IS-01

SET –I

1. List out some unsafe acts? (2M)

Unsafe acts:
• Working without authority;
• Failure to warn others of danger;
• Using dangerous equipment;
• Using wrong equipment;
• Failure to issue control measures.; and
• Horseplay
2. What is an accident? Explain the techniques for accident prevention? (8M)

Every accident has one or more identifiable causes. The employer is responsible for ensuring a
safe system of work is in place and therefore must take action to prevent accidents from occurring
or recurring. For some, this concept still causes difficulty. The term "accident" suggests that an
event occurred itself, with some degree of chance and it implies no blame or responsibility. Some
people associate or equate an accident with injury or damage, when on many occasions accidents
do not result in injury or damage. These events are often termed "near misses".
Determining where, why and how accidents occur is fundamental to understanding the causation
and implementing preventive measures. Once the circumstances and causes have been identified,
effective measures can be taken to prevent similar occurrences.
TECHNIQUES FOR ACCIDENT PREVENTION
All employers, employees and self-employed persons have a duty of care towards their own, and
others ‘health and safety at their workplace.
Compliance with legislative requirements may assist by providing either performance based or
prescriptive criteria to achieve required results. Various legislative requirements may impact on
activities within workplaces to ensure that workers are able to work in a safe environment.
Under general duty of care legislation, employers have a duty to ensure, as far as practicable, that
employees are not exposed to hazards at the workplace. Under regulations and in accordance with
codes of practice, employers also have an obligation to identify workplace hazards, to assess the
associated risks and to make the necessary changes to minimise the risks. These three basic steps
should be taken to ensure a safe and healthy workplace and prevent accidents. They are based on
the concept that the workplace should be modified to suit people, not vice versa. The three steps
are:
Identifying the Hazard - involves recognising things which may cause injury or harm to the
health of a person, for instance, flammable material, ignition sources or unguarded machinery.
Assessing the Risk - involves looking at the possibility of injury or harm occurring to a person if
exposed to a hazard.
Controlling the Risk - by introducing measures to eliminate or reduce the risk of a person being
exposed to a hazard.
It is important to regularly review the steps, especially if there are changes in the work
environment, new technology is introduced, or standards are changed.
READING PRINCIPLES OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION
OHS legislation promotes cooperation and consultation between the employer and employees
within the workplace to achieve a healthy and safe work environment. Employers should consult
with OHS representatives, if any and employees during these steps. Involvement of elected OHS
representatives can provide an opportunity for problems to be resolved using knowledge within
the immediate work area.
3. Explain about BIS 14489-1998? (2M)
BIS 14489-1998:
In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed
citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made
available on a non-commercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws
that govern them.
EPA has broad authority under the law to issue:
• Information collection regulations that require the submission of health and safety studies
which are known or available to those who manufacture, process, or distribute in
commerce specified chemicals; and
• Regulations designed to gather information from manufacturers and processors about
production/import volumes, chemical uses and methods of disposal, and the extent to
which people and the environment are exposed.
4. Explain the different types of Communication Systems? (2M)
Two-way communication is essential in the business world. Messages are transmitted
between employers, employees, customers and other stakeholders, and feedback is
required to be certain that the message was received and understood.
Two-Way Communication Systems
Many businesses and municipal services rely on two-way communication systems to stay
in touch with their employees on site and in the field. One of the most common examples
of two-way communication systems are the radio, telephone, and computer-aided
dispatch systems used by police, fire, and emergency response personnel. These systems
allow dispatchers and supervisors to keep in touch with individuals and to coordinate the
activities of groups of responders. Two-way communications systems are also routinely
used in the construction and building trades, public transportation, the trucking industry,
and aviation by commercial and non-commercial pilots, just to name a few. Two-way
communication systems vary greatly in sophistication and special features. They range
from simple hand held two-way transceivers that use a single dedicated channel to more
complex systems that allow a large number of users to share several channels. The type
of system chosen depends on many factors, such as the intended use, the location, the
number of users, the frequency band, and the cost of the system. Regardless of the type of
system chosen, the one common feature is that all of the components must be compatible
and work together to support a common purpose.

