systems )
2. Settlement criterion ( IS code procedure ) : restrivting maximum probable
staticsettlement at a given depth to Permissible / Limiting Settlement.
3. N-values ,using ( IS CODE , international procedures and empirical
methods, wherever applicable )
4. Based on UCS using empirical methods ( wherever applicable ).N-values ,
using (IS Codesand international procedures ,wherever applicable )

Computation of safe bearing capacity

Here under premise parameters have been apprised for SBC calculation
1. Length to breadth ratio of proposed well / stiffened Raft foundation ( Lw/Bf
= 1.50 )
2. Proposed minimum width of well / raft foundation ( Bf =9.0 m )

3. Minimum embedment of proposed pile assisting raft foundation is

objectively subjected to governing scouring depth criterion ( if necessitated
).

4. Proposed minimum diameter of assisting pile = 1.2 m( bored cast in-situ

pile).

5. Proposed minimum length of assisting pile = 25 m

6. Limiting permissible settlement = 100 mm ( well /stiffened raft )

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7. Consonant with Terzaghi & Bierbaumer analysis for soil arching effect, no
arching zone > 25 m

8. Considering no soil arching effect .Minimum effective overburden depth

available = 25m

9. Critical depth of pile =15D ( for Ø < 30o) = 18m ( normal )

10.For bored in-situ piles the assumption detailed is that of cleaned bottom hole
through continuous mud circulation.

11.At rest coefficient of EP=1-sinØ , K/KØ=0.7 to 1.5 for Bored cast in-situ
pile.

12.Addition factor has been chosen given soil denseness/ consistency and N-
values ( for c < 4 t/m2 as per IS :2911 )

13.Variation of wall friction angle =2/3*Ø to 1*Ø.

14.Limiting side friction in sands is shackled to 6 t/m2 and that of adhesion in

silt-clays is 7 t/m2 .

15.Factor of safety for pile side friction = 1.5 and 3 ( double ) for SBC/base
resistance.

16.Ultimate shaft resistance for pile has been calculated as per the equation :
qult = { ∑ Ci*α + ∑ K*Pdi*tanα } *Asi + SBC at pile tip based on
Shear /settlement criterion. This static formula is in league as a mere guide
for bearing capacity estimates.Pile load test is sought for cut above
subservience.

17.Also, Ultimate bsae resistance for bored cast in- situ piles has been to 1000
t/m2.Despite such ,it can be forgone for sites with strikingly loose soil at the
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base or with potential gas cavities.Piles may strictly be regarded as total

friction piles only.

Settlement criterion
Pertinent to low representative average values for subsoil deposits at shallow
depths for both the tests locations and presence of compressible strata at shallow
and deeper depths ,with significant organic matter at certain operandi sites, the
immediate and long term probable static settlements of foundation ( predominantly
at shallow depths ) are expected to be quite significant.However , magnitude of
settlement shall practically depend on actual geometry and loading from the
structure.
Below under salient constraints have been doled out and federated upon.
1.The allowable bearing capacity values of raft have been restrained to a limiting
settlement of 100 mm.
2.Differential /relative settlement analysis was not performed but tactical
hypothesis of 10% reduction has taken in allowable settlements to account for
TRS.
3.Elastic compression of foundation has been neglected in settlement
computations.

4.Rigidity influence & depth influence of raft footing has been accounted using
suitable rigidity factor and depth factor.
5.With conservative approach , the pore –pressure coefficient for clays resting
cohesionless soils has not been taken into account.
6.No dynamic settlement analysis ( due to potential liquefaction ) has been
performed.
7.Immediate settlements have beenaccounted by using laboratory affixed
Oedometer compression index.
LIQUEFACTION CONSIDERATIONS
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The site area falls head on under zone 5 of ( IS-1893 ) ,with distinguished capacity
of design based earthquake of magnitude 7.5 plus.Per se, shear strength loss and
potential upsizing of settlements owing to earthquake induced liquefaction of fine
grained soils (Sands / silty-sands or silts-clay/clays ),below ground water table,is
reasonably existent.Detailed analysis & assessment of of liquefaction potential for
such soils has been kept beyond scope of technical inspection,hitherto pertinent
with compilation constraints.Inasmuch,same can be primed upon simplified
approaches puported by Seed & Idriss ,based on estimation of F.O.S as ratio of
cyclic resistance ratio and cyclic stress ratio for design based earthquake.
Silt and scour review
In lieu with alluvial salient features of the subsoil stratum, the depth of foundation
for proposed bridge abutments /pier substructure, at location/ proximities of BH-1
to BH-4 ought to be critically reliant upon maximum scour depth. Actual value of
scour depth will be strictly dependent upon silt factor within the anticipated scour
line and maximum design discharge through the controlled spill-channel /
drainage watercourse,obver which the bridge is proposed.Based on gradation
analysis results of fine soil fraction within top 3 to 5m below NSL ,the maximum
silt factormay be restricted to a value of 0.20 to 0.30.The design scour depth may
be computed as per IRC-78 and MORTH specifics.

