CULTIVOS DE CLIMA CALIDO

303021_1

FORO FASE 2. RAE Y MAPA CONCEPTUAL

TRABAJO COLABORATIVO

JAIME ARLEY GUERRERO FAJARDO CÓD. 1.013.578.022

JHON ALEXANDER REALPE CÓD. 1.086.549.151
WILSON ANDRES NARVAEZ CÓD. 1086.923.002
NANCY DANIELA ROMERO CÓD. 1085934380
LEIDY MARCELA GUERRA CÓD. 1086360880

TUTOR:
ISMAEL DUSSAN

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA -UNAD

ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLA, PECUARIAS Y DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE
ECAPMA.
AGRONOMIA
CEAD- PASTO
MARZO DE 2018
 Rae. No. 1

SPECIALIZED EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Title. The zeolite and its effect on the efficiency of nitrogen in rice.
2. Author: Miguel Soca; Martha Constance Daza T.
3. Edition Martha Daza.
4. Date 2015
5. Keywordss, Zeolite effect, efficiency, nitrogen, rice.
6. Description.
Previous work in question is performed in order to evaluate and give out
the effect of zeolite on rice and in combination with nitrogen through
2osibl experiments it was evident that there was a greater efficiency of
this and better rice production giving better returns to producers for their
efficiency.

7. Sources.
SOCA, M .; CONSTANZA, M. 2015. The zeolite and its effect on
nitrogen efficiency in rice and corn. Rev. Cienc. Agr. 32 (2): 46 – 55.
Doi: Recovered d.http://dx.doi.org/10.22267/rcia.153202.12,

8. Content. It corresponds to the abstract. Does not exceed a thousand words, nor be
less 2os nine hundred. It is written in the third person singular. Example:
“The document starts with an introduction on the importance of

This paper reciprocate a summary. Does not exceed a thousand words,

nor be less 2os eight hundred was done in third person singular. Example.
“This study evaluated the effect of zeolite reductions volatilization
2osible2f nitrogen and leachates 2osible”.

9. Methodology. This experiment was conducted at the premises of the Institute of Soil
Havana Cuba This experiment was conducted at the premises of the
Institute of Soil Havana Cuba where soils that were used are characteristic
for their greyish colors with 2os internal drainage. 2osibl soil samples
selected for the experiment was taken and the zeolite used, came from the
site of Tasajera also located in havana Cuba which very favorable results
were found after several experiments where the following is evident that
the application of urea with cow dung zeolite and reduced nitrate leaching
also about 70%. Further,
10. Conclusions. With the completion of the previous research it carried many favorable
field points observed in rice production applying zeolite in combination
with 3osibl fertilizers of different origin where the following is proved.

• The use of zeolite in rice crops decreased nitrogen losses and

increased yields where there was more production and better
grain weight.

• The zeolite used in agriculture improves soil quality avoiding

erosion giving good drainage and water retention.

• Controls the acidity of soil Ph increasing. This occurs because

the alkalizing ability.

Rae. No. 2
Alternativas microbiológicas para el manejo de Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands., en
Persea americana Mill. Bajo condiciones de casa-malla

Who is the author?

Ms.C. Joaquín G. Ramírez Gil,I Dr.C. Darío A. Castañeda Sánchez,IIDr.C. Juan G. Morales OsorioIII

Keywords?
Microorganisms Cepa Aguacate.
Where did the job?
Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, National University of Colombia in Medellin Colombia.

What is the issue?

The focus of the article is based on how to make farming more productive avocado in quantity and export
between competing in the world as it is to be achieved to cover the amount needed. Bearing in mind that
one of the causative agents of the loss in avocado production is disease and wilt, for this should be taken
into account as the seedlings are acquiring nutrients and how they are reflected in production plants.
some species of avocado is studied, evaluating the effect of the Trichoderma sp, G. Fasciculam
microorganisms and Pseudomonas sp strain. In P. americana plants and inoculated with P. Hass
Cinamomi
 What were the objectives?
• • Response to the application of beneficial microorganisms alone in mixtures for avocado
crops.
• • Treatment with Trichoderma sp. To reduce disease called wilting of plants.
• • Avoid using fungicide and chemicals that can generate unnecessary costs when combat wilt
disease.
• • Getting to increased production of avocado for export of our country, without generating too
many production costs.
What was the theoretical and methodological support for research work?