5. Explain Global warming and their effects? (8M)

Global warming effects - mitigate temperature increase

We would like to show the urgent need to act in order to mitigate global warming. For this
purpose, we simulate different scenarios for the future emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and
calculate their effects on the rise of the average temperature on Earth. Information about the
simulation model can be found further down at the end of this article.
Let's first repeat some basic facts of global warming:
Global warming is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases. 72% of the totally emitted
greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore CO2 emissions are the most important
cause of global warming
.
• CO2 is created by burning fossil fuels like e.g. Oil, natural gas, and diesel. The emissions
of CO2 have been dramatically increased within the last 50 years and are still increasing
(CO2 emissions by country).
• Carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere for 80 to 200 years.
• According to recent investigations, unimaginable catastrophic changes in the
environment are expected to take place if the global temperatures increase by more than
2° C (3.6° F). A warming of 2° C (3.6° F) corresponds to a carbon dioxide (CO2)
concentration of about 450 ppm (parts per million) in the atmosphere.
 • The current (year 2007) concentration of CO2 is at about 380 ppm and it is currently
increased by 2 to 3 ppm each year.
Simulations of the effects of global warming: average temperature increase
Let's first look at the "business as usual" scenario. What would happen if we carried on with
increasing CO2 emissions and if no measures were taken to mitigate global warming? The
prediction of CO2 emissions are taken from "World energy outlook 2006" of the International
Energy Agency (IEA) for 2007 until 2030. After 2030, we have extrapolated the trend.
6. Define the term First-Aid Plan? (2M)
First-Aid Plan - Accidents happen and people fall ill. Always make sure you have the basic
services for first aid provided at any sized event. Be prepared with the numbers of all important
emergency services that you can distribute to your staff. Depending on whether you have a large
number of people in attendance you will need to find first aid provisions suitable enough, like
having a medical officer on staff.
7. Explain different communication patterns? (8M)
COMMUNICATION PURPOSE PROCESS AND TYPES
One of the most effective ways to improve a safety culture and prevent injuries is to optimize safety-
related communication throughout an organization (Williams, 2003). Unfortunately, employees often fail
to “speak up” when they observe risky behaviours even when they know they should.
The Safety Culture Survey administered to hundreds of organizations by Safety Performance Solutions
Inc. (SPS) indicates 90 per cent of respondents believe employees should caution others when they’re
operating at-risk.
However, only 60 per cent say they actually do provide this critical feedback.
During training and structured interviews, we ask employees why there’s such a gap between people’s
values (“should caution”) and actual behaviours (“do caution”). Participants respond that giving safety-
related feedback will create interpersonal conflict, indicating, “It’s not our job to give safety feedback.”
Also, they often do not feel competent at giving safety feedback or they don’t want to insult co-workers
who have more experience (Geller & Williams, 2001).
It is unfortunate employees are reluctant to warn co-workers when they observe risky behaviours,
especially considering that most injuries have a behavioral component (along with system factors; Geller,
2001, 2005, 2008).
Ironically, people underestimate others’ willingness to receive safety feedback. In fact, 74 per cent of
respondents (from the SPS Safety Culture Survey) confirm they welcome peer observations for the
purposes of receiving safety related feedback. Yet, only 28 per cent believe other employees feel the same
way.
Employees will be more open to safety-related feedback if co-workers do a better job of providing and
receiving it. To provide effective corrective feedback to others when they are working at-risk, don’t make
it personal – focus on behaviour. Ask questions to facilitate discussion, and don’t lecture. Give feedback
immediately and one-on-one, while showing genuine concern for others’ feelings and wellbeing. Offer
the opportunity to work together to find better solutions. Finally, thank the person for listening.
To receive corrective feedback effectively, you must actively listen and don’t interrupt. Remain open and
receptive and don’t get defensive. Discuss better ways of doing the task. Finally, thank the person for
providing feedback.
In addition to cautioning co-workers operating at-risk, it’s important to praise employees who regularly
do their jobs safely. This builds a more open, positive safety culture and increases the likelihood these
work practices will be performed safely in the future. However, most employees say they almost never
receive one-on-one praise or appreciation for their safety-related behaviours. Employee’s at all
organizational levels are well served to provide frequent, genuine praise for safe work practices
(Williams, 2003, 2002). Before addressing more communication guidelines, it’s useful to consider
various communication styles.
Communication Styles
A complicating factor with safety communication is that people have different styles of communication.
Broun stein (2001) defines four basic communication patterns: the Dominant, Passive, Passive-
Aggressive and Empathic styles.
The first three styles are generally maladaptive and stifle the cultivation of a total safety culture. The
fourth style, the Empathic pattern, is ideal and most conducive to effective communication and culture
improvement.
The Dominant Communicator – Dominant communicators tend to “run people over” in interpersonal
conversations.
Dominant communicators often believe they’re never wrong, their opinions are more important than those
of others, and people who disagree with them are either disloyal or misinformed. These misguided beliefs
often lead to maladaptive behaviours such as public criticism of others, blaming others when problems
arise, acting bossy and negative, using verbally aggressive and threatening language, showing a lack of
appreciation for the accomplishments of others, interrupting others and even finishing their sentences or
dismissing new ideas without listening to the rationale.
Dominant communicators often provoke fear, counter control and alienation among others. Their
behaviour fosters resistance, defiance, sabotage, and retaliation, formation of alliances, lying and covering
up. Dominant communicators damage corporate culture and morale and hinder optimal organizational
performance. Basketball coach Bobby Knight is an example of a dominant communicator.
The Passive Communicator – Passive communicators tend to turn people off by being indirect and meek
in their interpersonal communication. Passive communicators often believe you shouldn’t express your
true feelings, make waves or disagree with others. Woody Allen is cited as an example of a passive
communicator.
They often think other people’s opinions are more important than their own. These beliefs often lead to
maladaptive behaviours such as remaining quiet, even when being treated unfairly; asking for permission
unnecessarily; frequently complaining rather than acting; and delegating personal choice to others.
Passive communicators retreat from interpersonal conflict and accept directions without question. Passive
communicators create frustration and mistrust because of not knowing where they stand. They create the
presumption they lack the courage to be a leader. They also hinder open communication.
The Passive-Aggressive Communicator – Passive-aggressive communicators tend to believe you should
“go behind people’s backs” instead of dealing with people directly. They appear to agree with others
when they really don’t agree. They make sarcastic remarks and take subtle digs at others. They send
critical messages via e-mail and copy others. They hold grudges, value “getting even” and sabotage others
behind their backs (i.e., spreading negative gossip). Passive-aggressive communicators refuse to help
others or give others “the silent treatment.”
Passive-aggressive communicators cause increased factions and favoritism in the workplace. They
increase negative gossip or “back stabbing,” creating an environment of low interpersonal trust. Their
actions often lead to diminished job performance, increased uncertainty and job dissatisfaction and
increased turnover.
The Empathic Communicator – Unlike the previous three styles, the empathic communicator interacts
effectively with others to maintain healthy, long-term relationships (Williams, 2006). Companies with
numerous empathic communicators are likely to have more healthy organizational cultures. Empathic
communicators generally believe that personal opinions and the opinions of others are important and that
the process of coming to a decision – not just the outcome – is important. They think acquiring input from
others boosts morale and generally leads to better decision making.
These beliefs often lead to desirable behaviours, such as communicating expectations instead of demands.
The focus tends to be on proactive and action-oriented conversation, with stated, realistic expectations.
Empathic communicators, an example of which is Oprah Winfrey, communicate in a direct and honest
manner, and work to achieve goals without compromising others. Empathic communicators increase
perception of autonomy or personal control, and motivate people to achieve and “go beyond the call of
duty” for the organization. They foster an improved sense of appreciation and respect, which in turns
leads to increased levels of interpersonal trust, respect, honesty and openness. The end result is enhanced
organizational communication, higher morale and better performance.
Improving Listening Skills
What good is an empathic communicator if no one listens? Of course, empathic communicators also are
good listeners. They listen for both emotion and content to understand what the other person is saying.
They also reflect back what the speaker is saying to show understanding (“So what you’re saying is…”).
 8. What does site specific safety plan mean? (2M)
Site specific safety plan is designed by keeping the specific hazards that are most common in
the work place in mind. As with the changing work place, the nature of hazards also changes. So,
the safety plan that is designed for a specific site is known as site specific safety plan.
A site specific safety plan is a documented procedure that is designed to cover the hazards with a
high chance of occurrence. Safety plans are custom made documents that can be amended and
changed keeping in view the hazards of the work place. For example, in a workplace where there
is a stacking of flammable liquids, the site safety plan will specifically cover the fire safety
procedures. On a construction site, the site specific safety plan will include the procedures of
Personal Protective Equipment, the fencing procedures, procedures regarding working at heights,
etc...
Purpose:
Planning is the key to ensuring that potential health and safety risks have been anticipated and
assessed, and appropriate measures have been established to control the risks involved.
9. List out Management needs? (2M)
Management needs:
Leader Ship skills;
• communication skills;
• Techniques of safety and health management;
• Training , instruction, coaching and problem-solving skills relevant to safety and health;
• Understanding of the risks in a manager’s area of responsibility;
• Knowledge of relevant legislation and appropriate methods of control, including risk
assessment;
• Knowledge of the organization’s planning, measuring, reviewing, and auditing arrangements;
• Awarness of the financial and economic benefits of good safety performance.
Some managers in key positions may have particular needs. This would apply to those who
devise and develop the safety and health management system, investigate accidents or incidents,
take part in review and audit activity, or who implement emergency procedures.
10. Explain the Emergency preparedness and responses? (8M)
Emergency Preparedness and Response
The organisation should establish and maintain procedures to respond to accidents and emergency
situations, and to prevent and minimise the safety and health impacts associated with them. Emergency
planning should cover:
• T h e development of emergency plans;
• T h e testing and rehearsing of these plans and related equipment, including firefighting equipment
and fire alarms;
• Training personnel on what to do in the event of an emergency, particularly those people who have to
carry out duties (e.g. Fire-fighting teams, first- aiders);
• Advising people working or living near the installation about what they should do in the event of an
emergency;
• Familiarizing the emergency services with the facilities at the organisation so that they know what to
expect in the event of an emergency.
The emergency plan itself should include:
• Details on the installation, availability, and testing of suitable warning and alarm systems;
• Details of emergency scenarios that might occur, including the means for dealing with these scenarios;
• the emergency procedures in the organisation, including the responsibilities of key personnel,
procedures for fire-fighting and evacuation of all personnel on site, and first-aid requirements;
• Details of emergency services (e.g. Fire brigade, ambulance services, spill clean-up services), and the
contact arrangements for these services;
• Internal and external communications plan;
• training plans and testing for effectiveness;
• Details on the availability of emergency rescue equipment and its maintenance log.
The organisation should periodically test, review, and revise its emergency preparedness and response
procedures where necessary, in particular after the occurrence of accidents or emergency situations. The
plan should dovetail with the safety statement as required by section 20 of the 2005 Act.
11. Explain the OS&H Audit? (8M)
Executing the OS&H Audit
This would include a field visit with the auditee organization by the audit team which would cover the
following activities. During this field visit, the Concerned officials of the auditee would accompany the
team during their visits around the plant.
4. 3. 1 Opening Meeting
The purpose of an opening meeting is to;
— introduce the members of the audit team to the auditor’s senior management;
— review the scope and the objectives of the audit;
— provide a short summary of the methods and procedures to be used to conduct the audit;
— establish the official communication links between the audit team and the auditee;
— confirm that the resources and facilities needed by the audit team are available;
— fix a schedule of visits to individual plants/departments;
IS 14489: 1998
— discuss the auditor’s senior management; the areas of concerned and suggested areas of focus by the
audit team;
— confirm the time and date for the closing meeting and any interim meetings of the audit
Team and the auditor’s senior management;
— clarify any unclear details of the audit plan,
4.3.2 Presentation by auditee management on organization, manufacturing processes; organization
structure and specified requirements of the OS&H system.
4.3.3 Examination
4.3.3. 1 collecting evidence
Evidence should be collected through interviews, examination of documents, and observation of activities
and conditions in the areas of concern. Clues suggesting nonconformities should be noted if they seem
significant, even though not covered by check-lists, and should be investigated. Information gathered
through interviews should be tested by acquiring the same information from other independent sources,
such as physical observation, measurements and records
NOTE — a questionnaire for performing safety audit has been given in Annex C for guidance only.
4.3.3.2 Audit observations
Ail audit observations should be documented. After all activities have been audited, the audit team should
review all of their observations to determine which are to be reported as nonconformities. The audit team
should then ensure that these are documented in a clear, concise manner and are supported by evidence.
Nonconformities should be identified in terms of the specific requirements of the standard or other related
documents against which the audit has been conducted. Observations should be reviewed by the lead
auditor with the responsible auditee manager. All observations of nonconformities should be intimated to
the auditee and acknowledged by it.
It should be remembered that purpose of audit is not to comprehensively check implementation of each
safety system element- The purpose is to sample/test check the implementation of each element of the
OS&H system. Therefore, the information is to be corrected for a few cases of nonconformity in respect
of each element; as a basis for evaluating implementation of that element. However, recommendations are
not only to correct the observed nonconformities, but the implementation of the element as a whole.
4.3.4 Audit Recommendations
The desired end result of an OS&H audit is the identification of primarily unrecognized hazards, in the