GEOLOGICAL INDAGATION
In brass tacks the bridge is constructed over a controlled flood spill
channel,draining excess water surge from Jhelum River towards the Hokar-sar
Wetland,the deposits all along the alignmentof presently explored boreholes come
under more recent period of geological soil formation( Jhelum valley alluvial floor
deposits/ lacustrine ).As such the strate thereof can be categorized under natural
alluvium /water laid deposits (alluvial /flood outwash deposits ),which generally
include normally to heavily consolidated silty-clay or clayey-silt type soil in
intermixed layers with potential seams/bands of fine to coarse sand. Such alluvial
deposits are consistently associated with matrix of highly decomposed organic
silts/peat/trapped partially decomposed fibrous organic matter etc.
The flood spill channel takes-off from shoreline of sharply meandering River
Jhelum , approximately 9500m upstream .Further,the entire site area and its
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proximities have been completely inundated ,almost up to the Top bund level
(TBL) of flood spill channel,during lately floods of September ’14.
SIESMIC SIGNATURE

Kashmir valley as part of the western Himalayan mountain range,critically lies

between Pir Panjal range ,which is underlain by main boundary thrust,essentially
yields entire Kashmir valley as seismically active and quite susceptibleto
earthquakes.Ergo,for all practical and design related understanding,the project is
located in a seismically active part of Kashmir valley.Keeping in view the
maximum credible earthquake magnitudes in the region,the site areais calssified in
zone-5 of the BIS code of Practice (IS-1893-2002) , with capacity of Design Basis
earthquake of magnitude of 7.5 plus.MCE magnitudes represent the largest
possible earthquakes on the given fault based on the regional geotechnics.GPS
marking for each executed borehole is presented in respective bore logs.
CLIMATIC INFERENCE
In Kashmir,rainy seasons last for a very short duration from March to April and
mid of July to August.Since vale falls under relatively cold temperate areas of
western Himalayas ,the relative humidityis generally of the order of 70% to 80%.
Soil temperature regime is mesic and moisture regime is udic.Valley floor soils are
principally categorized under inceptisols, entisols and Mollisols of World Soils
Order.Nominally, climatic conditions are varying natured from short searing
summers (May to July),with average maximum temperature of 30-35 degree
Centigrade and relatively very cold winters from November-February, with
average lowest temperature of 0 to -5 degree Celsius.
SUBTERRANEAN PROBING

At patent instructions only 4 borehole locations have been identified for the
subsoil investigation for each of the proposed construction of bridge abutments
(Right &left ) &central piers ,with intended exploration depth of 35m.The
approximate borehole locations/manifestations using GPS co-ordinates was
construed.
In league with such analysis,disturbed and undisturbed sampling was
feautured.Divisive into two stages:
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1. Disturbed sampling (DS) : disturbed samples at every depth interval were

collected using the helical auger / wash-boring residue. The soil samples were
sealed in airtight bags and tagged for laboratory investigations.
2. Undisturbed sampling (UDS): Insitu samples at every target depth interval were
retrieved using 100mm UDS steel liners and relatively undisturbed sampling was
also achieved using Split spoon samplers, during the execution of SPT procedure.
The samples were secured in brass liners and tagged for laboratory investigations.
The SPT procedure is generally executed by lowering the standard split sampler,
attached to A rods, at bottom of the bore hole for every depth interval. The a-rod is
connected to driving assembly consisting of hoisting equipment; driver hammer of
63.5 Kg and a guide to ensure a free fall of 75 cm of hammer on anvil. The number
of blows required for further 300mm penetration of sampler is treated as Standard
Penetration Number N .Penetration of less than 300mm for 100 numbers of blows
is treated as refusal and actual penetration recorded.There are two corrections
applied to NFIELD values –
1. OVERBURDEN PRESSURE CORRECTION
N’ (corrected ) = cn*N (OBSERVED)
CN =0.77log10(2000/Ϭ0) ,Ϭ0 = effective overburden pressure.
2. SUBMERGED CORRECTION (Dilatency correction )
N (corrected) = 15 + (N-15)/2 (for N > 15 )
Where both the corrections are to be applied, the overburden correction is applied
first. These corrections are applied in case of sand / very fine sands and non-plastic
/ very low plastic silts /sandy-silts.However, for conservative approach the
corrections have been applied irrespective of soil type encountered.
3. Other corrections like Hammer efficiency, Rod length correction, Sampler size
correction, Borehole diameter correction have also been applied.
FIELD BORING LOSS
The entire boring operation is patently compiled and presented as Bore log for
subsurface exploration .The bore log principally entails the information regarding
type and depth of boring ,sampling type ,visual identification of strata, SPT N-
values and ground penetration resistance patterns .Typical bore log for the present
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subsoil investigation is enclosed as such with the Project report . Corrections for
SPT N values were also been applied at respective depth intervals.
PIT EXCAVATION