To achieve this research analyzing different aspects, in the first instance it was analyzed as avocado
plants absorbed nutrients by the root applied and how this was reflected in the soil to which different
types of nutrient application where some gave I was used more and other certain shortcomings,
considering that the floor of our country is rich in microorganisms, provided that nutrients balanced
fertilization of the crop is performed.
Literature HMA.
interpreting mycorrhizal colonization was conducted by lines interpretation technique.
It was also based on studies by authors analyzing the genotype of the strains used in soils.
The percentage of oscillation was compared to other authors who found values of colonization of healthy
plants.
What results obtained in each investigation?
• In the microscopic observation structures were found internal, external and vesicular
miscellaneous type.
• The percentage obtained for mycorrhizal colonization helped grouping treatments into four
groups, from the highest inoculated with mycorrhiza without microorganisms, plants
inoculated with the second cinnamomi and P. G. fasciculatum, as third group treatments T11,
T12, T15, and T16, mixed with G. fasciculatum with Trichoderma sp and Pseudomonas sp,
showing wilting in some and not in others, and finally applied with HMA G. faciculatum where
mycorrhizal colonization was zero.
• The strain of Trichoderma sp, negatively affected the colonization of strain HMA, showing a
possible antagonism genus Trichoderma species to microorganisms.
• Another result shows that P. cinnamomi negatively affect mycorrhizal colonization of
avocado. But higher for HMA plants applied.
• The variety in roots were found in Pseudomonas sp treatments where it root growth was
enhanced by strain in combination HMA, finding acid production-indole acetic, increasing the
proliferation of roots.
• P. cinnamoomi treatments, showed low levels of viable roots inoculated with the pathogen.
Where the variety P. American had a higher tolerance to this pathogen with more viable.
• In the biometric viable plant in the first 30 days were not scored, after 30 days onwards
differences in dry biomass, height, and leaf area were. Where a reduction development plants
inoculated with P. cinnamomi was observed.
• slower growth in values not inoculated with the pathogen, where a lower growth of leaf area
and dry biomass and height shown with cinnamomi treatment was observed.
 • Note that the plants are vulnerable to attack P.cinnamomi in the transplant field nursery.
In American P. species which has no root hairs, you can act HMA, increasing the volume of
soil exploration.

• What conclusions the researchers arrived?

• • You can notice the positive effect of the use of non-pathogenic strains of microorganisms
used in this species.
• • It is expected to evaluate the beneficial microorganisms in both field with trees in the early
stages in the nursery for long periods.
• • Treatment with Trichoderma sp, I help you control the wilt disease. Thus helping control the
disease reaching the same level of chemical fungicides.
Their own opinions on the scientific article.
If we consider that our country is one of diversity-rich sea, and soil fertility, and we did not get even
50% of the avocado production it is needed to be competitive in export of avocado, necessary do
studies that will lead to better production, not necessarily increasing costs, but on the contrary,
decreasing them in the possible and using high chemicals that can be harmful to both health and the
environment.
Therefore treatment with Trichoderma so, and the use of soil microorganisms can be a very viable
advantage not only in the study of avocado plantations, if no other crops is in its start export as Pepper.

Rae No.3
Alternativas microbiológicas para el manejo de Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands., en
Persea americana Mill. Bajo condiciones de casa-malla

Who is the 5osib?

Ms.C. Joaquín G. Ramírez Gil, I Dr.C. Darío A. Castañeda Sánchez, IIDr.C. Juan G. Morales
OsorioIII

Keywords?
Microrganismos Cepa Aguacate.
Where did the job?
Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, National University of Colombia in Medellin Colombia.

What is the issue?

The focus of the article is 5osible5 how to make farming more productive avocado in quantity and
export between competing in the world as it is to be achieved to cover the amount needed. Bearing in
mind that one of the causative agents of the 5os in avocado production is disease and wilt, for this
should be taken into account as the seedlings are acquiring nutrients and how they are reflected in
production plants. Some species of avocado is studied, evaluating the effect of the Trichoderma sp, G.
Fasciculam microorganisms and Pseudomonas sp strain. In P. americana plants and inoculated with P.
Hass Cinamomi

What were the objectives?