light of experience and early recognition of short comings in the areas such as the maintenance and
testing of critical equipment. The auditor should make recommendations to the auditee for the
improvements to the OS&H system.
In case of an organization whose OS&H system specified requirements/description are well developed; it
would be sufficient to point out nonconformities with the requirement. However when these are not well
laid down, it becomes all the more important to make recommendations.
These recommendations are of two types:
— For improvement in the system's specified requirements; and
— For more effective implementation of the specified requirements of the system.
It is up to the auditee to determine the extent, the way and means of actions to improve the OS&H system
as per recommendations of the audit team. However, the recommendations regarding compliance with
statutory and legal requirements are to be fully implemented.
4.3.5 Closing Meeting with Auditee
At the end of the OS&H audit, prior to preparing the audit report, the audit team should hold a meeting
with the auditor’s senior management and those responsible for the functions concerned. The main
purpose of this meeting is to present audit observations and recommendations to the senior management
in such a manner so as to ensure that they clearly understand the results of the audit.
The lead auditor should present observations and recommendations, taking into account their perceived
Significance. The lead auditor should present the audit team's conclusions regarding the OS&H system's
effectiveness in ensuring that objectives will be met.
Records of the closing meeting should be kept.
12. Explain the roles and functions of safety and health advisers? (8M)
Safety and health advisers should:
• s u p p o r t the provision of authoritative and independent advice;
• have a direct reporting line to directors on matters of policy, and have the authority to stop work if it
contravenes agreed standards and puts people at risk of serious injury;
• h a v e responsibility for professional standards and systems; on large sites or in a
Group of companies, they may also have line-management responsibility for other safety and health
professionals.
Relationships outside the Organisation
Safety and health advisers will need to liaise with a wide range of bodies and individuals as necessary,
including:
• T h e Health and Safety Authority;
• L o c a l - a u t h o r i t y Environmental Health Officers and licensing officials;
• T h e Fire Service;
• T h e Garda Síochána;
• T h e Coroner or the courts;
• E m p l o y e r s ’ and workers’ representatives;
• C o n t r a c t o r s , architects, and design consultants;
• E q u i pme n t suppliers;
• I n s u r a n c e companies;
• C l i e n t s , customers, and the public;
• Ge n e r a l medical practitioners and occupational health physicians;
• Oc c u p a t i o n a l health specialists and services;
• T h e media.
They should be trained to communicate effectively with these groups.
External Specialist Safety and Health Support
From time to time, an organisation may require further specialist safety and health support. Areas where
specialist support may be needed, where in-house expertise and/or resources may be insufficient to meet
the organisation’s needs or where they may wish to have an independent view, include:
• I n i t i a l safety and health management system review;
• Gu i d a n c e in following and interpreting statutory requirements;
• H a z a r d identification and risk assessment;
• D e s i g n of new facilities, equipment and processes;
• S a f e t y and health investigations;
• P e r s o n a l monitoring of exposure to hazardous agents;
• H e a l t h surveillance;
• c o n t r o l strategies for eliminating or reducing risk, i.e. engineering controls or PPE;
• A c c i d e n t or incident investigation and specifying remedial actions;
• S p e c i a l i s t safety and health training;
• c a r r y i n g out safety and health management system measurements, reviews and audits.
The 2005 Act requires that preference should be given to appointing internal expertise to carry out this
work, where the expertise is available. It should also be noted that the definition of ‘director’ in the 2005
Act does not include a person who gives advice in a professional capacity.
13. What is Risk assessment? (2M)
Risk assessment means the process of evaluating and ranking the risks to safety and health at
work arising from the identification of hazards at the workplace. It involves estimating the
magnitude of risk and deciding whether the risk is acceptable or whether more precautions need
to be taken to prevent harm.
14. Explain risk control and their control measures? (8M)
Risk Control:
When risks have been analysed and assessed, risk assessors can make decisions about workplace
precautions.
All final decisions about risk-control methods must take the relevant legal requirements into
account, as they establish minimum levels of risk prevention or control. Some of the duties
imposed by the 2005 Act and the relevant statutory provisions are absolute. However, the general
duties of care in section 8 of the 2005 Act is qualified by the words ‘so far as is reasonably
practicable’. This means that In assessing risk, employers and those who control workplaces to
any extent must put in place appropriate preventive or control measures to protect the safety and
health of employees and others unless these measures are wholly disproportionate to the
elimination of the actual risk involved. In short, if the risk is high, a lot must be done to eliminate
or control it. To comply with this requirement, employers should adopt the following hierarchy
of risk control measures:
• E l imi n a t i o n or substitution which is a permanent solution that eliminates the hazard
altogether or substitutes one that presents a lower risk. This could involve the elimination of a
hazardous process or substance or the substitution of a toxic substance with a less toxic one;
• E n g i n e e r i n g controls or safety measures to reduce the risk. These can include using
machine guards, isolation or enclosure of hazards, local exhaust ventilation, mechanical handling
methods, or protective barriers;
• A dmi n i s t r a t i v e controls which reduce or eliminate exposure to a hazard by adherence to
procedures or instructions. These may include supervision, permit-to-work systems, and job
rotation;
• P e r s o n a l protective equipment (PPE). Appropriate training in the use and selection of
PPE is an essential element of risk control.
Further information on risk assessment and control is given in Appendix C.
Controlling Health Risks
Occupational safety and health legislation requires employers to ensure the health as well as the
safety of their employees. The principles for controlling health through risk assessment are the
same as those for safety.
However, the nature of health risks can make the link between work activities and employee ill-
health less apparent than in the case of injury from an accident. Unlike safety risks, which can
lead to immediate injury, the results of daily exposure to health risks may not become apparent
for months, years or, in some cases, decades.
Health may be irreversibly damaged before the risk is apparent. It is therefore essential to
develop a preventive strategy to identify and Control risks before anyone is exposed to them.
Failure to do so can lead to workers’ disability and loss of livelihood. It can also mean financial
losses for the organisation through absence, lost production, compensation, and increased
insurance premiums.
Risks to health from work activities may include: • S k i n contact with irritant substances,
leading to dermatitis etc.
• I n h a l a t i o n of respiratory sensitizers, triggering immune responses such as asthma;
• B a d l y designed workstations requiring awkward body postures or repetitive movements,
resulting in upper limb disorders, repetitive strain injury, or other musculoskeletal conditions;
• N o i s e levels that are too high, causing deafness and conditions such as tinnitus;
• E x c e s s i v e vibration, e.g. from hand-held tools, leading to hand-arm vibration syndrome
and circulatory problems;
• E x p o s u r e to ionising and non-ionising radiation, including ultraviolet from the sun’s rays,
causing burns, sickness, or skin cancer;
• I n f e c t i o n s ranging from minor sickness to life-threatening conditions caused by inhaling
or being contaminated by microbiological organisms;
• s t r e s s causing mental or physical illness.
Some illnesses or conditions such as asthma and back pain have both occupational and non-
occupational causes, and it may be difficult to establish a definite link with a work activity or
exposure to particular agents or substances. However, if there is information that shows the
illness or condition is prevalent among the occupational group to which the sufferer belongs or
among workers exposed to similar agents or substances, it is likely that work is at least a
contributory factor.
Some aspects of managing risks to health may need input from specialist or professional advisers
such as technical staff or occupational health hygienists, nurses and occupational physicians.
Much can be done to prevent or control risks to health by
Taking straightforward measures such as:
• c o n s u l t i n g the workforce on the design of workstations;
• t a l k i n g to suppliers of substances, plant and equipment about minimising exposure;
• e n c l o s i n g machinery to cut down noise or fumes;
• r e s e a r c h i n g the use of less hazardous materials;
• e n s u r i n g that employees are trained in the safe handling of all the substances and materials
with which they come into contact.
15. Define an Organization? (2M)
Organization means a company, corporation, firm, enterprise, or institution, or part or
combination of any of these, whether incorporated or not, public or private, that has its own
functions and administration. For organizations with more than one operating unit, a single
operating unit may be defined as an organization.
16. Explain the different types of Safety Plans? (8M)
TYPES OF SAFETY PLANS
Site Safety Plan - A site safety plan will come in handy for when you are planning a large
outdoor event, like a concert or fair. It combines a description of all the potential hazards of the
site, structural safety calculations and drawings, as well as a detailed description of site safety
rules, any site crew managers and safety coordinators.
Crowd Management Plan - The key to a good crowd management plan is to first understand
the characteristics of the people that will be in attendance. Map out your plans for event
admittance and denials in advance and make sure to coordinate a chain of command. Always
make sure to remain communicative with your staff and with your guests.
Transport Management Plan - Figure out how guests will be arriving and departing. Ask
yourself, what you need to provide your attendees so that this process can go as smoothly as
possible. If your event is serving alcohol make sure you have on hand lists of ways your guests
can make it home. Detail all parking arrangements and any that have to be made with the local
traffic authorities in case of road closures
Plan - Always, always have a contingency plan. It's all better to hope for the best but plan for the
worst. Get together a plan detailing how you and your staff will deal with a major
Incident or disaster: How will you make announcements? How will people exit the premises? If
exiting is not possible, what resources do you have to keep people calm?
First-Aid Plan - Accidents happen and people fall ill. Always make sure you have the basic
services for first aid provided at any sized event. Be prepared with the numbers of all important
emergency services that you can distribute to your staff. Depending on whether you have a large
number of people in attendance you will need to find first aid provisions suitable enough, like
having a medical officer on staff.
17. What is Risk control? (2M)
Risk control: Risk control is the basis for ensuring that adequate workplace precautions are
provided and maintained. At the input stage, the aim is to minimize hazards and risks entering
the organization. At the process stage, the focus is on containing risks associated with the
process. At the output stage, risk control should prevent the export of risks off-site, or in the
products and services generated by the business. The nature and relative importance of risk
control will vary according to the nature and hazard profile of the business and workplace
precautions.
Organizations need risk controls appropriate to the hazards arising from their activities and
sufficient to cover all hazards. The design, reliability and complexity of each risk- control
method should be proportion to the hazards and risks involved.
18. Define Safety and health Management? (2M)
Safety and health means occupational health, safety, and welfare in the context of preventing
accidents and ill-health to employees while at work.
Safety and health management system means the part of the overall management system that
includes the organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures
and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining the
occupational safety and health policy.
 IS-02
SET-1
1. What is an acoustic material? Give example? (2M)
It is a material designed to control direct and manipulate sound waves as these might occurs in
gases, liquids, and solids.
Ex: Types of acoustic material:
Sound absorbers
Sound diffuses
Noise barriers
Sound reflectors
2. List out the general precaution shall be observed by power tool users? (8M)
The following general precautions shall be observed by power tool users:
• Never carry a tool by the cord or hose;
• Never remove prongs from any cords;
• Never stand in or near water when using tools;
• Always use a Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) with electrical tools if working in a
wet environment;
• Never “yank” the cord or the hose to disconnect it from the receptacle;
• Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil and sharp edges;
• Replace all frayed and/or damaged extension cords. Do not try to tape cords;
• Disconnect tools when not in use, before servicing and when changing accessories such as
blades, bits and cutters;
• All observers shall be kept at a safe distance away from the work area;
• Secure work with clamps or a vice, freeing both hands to operate the tool;
• Avoid accidental starting. The worker shall not hold a finger on the switch button while
carrying a plugged-in tool;
• Tools shall be maintained with care. They shall be kept sharp and clean for the best
performance. Follow instructions in the user’s manual for maintenance, lubricating and
changing accessories;
• Maintain good footing and balance;
• Avoid loose fitting clothes, ties or jewelry such as bracelets, watches or rings, which can
become caught in moving parts;
• Use tools that are either double-insulated or grounded (three-pronged);
• Keep work area well lit when operating electric tools;
• Ensure that cords and hoses do not pose as a tripping hazard; and
• All portable electric tools that are damaged shall be removed from use and tagged “Do Not
Use”. This shall be done by supervisors and/or employees.
3. List out the potential light stroke injuries? (2M)
• Eye injury
• Lung damage
• Heart damage
• Superficial burns
• Eardrum rupture
• Broken bones and dislocations
• Skull fractures and cervical spine injuries
• Keraunoparalysis - a temporary paralysis
4. How is evaluation of noise done? (2M)
Evaluation of noise should be done by different types of sound level meters it is measured in
decibels. According to OSHA standards more than 85 dB called as noise
5. State the benefits of goods illumination. What are the factors to be considered for adequate
lighting? (8M)
Benefits of good illumination:
• Reduces risk of occupational accidents and health problems
• Better concentration and accuracy in work
• A brighter and cleaner work place resulting in more active and cheerful environment
• Improved work performance
• Better visibility, improved accuracy and increased work speed and enhancing production
• It avoids errors, fatigue and accidents
• Factors for adequate lighting
The level of illumination required in a workroom or factory depends on factors such as:
• The age of worker and his visual ability
• Size of the object and type of work
• Contrast b/w the object and the background is another factor. which should be taken into
account in designing the lighting arrangement
• Glare arises when some parts of the fields of vision is bright in relation to the general level.
the design of lighting arrangement should aim at minimum glare in the work room
6. What are the effects of heat stress? (2M)
Heat stress can affect individuals in different ways, and some people are more susceptible to it than
others.
Typical symptoms are:
• An inability to concentrate
• Muscle cramps
• Heat rash
• Severe thirst - a late symptom of heat stress
• Fainting
• Heat exhaustion - fatigue, giddiness, nausea, headache, moist skin
• Heat stroke - hot dry skin, confusion, convulsions and eventual loss of consciousness. This is the
most severe disorder and can result in death if not detected at an early stage
7. Explain the hierarchy of risk control produced by noise? (8M)