Geomorphologic investigations at the site have betokened the subsoil strata likely
to be cardinally entailing silt-clay or sandy-silt type soil. Ergo, it was considered
apt to proceed with the boring maneuver to reach the required depth intervals using
percussion power wench drilling, with sue of casing up to desired depth
(BIS/MORTH/IRC specifications were followed for sampling ).For each boring
location, sampling (disturbed /undisturbed ) was planned and executed at 1.5 m
depth intervals below NSL.Disturbed/Undisturbed was planned up to 35m or
refusal ( whichever occurred earlier ),with maximum UDS sampling interval of 3.0
m (IRC-MORTH CI:2401 ).
GUIDELINES BASED ON SHUFTI AND TESTS
Epigrammatic Recommendations - didactic
Considering the geological sub soil conditions met at the site during the field
investigation reports and results taken from laboratory recce, here under inferences
are elicited.
The proposed construction of Bridge & its associated approach sub/super structure
are located within exterior ward of Srinagar district, which primarily comprises of
old alluvium up to large depths, with an approximate altitude of 1590m. With
bridge being constructed over a controlled Flood spill channel ,draining excess
inland water and excess water surge from Jhelum river towards the Hokar-Sar
wetland, the deposits all along the alignment of presently explored boreholes come
under more recent period of geological soil formation (Jhelum valley alluvial floor
deposits. As such the strata at the proposed construction location can broadly be
categorized under natural alluvium / water laid deposits (alluvial /flood outwash
deposits) which generally include normally to heavily consolidated silty-clay or
clayey-silt type soil in intermixed layers with potential seams/bands of fine to
coarse sand. Such alluvial deposits are consistently associated with matrix of
highly decomposed organic silts/peats/trapped partially decomposed fibrous
organic matter etc.
Water table / potential seepage water was measured inside the executed boreholes,
with reference to existing ground level (EGL) at the location of boring, and same
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was encountered at a relatively shallow depth as reported in respective bore logs. A

potential routine seasonal variation of 0.5m may well be anticipated during rainfall
or meltdown of snow cover. In view of above, there is a distinguished prospect for
seepage water to get intruded into the location of working/operational area, during
any deep open excavation, below EGL.In general observation during exploration,
no potential artesian condition or large gas bearing cavity has been encountered
along the bored depth, at any of the presently appraised boring locations. The site
area is categorized within medium precipitation plain areas of Kashmir vale.
In general observation during exploration, no potential artesian condition has been
encountered along the bored depth, at any of the presently investigated boring
location. However, some localized pockets of trapped gas / gas hydrate bearing
sediments, under positive pressure are quite common in alluvium. The judiciously
conservative average results of various controlled laboratory investigations have
been enclosed. Average values for assorted parameters like density, moisture
content, voids ratio etc may be evaluated from the same.
Bearing capacity of entire explored strata at location of BH1 to BH4 has been
worked out based on various criterions .Generally; the values have been found to
be reasonably low at shallow depths, for an open foundation for proposed Bridge
abutments /Piers. However, in order to achieve potential settlement reductions,
shallow foundation may have to be assisted with either pile foundation or designed
ground improvement in the form of micro piling or stone columns or deep soil
mixing .In view of reasonably low representative average Navg values for shallow
subsoil stratum at certain depths, the immediate and long term settlements of the
foundation are expected to be quite significant, if founded at shallow depths.
However, magnitude of settlement shall practically depend on actual geometry and
loading from the structure .Furthermore, based on probable settlement analysis, the
allowable bearing capacity values (SBC) have been restrained for a limiting
settlement of 100mm for rafts on soft and relatively plastic soils. Larger allowance
of settlement can be allowed for more flexible structures like that of approach
embankments, which may yield to relatively economical designs due to increased
allowable bearing capacity.
The subsoil stratum has been observed to be of soft characteristics up to 10m.
From 10m to an average depth of 20m, the stratum has been observed to be of
relatively medium to stiff characteristics. Predominantly stiff to hard subsoil
characteristics have been observed at and beyond 20 m depth below
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EGL.However, no refusal has been encountered within the maximum explored