• • Response to the application of beneficial microorganisms alone in mixtures for avocado
crops.
• • Treatment with Trichoderma sp. To reduce disease called wilting of plants.
• • Avoid using fungicide and chemicals that can generate unnecessary costs when combat wilt
disease.
• • Getting to increased production of avocado for export of our country, without generating too
many production costs.
What was the theoretical and methodological support for research work?

To achieve this research analyzing different aspects, in the first instance it was analyzed as avocado
plants absorbed nutrients by the root applied and how this was reflected in the soil to which different
types of nutrient application where some gave I was used more and other certain shortcomings,
consideren that the floor of our country is rich in microorganisms, provided that nutrients balanced
fertilization of the crop is performed.
Literature HMA.
Interpreting mycorrhizal colonization was conducted by lines interpretation technique.
It was also 6osible6 studies by authors analyzing the genotype of the strains used in soils.
The percentage of oscillation was compared to other authors who found values of colonization of
healthy plants.
What results obtained in each investigation?
• In the microscopic observation structures were found internal, external and vesicular
misceláneas type.
• The percentage obtained for mycorrhizal colonization helped grouping treatments into four
groups, from the highest inoculated with mycorrhiza without microorganisms, plants
inoculated with the second 6osible6f6 and P. G. fasciculatum, as third group treatments T11,
T12, T15, and T16, mixed with G. fasciculatum with Trichoderma sp and Pseudomonas sp,
showing wilting in some and not in others, and finally applied with HMA G. faciculatum
where mycorrhizal colonization was zero.
• The strain of Trichoderma sp, negatively affected the colonization of strain HMA, showing
a possible antagonism genus Trichoderma species to microorganisms.
• Another result shows that P. 6osible6f6 negatively affect mycorrhizal colonization of
avocado. But higher for HMA plants applied.
• The variety in roots were found in Pseudomonas sp treatments where it root growth was
enhanced by strain in combination HMA, finding acid production-indole acetic, increasing
the proliferation of roots.
• P. cinnamoomi treatments, showed low levels of viable roots inoculated with the pathogen.
Where the variety P. American had a higher tolerance to this pathogen with more viable.
 • In the biometric viable plant in the first 30 days were not scored, after 30 days onwards
differences in dry biomass, height, and leaf area were. Where a reduction development plants
inoculated with P. 7osible7f7 was observed.
• slower growth in values not inoculated with the pathogen, where a lower growth of leaf area
and dry biomass and height shown with 7osible7f7 treatment was observed.
• Note that the plants are vulnerable to attack P.cinnamomi in the transplant field nursery.
In American P. species which has no root hairs, you can act HMA, increasing the volume of
soil exploration.
• What conclusions the researchers arrived?
• • You can notice the positive effect of the use of non-pathogenic strains of microorganisms
used in this species.
• • It is expected to evaluate the beneficial microorganisms in both field with trees in the early
stages in the nursery for long periods.
• • Treatment with Trichoderma sp, I help you control the wilt disease. Thus helping control the
disease reaching the same level of chemical fungicides.
Their own opinions on the scientific article.
If we consider that our country is one of diversity-rich sea, and soil fertility, and we did not get even
50% of the avocado production it is needed to be competitive in 7osible7f avocado, necessary do
studies that 7osi lead to better production, not necessarily increasing costs, 7osibl the contrary,
decreasing them in the 7osible and using high chemicals that can be harmful to both health and the
environment.
Therefore treatment with Trichoderma so, and the use of soil microorganisms can be a very viable
advantage not only in the study of avocado plantations, if no other crops is in its start export as
Pepper.
 SPECIALIZED ANALYTICAL SUMMARY