The WHS Regulations require duty holders to work through a hierarchy of control to choose the control
measure that most effectively eliminates or minimises the risk in the circumstances. The hierarchy ranks
the ways of controlling the risk of hearing loss from noise from the highest level of protection and
reliability to the lowest so that the most effective controls are considered first. Effective risk control may
involve a single control measure or a combination of two or more different controls.
ELIMINATE THE RISK The most effective control measure is to eliminate the source of noise
completely, for example by ceasing to use a noisy machine, changing the way work is carried out so
hazardous noise is not produced or by not introducing the hazard into the workplace.
MINIMISE THE RISK If it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate the source of noise, you must
minimize the risk associated with hearing loss as far as is reasonably practicable. This includes ensuring
that the noise does not exceed the exposure standard by choosing one or more of the following measures:
„
Substitute the hazard with plant or processes that are quieter „ modify plant and processes to reduce the
noise using engineering controls „ isolate the source of noise from people by using distance, barriers,
enclosures and sound absorbing surfaces. If there is a remaining risk, it must be minimised so far as is
reasonably practicable by implementing administrative controls, and if a risk still remains, then suitable
personal protective equipment must be provided and used. These two types of control measures, when
used on their own, tend to be least effective in minimising risks because they rely on human behaviour
and supervision.
 SUBSTITUTING PLANT OR PROCESSES to reduce noise BUY ‘QUIET’ One of the most cost-
effective and long-term ways of reducing noise at work is to introduce a purchasing and hiring policy to
choose the quietest plant for the job. This can be done by obtaining information on noise emission (for
example, data on sound power level or sound pressure level at the operator position) from the
manufacturer, importer or supplier of plant and comparing it to determine the quietest plant.
Ask the suppliers about the likely noise emission under the particular conditions in which you will
operate the machinery, as well as under standard test conditions. If you ask the same question to all
suppliers you can compare information. Sound power level data will only ever be a guide as many
factors affect the actual noise levels experienced by your workers, but it will help you buy quieter
machines.