depth of 35m at each of the exploratory borehole locations.
As recommended before, should the pile foundation be adopted to assist
abutment/pier footings as settlement reducers, the shear parameters at various
depths may be judiciously used in static method, for calculation of skin friction
resistance for pile/pile group. However, theoretical estimate of Pile load capacity
has been provided in this internship report.
Major contribution of load bearing capacity for deep foundation (pile) shall
invariably be considered to be available beyond 10m depth below NSL.In order to
arrive at a more rational and pragmatic design of pile foundation and allowable
loading on the same, it is strongly recommended that a pile load test may be
carried out at all proposed locations of constructions, preferably on a test pile
(INITIAL TEST) with at least 1200mm dia ,25m length ( D>1.0 m & lp>25m).This
will also facilitate to filter out any impending erratic behavior of underlain stratum
.
Note: Designer’s discretion is advised to suitably increase or decrease the pile
length based on actual estimate of design loads.
Also, lateral load resistance for piles for top 5m of soil stratum should be
considered nominal.
It is highly advised to curtail the length of pile in and around 25m depth below
EGL, where relatively stiff to hard subsoil has been encountered. This will
certainly facilitate to capitalize maximum on end bearing effect of pile / drilled
shaft, along with its frictional resistance.
Conclusive estimate of design pile load capacity must be avoided from load test
results of those piles which have consumed excessively more concrete than
regular. This is certainly facilitate to capitalize to max on end bearing effect of
pile/drilled shaft, along with its frictional resistance. Conclusive estimate of design
pile load capacity must be avoided from load results of those piles which have
consumed excessively more concrete than regular. This is also to be avoided due to
coherent uncertainty in actual installed shape of bored cast in situ pile, which
otherwise has to be ideally cylindrical.
For bored cast in situ piles, it is strictly recommended that the bottom of the
borehole must be cleaned thoroughly by continuous mud circulation/or any other
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suitable technique, before placing of pile reinforcement cage and its concreting,
thereof.
It is recommended that working load on pile should not exceed its structural
capacity. Allowable stress on concrete in compressions during working load should
be restricted to 25% of specified cube crushing strength (fck) and calculated over
total effective cross-section area of pile.
Due precaution must be exercised ,not to lay the foundation /pile caps directly on
any recent filing /loose/un-compacted location or any excavated / borrow location.
It is highly recommended that such potential weak /loose subsoil spots may be
carefully identified during open excavation for proposed structures .If any such
spot is identified , the same may be backfilled with suitable material and properly
compacted to adjoining natural soil density. Further, adoption of rigid footing
design may ensure more uniform settlements and sufficient bridging over any
potential localized pocket of soil.
Based on gradation analysis results of fine soil fraction within top 3m to 5m below
EGL ,the max silt factor Kef may be restricted to a value of 0.20 to 0.30.The design
scour depth may be evaluated as per IRC – 78 guidelines& MORTH specifications.
No extensive investigations have been conducted in field/reported herein for
identifications of potential underground cavities/large gas pockets or caverns at
site, which are sometimes common in valley floor deposits ,due to under seepage
through erodible material or trapping of gas within clay bands after wide
decompositions of underground organic material / peat etc.Further , rational trivial
variations in subsoil profile may be anticipated within 10 to 15m proximity of
presently executed borehole.
The project is located in a seismically active part of Kashmir valley. Keeping in
view the max credible earthquake magnitudes in the region, the site area is
classified in zone 5 of BIS code of practice. Global positioning reference (GPS
marking )from each of the executed borehole is presented in respective
borelogs.Effective earthquake preventive measures must be deemed necessary fro
proposed construction, which may resist effects of settlements in any eventuality of
liquefaction of seams of fine sands during peak earthquake accelerations.
Loss of shear strength and/or potential increase in settlements due to impending
earthquake induced liquefaction of predominantly fine grained soils (sand /silty
sands or silt-clay/clays), below ground water table , is reasonably existent in valley
alluvium .Detailed analysis and assessment of liquefaction potential for such
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underlain soil stratum has been kept beyond the scope of this intern compilation.
This is also because of the fact that, during very recent major earthquakes in
valley, the presently investigated site area doesn’t show any liquefaction related
distress signs. Nevertheless, for more coherent estimate of ground damage because
of liquefaction potential, more comprehensive /exhaustive and site specific studies
are required .Use of relatively deep foundations is again advocated as a measure to
filter out any extensive foundation/structural damage due to prospective
liquefaction of any soil layer below NSL and settlements thereof.
Generally multiple boreholes ( two at least ) at each of the abutment / pier locations
for proposed construction are recommended .However , only one borehole was
executed at each of the proposed abutment/pier locations .It must be strictly noted
that at the time of execution of foundation, if the foundation material encountered
during trench opening/pile boring is found to be in considerable variance with the
nature of strata presented herein, the same ought to be reported immediately
,before proceeding further with the construction operation. This would engender
facilitation in proactive tweaking of design recommendations, per se.
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PHOTO GALLERY :
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