1. Title. Bio control of the "Witch's Broom" of the Mango, with Trichoderma
spp., In Field Conditions
2. Author. Alejandro Casimiro Michel Aceves, Marco Antonio Otero Sánchez,
Antonio Díaz Castro, Rubén Darío Martínez Rojero, Rafael Ariza
Flores y Aristeo Barrios Ayala
3. Edition. Mexican Journal of Plant Pathology
4. Date. March 2, 2018
5. Keywords. Biologic control, Fusarium oxysporum, F. subglutinans,
Trichoderma harzianum, T. lignorum.
6. Description. The document, which is taken as a reference, is a scientific article in
which the evaluation of the effectiveness of trichoderma spp is
developed for the control of the witch's broom which is caused by
Fusarium oxysporum and F. subglutinans.
7. Sources. 33 bibliographical sources.
8. Contents The work developed in the research on the effectiveness of biological
control of the witch's broom is very important because you can get
another alternative to make the respective phytosanitary control, the
importance of this research is that a new option of control is presented
more friendly with the environment because it decreases the use of
agrochemicals which have a negative impact on the environment, and
cut the natural balance that exists in an ecosystem, resulting in the
appearance of new phytosanitary problems which for the producer
become greater production costs and greater negative impact for nature.
The research carried out and sustained in the scientific article was
developed in a commercial mango orchard which was 20 years old.
This crop presents an important economic line for the world economy
because there are millions of hectares cultivated in the world and there
is a lot of money generated by the production of this crop, as well as
having a very important international market due to the necessity on the
part of the consumer that there is for the acquisition of said product.
The witch broom as it is commonly known is a limiting disease of great
importance for the mango production process, said phytosanitary
problem causes a considerable decrease in production, to such an extent
that it can reach a 60% reduction in yield and in some cases a reduction
of 100% is presented.
The different treatments evaluated were: Trichoderma harzianum strain
T-2, T. harzianum strain Thzcf-12, T. lignorum, Benomyl, Benzothiazol
+ Metilen bistiocionato and absolute control.
Different treatments are implemented to find the most effective in the
control of the witch broom fungus, because there is no chemical product
that is completely effective so the disease is still a very important
limitation that generates large losses.
 As a result of the serious problem that the disease generates and the few
results obtained with controls through the application of agrochemicals
as fungicides, it is decided to opt for the implementation of biological
control which corresponds to the use of the antagonistic fungus
trichoderma spp, this fungus is capable of parasitizing , compete for
nutrients and generate a series of compounds that are negative for the
fungi of the genus Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Pythium, Sclerotium,
Alternaria, Phytophthora, Mycosphaerella, Colletotrichum.
After two years of research with the different treatments it was possible
to obtain the results and conclude on which is the best treatment that
allows to have a greater control over the disease, being the biological
treatment with Trichoderma harzianum native strain Thzn-2 the most
effective by On top of the treatments based on agrochemicals, according
to the results of the research it was obtained that the first year the
severity of the disease was reduced by 13.7% and by year two it was
reduced by 32.0%.
The above results allow to show that biological controls are an excellent
option for the control of witch's broom disease due to the efficiency of
these antagonistic fungi and to the reduction of the negative impact on
the environment due to the decrease in the use of fungicides for said
control.

El trabajo desarrollado para evaluar la efectividad del control biológico

9. Methodology. sobre la enfermedad escoba de bruja se realiza por medio de una
investigación científica donde se evalúan diferentes tratamientos con el
fin de encontrar el más eficiente
10. Conclusions The research process through the evaluation of different methods for the
control of the witch shows that the biological control with Trichoderma
harzianum native strain Thzn-2 is the best because it produces a greater
reduction in the severity of the disease in relation to the others
treatments.
11. Author of the Jhon Alexander Realpe Moreno
RAE
Rae. No. 5