CHANGE THE WAY YOU DO THE JOB A different way of doing the job may provide the same
result with a lot less noise. For example, bending metal in a vice or a press is quieter than hammering it
into shape, welding is generally quieter than riveting, gluing is quieter than hammering in nails, clipping
is quieter than stapling, and lowering materials in a controlled manner is quieter than dropping them on
hard surfaces.
USING ENGINEERING CONTROLS A good understanding of the operation of the plant or process
is necessary when considering ways of minimizing noise at its source. Examples of engineering control
measures include: „
Eliminating impacts between hard objects or surfaces „
Minimizing the drop height of objects or the angle that they fall onto hard surfaces „ Using absorbent
lining on surfaces to cushion the fall or impact of objects „
Fitting exhaust mufflers on internal combustion engines „
8. What is static electricity? (2M)
It is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of the material.
The charge remains until it is able to move away by means of an electric current (or) electrical
discharge.
A static electric charge can be created whenever two surfaces are contact and separate.
9. List out the tool failure causes? (2M)
• Prevention of economic loss to Tool users Tool manufacturers
• Steelmakers Safety issues, i.e., the need to ensure
• Operating safety Labour safety
• Environmental safety
• Compliance with quality assurance requirements
10. Discuss the hazards related to material handling and ware housing? (8M)
Hazards related to material handling:
• Hazards due to load
• Hazards due to task
• Hazards due to environmental factors
• Hazards due to lifting equipment