SPECIALIZED ANALYTICAL SUMMARY

1. Title Agronomic characteristics of the soybeans depending on the planting

densities and depth of fertilizer deposition
2. Author: Jorge Wilson CortezI; Carlos Eduardo Angeli FurlaniII; Rouverson
Pereira da SilvaII; Rodrigo Alberto Alandia RománII
3. Edition Ceres Magazine
4. date March 7, 2018
5. Keywords Productivity, pods per plant, population, depth of fertilizer, Glycine max
L. Merr.
6. Description The research document which was taken from a scientific article which
was carried out to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of the soybean
sowed in the Direct Seeding System, based on the planting densities (15,
16 and 20 plants per meter) and the Depth of fertilizer deposition (11, 14
and 17 cm).
7. Sources 21 bibliographical sources.
8. Contents This work is used and developed in the Department of Rural Engineering,
UNESP / Jaboticabal, using, in the delineation, plots subdivided in blocks
at random, with four repetitions. Agronomic characteristics of the
soybean analyzed: number of days of appearance, appearance index,
percentage of damages, height of plants, height of insertion of the first
pod, pods per plant, grains per pod, percentage of surviving plants and
productivity.
The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the
9. Methodology Department of Rural Engineering belonging to the UNESP, Jaboticabal,
State of São Paulo, located at the geodetic coordinates: latitude 21º14' S
and longitude 48º 16'W, with an average altitude of 559 masl, declivity
average of 4%, occupying an area of approximately 1.0 ha. It is very
important to carry out this experiment because with it we can evaluate the
agronomic characteristics of soybean in direct sowing system, with the
different planting densities and fertilizer deposition, which when finished
will give us results of number of days of appearance, appearance index,
percentage of damage, height of plants, height of insertion of the first pod,
pods per plant, grains per pod, percentage of surviving plants and
productivity. In which it will help us to evaluate which is the best method
to use when making our crop implementation.
10. Conclusions In this work he worked on the cultivation of soy we can conclude
that:
The number of days of appearance, index of appearance and the
percentage of damages, were not influenced by the densities and
the depth of deposition of fertilizer.

Plant height, height of insertion of the first pod, pods per plant and
grains per pod did not vary in relation to the density and depth of
fertilizer deposition

The damages by insects and birds were of the order of 30% of

plants attacked

Soybean productivity (5,146 kg ha-1) was similar in the densities

and depths of fertilizer deposition.
Mapa
conceptual
No.1
Mapa
conceptual
No.2
 Mapa
conceptual Cultivo de banano
No.3

Siembra Fertilización Cosecha

La siembra puede hacerse en
doble hilera, utilizando un
espacio de 3.0 m de centro a
centro de doble hilera, 1.20 m
entre hilera y 1.0 m entre plantas,
con lo cual se obtiene una
densidad de siembra de 6,666
plantas por hectárea
Para promover el crecimiento de
las yemas la fertilización se debe
realizar preferiblemente un mes
después de la siembra, ya que a
esta edad el cormo ha desarrollado
raíces que facilitan la absorción de
nutrientes. Se puede aplicar
nitrógeno y otras fuentes de
nutrientes según las
recomendaciones brindadas por el
laboratorio de suelos después del
respectivo análisis del suelo.
La cosecha constituye una de las etapas
finales en campo en el cultivo tecnificado del
plátano y banano, demanda criterio, labor
oportuna a fin de evitar las pérdidas en
campo. Es un complemento a todo el proceso
iniciado desde la siembra. La cosecha
oportuna permitirá obtener una fruta de
calidad y fresca. El criterio de cosecha
depende de varios factores que se deben de
tener en cuenta, como por ejemplo: Edad de
la fruta, calibre y demanda de la fruta.

Enfermedades Manejo de malezas

Post cosecha

Las enfermedades de mayor incidencia y El manejo de malezas se realiza, principalmente,

mayor daño a las musáceas en general mediante la aplicación de herbicidas, cuyo uso
Luego de la cosecha la fruta es
son: Sigatoka negra, Sigatoka amarilla, intensivo y continuo ha generado la contaminación
conducida al área de empaque
elefantiasis, Virosis y Moko. Debemos de fuentes hídricas, sedimentos y ecosistemas
donde a partir de parámetros y
entender la diferencia entre plaga y marinos, afectando la biodiversidad y la salud
normas establecidas se
enfermedad ya que la plaga representa humana. Ante la creciente aparición de malezas
procederá a empacar la fruta
un ataque generalmente de insectos y resistentes a herbicidas y la presión pública por
seleccionada en cajas ya sean de
otros “bichos” y la enfermedad, se reducir el uso de plaguicidas, es necesario ajustar
madera, cartón o plástico.
refiere a hongos y bacteria las técnicas y métodos de control para incrementar
la producción, mejorar la calidad de los productos y
el bienestar de los agricultores, en armonía con el
medio ambiente.
Podas o deshije

El deshije es fundamental para mantener una plantación en condiciones apropiadas y

obtener un máximo rendimiento. Consiste en seleccionar él o los hijos que se dejarán
por unidad de producción, eliminando las restantes. Un buen sistema de deshije dará
como resultado una producción uniforme durante todo el año; si no se realiza en el
tiempo y la forma adecuada, traerá como consecuencia plantas débiles, con
raíces pequeñas y de baja calidad.
 CULTIVO DE ARROZ