Factors effecting for load:

• Weight
• Size
• Shape
• Damaged surface
• Absence or inappropriate handles
• Imbalance

Factors effecting for task hazards:

 • lifting and lowering
• pushing or pulling
• inability
• lack of accuracy and precision
• hazardous movement are postures
• multiple handling requirements

Factors effecting for environment hazards :

• high temperature
• relative humidity
• lack of illumination
• noise
• time constraints
• physical conditions

Factors effecting for lifting equipment hazards :

• excessive loads
• high speed operation
• no hand signals
• improper maintenance and inspection
• damaged lifting equipment’s
11. Explain about photo electric safety guards? (8M)
Photo electric safe guards are used in presence in sensing system
There are two types of presence sensing systems
1. Laser guards
2. Light guards

Laser guards: laser guards are photo electric safety system that detect an obstruction in the path
taken by a beam or beams of light

• If the field of light is broken the machine stops and will not run
• The invisible barriers operated by the system may consists of a single beam or multiple
beam of light
• This device should be used only on machines that can be stopped before the workers can
reach the danger area
Light guards: light guards which are light beams used in guarding of machinery there may
be a scanning beam or beams or a no. of fixed beams.
• The light may be visible or invisible.
• The light beams may be modulated and coherent
Ex: infrared rays
• When property maintained present using system stop the machinery before the person
moves into a position there they could be injured
• They turn of the running machine or equipment before access can be gained to a dangerous
area surrounding the machine
 • They relay on sensitive trip machine and the machine being able to start quickly
• Photo electric curtains laser scanners and pressure mats (or) examples of these types of
guards
• There must be operated and maintained according to manufactures instruction.
12. List out the duties and responsibilities of competent person? (8M)
• Is qualified because of knowledge, training and experience to organize the work and its
performance
• Is familiar with the acts and regulations that applied to the work
• Has knowledge of any potential or actual danger to health or safety in the workplace
Roles:
• Carrying out regular hazard inspection and reporting the findings to senior management
• Organizing safety audits and advising on safety management systems
• Identifying training needs of an employee’s identifying appropriate training content
• Advising management of action which needs to be taken to reduce occupational diseases
• Maintain cooperation with safety representatives
• Keeping records of examinations, tests, inspections, accidents, including illness and
dangerous occurrences as well as emergency exercises
• Increasing safety awareness within the company by regular staff and management briefings
• Acting as a liaisim person with contractors coming on to sight, ensuring their safety
procedures are in order and ensuring that they are providing with the same standard of the
health and safety as company employees
• Investigating accidents, occupational illness and dangerous occurrences
• Building of an information base which allows the company to keep their interest of health
and safety requirements
• Participating in an effective consultation mechanism within the organization for health and
safety
• Liaising with started semi state authorities on health and safety issues
13. List out the few types of general principal of guarding? (2M)
• Prevent contact b/n hazardous moving parts and body (or) clothing
• Secure guard which is not easily removed
• Protect from objects falling into machinery
• Does not create new hazards
• Not interfere with the job or task
• Allow safe lubrication without removing guards if possible
14. Explain in detail about with safety measures that are to be followed while working at height
with example? (8M)
General precautions while working at height:
• Cutoff power in nearby electrical lines to avoid shock and fall.
• Do not lift or carry excessive loads, so as to loose balance and fallen
• Tools should be attached by lanyard to the belt or garment to prevent their fall on others
• Safety helmet, shoes, safety belt, and other PPE’S shall be used as per requirement
• Keep work floor always dry, and clean and well protected
• No safe means of access, emergency stair cage, fire extinguishers, and first aid box before
starting the work
 • Workers suffering from balance disorders(vertigo epilepsy)should not be employed on
continuously to work at height
• Safety belts, lanyards, lifelines and trained workers are allowed to working at heights
• Provide proper ant adequate working platforms.
15. Define the term Ergonomics? (2M)
Ergonomics is essentially fitting the workplace to the worker and with the design of safe systems of work. .
The better the fit the higher the level of safety and worker efficiency.”
16. Explain the selection and Design of guards? (8M)
• All guards must be of suitable design and construction
• They should be strong, resilient, difficult to defeat or override, and securely fixed in position
• Where there is frequent access to a danger zone, it is normally preferable to interlock the guard with a
device that isolates the power supply and arrests dangerous machine movements when the guard is opened
• Guards must be effective in preventing access to danger zones and require regular checks to ensure that
fingers, arms, feet or bodies cannot reach into such zones
• Finally, guards must be maintained in position whenever the machine is operating or dangerous parts are in
motion. This will involve not only providing the guards themselves but also training, supervision and
employee discipline.

ERGONOMICS OF MACHINE GAURDING:

Ergonomics and machine guarding a critical aspect of machine guarding is to ensure workers cannot reach
past the guarding into the machine. The way the worker uses and interacts with a machine (ergonomic
principles) needs to be considered when deciding how to best guard a machine.
Typical ergonomic principles include:
•The nature of postures and movements
•The ease of physical operation
•The effects of noise or temperature the lighting environment
•The clarity and location of manual controls
•The design of dials, markings and displays.
17. Name different types of scaffolds? (2M)
• Supported scaffold
• Suspended scaffold
• Aerial scaffold
• Rolling scaffold
• Mobile scaffold
• Foot long scaffold
• Bird cage scaffold
• Cantilever scaffold
18. What is the daily Inspection? (2M)
It is the checklist based process conducting daily to identify potential or existing hazards along with
appropriate remedies.
 IS-03
SET-1
1. List out various types of work permits? (2M)
General work permit
• hot work permit
• cold work permit
• electrical work permit
• safe work permit
• height work permit
• excavation work permit
• night work permit
• material shifting work permit
2. What are the occupational health hazards in automobile industry? Explain the preventive
measure for them? (8M)
Occupational health hazards in automobile industry
• Falls from ladders, stairs, elevator platforms and wet platform etc.
• Falls under level especially on wet slippery greasy garage flows
• Injuries due to collapse of jockey, lifting or hosting equipment and vehicles
• Falling from crushed tools resulting from any object eye injuries from splinters and flying
objects from grinding and machining operations
• Injuries as a result of being caught in b/n moving and stationary objects
• Injuries caused by rotating parts of the machine tools
• Accrued musculo skeletal injures due to over exception while lifting or otherwise handling
heavy vehicle parts etc. and due to acquired work postures
• Burns due to contact with hot surfaces exhaust pipes or hot mert chemicals
• Electrocution as a result of defects short circuit or improper use of electro mechanical
equipment or contact with live wires
• Carbon monoxide poisoning
• Fires and explosions of spilled or leaked flammable or explosion substances or by ignition
of hydrogen released from batteries or during flame cutting or welding operations etc.
• Increased rate of road accidents during test driving
• Punches and cuts caused by sharp edges of hand tools vehicles parts and sheet
materials.
Preventive measures
• Mount rail or other guard road inspection pits when hot in use wear safety shoes with non-
skid soul
• Wear appropriate eye protection learn and use safe lifting and moving techniques for
heavy or awkward loads use mechanical aids to assist in lifting in welding work wear
welding helmet with your protecting gloves wear hearing protection appropriate for the
noise level and type of noise.
3. List four safety requirements of Electrode holder of arc welding? (2M)
• Electrode holder to be maintain properly
• Insulation should not be damaged
• Open cable joints to be avoid
Don’t touch electrode holder with bear hands in working condition
• Proper grounding is maintained.
4. What are the hazards from welding gases? (2M)
▪ Respiratory irritant.
▪ "Metal Fume Fever." A carcinogen. Other chronic effects include damage to the
respiratory tract.
 ▪ Irritation of the nose, throat and bronchi.
▪ Irritant to eyes and respiratory system, can damage kidneys and other organs.
5. Explain step by step process of work permit system from opening till closing of a permit in any
operation? (8M)
Work permit contains
• Work
• Task
• Date of issue
• Location
• Area
• Work description and equipment
• Particular hazards in work place
• Name of the people involved
• Name of the people supervision
• Name of the safety supervisor or officer
• PPE requirements
• Permit review and issue
• Permit acceptance person name & signature
• Permit issuer name & signature
• Permit closing time & date
6. List out some types Wastes? (2M)
Types of waste
Generally, waste could be liquid or solid waste. Both of them could be hazardous. Liquid and
solid waste types can also be grouped into organic, re-usable and recyclable waste.
7. Explain the effects of water pollution? (8M)
Effects of water pollution:
You will notice in the previous pages that water pollution is very harmful to humans, animals and
water life. The effects can be catastrophic, depending on the kind of chemicals, concentrations of
the pollutants and where there are polluted. Below, we shall see a summary of the effects of
water pollution. (Make sure you see the factsheet page for some very unfortunate incidents of
water pollution in recent time)

The effects of water pollution are varied and depend on what chemicals are dumped and in which
locations. Many water bodies near urban areas (cities and towns) are highly polluted. This is the
result of both garbage dumped by individuals and dangerous chemicals legally or illegally
dumped by manufacturing industries, health centres, schools and market places.

Death of aquatic (water) animals

The main problem caused by water pollution is that it kills life that depends on these water
bodies. Dead fish, crabs, birds and sea gulls, dolphins, and many other animals often wind up on
beaches, killed by pollutants in their habitat (living environment).
Disruption of food-chains
Pollution disrupts the natural food chain as well. Pollutants such as lead and cadmium are eaten
by tiny animals. Later, these animals are consumed by fish and shellfish, and the food chain
continues to be disrupted at all higher levels.
Diseases
Eventually, humans are affected by this process as well. People can get diseases such as
hepatitis by eating seafood that has been poisoned. In many poor nations, there is always
outbreak of cholera and diseases as a result of poor drinking water treatment from contaminated
waters.
Destruction of ecosystems
Ecosystems (the interaction of living things in a place, depending on each other for life) can be
severely changed or destroyed by water pollution. Many areas are now being affected by
careless human pollution, and this pollution is coming back to hurt humans in many ways.
8. What is acid rain? (2M)
Acid rain is a rain (or) any other form of precipitation that is usually acidic, meaning that is
usually acidic, meaning that it possess elevated levels hydrogen ions.in this process acid
deposition should be mainly done by SO2(sulphur dioxide), (NOx) gases.
9. List out the Hazards in boiler operation? (2M)
Boiler operation hazards include steam/hot water burns, burns from hot equipment, steam
explosions, fuel fires and chemical exposure.
10. Explain about some health and safety hazards associated with being a welder? (8M)