Preparación de suelos
Clima Riego

Se trata de un cultivo tropical y El sistema de riego empleado en los

El cultivo tiene lugar en una amplia gama
de suelos, variando la textura desde
arenosa a arcillosa. Se suele cultivar en
suelos de textura fina y media, propias del
proceso de sedimentación en las amplias
llanuras inundadas y deltas de los ríos. Los
suelos de textura fina dificultan las
labores, pero son más fértiles al tener
mayor contenido de arcilla, materia
orgánica y suministrar más nutrientes. Por
tanto la textura del suelo juega un papel
importante en el manejo del riego y de los
fertilizantes.
subtropical, aunque la mayor producción
a nivel mundial se concentra en los
climas húmedos tropicales, pero también
se puede cultivar en las regiones húmedas
de los subtropicales y en climas
templados. El cultivo se extiende desde el
49-50º de latitud norte a los 35º de latitud
sur. El arroz se cultiva desde el nivel del
mar hasta los 2.500 m. de altitud. Las
precipitaciones condicionan el sistema y
las técnicas de cultivo, sobre todo cuando
se cultivan en tierras altas, donde están
más influenciadas por la variabilidad de
las mismas.
arrozales es diversos, desde sistemas
estáticos, de recirculación y de
recogida de agua. Teniendo en cuenta
las ventajas e inconvenientes de cada
sistema y de su impacto potencial en
la calidad del agua, permitirá a los
arroceros elegir el sistema más
adecuado a sus operaciones de
cultivo, a continuación se describe
cada uno de manera breve y concisa:

Recolección
Plagas
Abonos

El momento óptimo de
GUSANOS ROJOS Y BLANCOS DEL ARROZ: se trata -NITRÓGENO: gran parte del recolección es cuando la
de las especies Ortocladius sp. (Larvas rojas) y Cronotopos nitrógeno del suelo se encuentra en panícula alcanza su
sp. (Larvas blancas parduzcas). Pasan el invierno en estado formas orgánicas, formando parte madurez fisiológica
larvario, pero al inicio de la primavera aparecen los adultos de la materia orgánica y de los (cuando el 95% de los
de la primera generación. La hembra realiza la puesta sobre restos de cosecha, pero la planta de granos tengan el color
aguas mansas y claras. La puesta es mucilaginosa, y cuando arroz solo absorbe el nitrógeno de paja y el resto estén
el arroz está emergido, las puestas se quedan adheridas a los la solución en forma inorgánica. El amarillentos) y la
tallos. Las larvas pasan por cuatro estadios hasta alcanzar paso de la forma orgánica del humedad del grano sea del
los 12-16 mm. De longitud, estando caracterizadas por sus nitrógeno a las formas inorgánicas 20 al 27%. Se recomienda
diferentes tonalidades. Las larvas de 3ª y 4ª edad ocasionan tiene lugar mediante el proceso de la recolección mecanizada
fuertes daños en las siembras, alimentándose de las raicillas mineralización de la materia empleando una
de las plántulas, además pueden dar lugar a un encamado orgánica, siendo los productos cosechadora provista de
precoz, que se produce cuando los tratamientos no alcanzan finales de este proceso distintos orugas.
una eficacia suficiente o ha empezado el ataque de la según las condiciones del suelo.
primera generación. Las larvas de color blanco devoran el
interior del grano de siembra.
Mapa
conceptual
No.4
Mapa
conceptual
No.5
 Referencias.

SOCA, M.; CONSTANZA, M. 2015. La zeolita y su efecto en la eficiencia del nitrógeno en

arroz y maíz. Rev. Cienc. Agr. Obtenido de: http://dx.doi.org/10.22267/rcia.153202.12

Álvarez, A. G. C. (2013). Producción de material de ‘siembra’ limpio en el manejo

de las enfermedades limitantes del plátano. Centro Internacional de

Agricultura Tropical (384), Recuperdo de http:// www.fao.org/3/a-as090s.pdf.

Álvarez, E., Ceballos, G., & Gañán, L. (2013). Centro Internacional de Agricultura

Tropical CIAT. Recuperado e http://ciat.cgiar.org/.

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-737X2011000100010