Hazards typically fall into one of six general categories as listed below. For more information on
that issue, prevention, or how to work safely with a chemical or material, click on the links where
provided.
Biological
While it depends on the workplace itself, welders do not normally encounter biological hazards.
Chemical
Welding can create fumes which are a complex mixture of metallic oxides, silicates and fluorides.
Fumes are formed when metal or other materials such as flux or solvents are heated above its
boiling point and its vapours condense into very fine particles (solid particulates). Welding fumes
normally contain oxides of the materials being welded and of the electrodes being used. If the
metal has a coating or paint, these too can decompose with the heat and become part of the
fumes. Care should be taken when working near these fumes as health effects can be both
immediate, or occur at a later time.
Welders also often work with and around:
• Flammable and combustible liquids.
• Compressed gases.
• Asbestos.
Ergonomic
Many injuries to welders are the result of strains, sprains and work-related musculoskeletal
disorders (WMSDs).
Welders often have to:
• Lift or move heavy objects.
• Work in awkward positions for long periods of time.
• Handle and hold heavy welding guns.
• Perform repetitive motions.
See OSH Answers document on Welding - Ergonomics for more information.
Physical
Welders can be exposed to:
• Excessive noise levels.
• Excessive heat or cold.
• Electromagnetic fields.
• Laser light.
• Radiation.
Welding arcs and flames can emit intense visible (VIS), ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR)
radiation. Gamma- or X-rays can be emitted by inspection equipment or welding machines. Skin
and eye damage such as "welder's eye" or cataracts can result to certain types of radiation.
Safety
Welders often have to work:
• At heights.
• In confined spaces.
• Could experience electrical shock or electrocution.
Other safety hazards include:
• Flying particles which can enter the eye or skin.
• Cuts and stabs from sharp metal edges.
• Injury from other equipment (e.g., using power tools such as grinders, chippers, drills, etc.).
• Slips trips or falls due to location or environment near the job.
• Burns from hot surfaces, flames, sparks, etc.
• Fires from sparks, flames or hot metals (a special situation includes when the surrounding atmosphere
becomes oxygen enriched and thus easier to ignite.) Fires may also result from flashbacks or equipment
failure. Please note that clothes soiled with oils or grease can burn more easily. In addition, sleeves or
cuffs that are folded or rolled up can "catch" sparks and increase the risk of fire.
11. Explain the safety tips used in docks? (8M)
TIP 1: PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
Wearing the right kind of personal protective equipment is of paramount importance while moving cargo
from one place to another. Equipment like safety harness, safety helmets, safety shoes and various
others must be used at all times while handling cargo on ships. Working without such equipment puts
your life at grave risk. Also make sure you know the proper use of all protection equipment in order to
optimize its use. Another aspect that must be considered is the maintenance of this equipment and
checking it for damage prior to use.
TIP 2: DO NOT INTERFERE WITH THE USE OF A SAFETY DEVICE AND UNDERSTAND ALL
SAFETY
PROCEDURES
Before handling the cargo, the crew should be told of the various on-site safety devices that will protect
them in case of an untoward incident. Crew should in no way interfere with the working of such devices
or alter their functioning in any way or form. Something else that is important is understanding all the
safe methods and practices of cargo handling and making sure they are adopted without shortcuts.
TIP 3: IDENTIFY SHELTER POSITIONS
If you’re working on the open deck while handling cargo, it’s important that you are well aware of the
shelter options that will protect you in the case of falling cargo, or where you can wait till the hoisted
cargo has been placed on the deck or amidships.
TIP 4: SECURING THE CARGO
It’s of paramount importance that all cargo is secured when it arrives on deck and not piggybacking
cargo. A secure cargo is safe cargo and it needs to be secured as soon as it is placed in the storage
area. Loose items of cargo can prove to be dangerous and you don’t want a situation from hell on your
hands, where an unsecured cargo has gone on to seriously injure some on-board personnel. Something
else that one must remember is that any and every cargo that is not in containers should be properly
secured at all times.
TIP 5: THE RIGHT USE OF LIFTING EQUIPMENT
Cargo handling on ships requires the use of lifting equipment like wire ropes, wire rope slings, hooks,
forklifts, cranes etc. As somebody working with such equipment, you need to be able to make sure that
the equipment has been tested and maintained according to the relevant rules and regulations. More
importantly, you must be able to use this equipment the way it is supposed to be used. Incorrect use of
lifting equipment can put the lives of people working in
and around this equipment in jeopardy.
TIP 6: NO STANDING UNDER A HOISTED CARGO
In an environment where cargo is being handled, there is always a danger of being hit by a load if you’re
standing in its path or under it. There have been some tragic accidents all because a person was
standing under a hoisted load.
There are two facets to this particular safety aspect. Firstly, the crane operator must ensure a safe path
for the hoisting of the cargo and secondly, the on-deck personnel must make sure they are well aware of
the loading path and stay clear of incoming cargo.
TIP 7: ENTERING ENCLOSED SPACES
In many cases, the personnel in charge of handling cargo will need to enter an unventilated cargo hold.
Not adhering to the proper safety procedures might result in them entering oxygen deficient confined
spaces or ones that are packed with toxic gases. As can be imagined this can lead to some serious
problems. Therefore, such spaces must be checked for their oxygen content and thoroughly ventilated
before entry. The use of special equipment allows one to check for oxygen content in such places.
TIP 8: IMPORTANCE OF PROPER VISIBILITY
Do not handle cargo in poor visibility. If you feel visibility is getting affected due to certain reasons like a
change in weather conditions amongst others, take the necessary steps to improve the lighting on work
places. It’s also important that the lighting does not dazzle the eyes and allows you to see each area of
the workplace clearly. Working in improper lighting is a recipe for disaster and can lead to some serious
accidents.
12. What are the occupational health hazards in textile industry? Explain the preventive measure for
them? (8M)
Hazards in textile industry
Hazards

Hazards Health effects Control measures

• Hearing loss,
• Physical (hazard noise) tinnitus
• Dust • Respiratory
• Light problems caused by
• Lifting heavy cotton dust
weights • Eye strain &glaring • Hearing aids,
• Fire hazards • Muscular skeleton eng control to
• Welding operation disorders reduce noise
• Electrical & short • Loss of life & • Breathing
circuits damage to filters dust
• Smoking equipment collectors,
• Heat • Spark ignition & ventilation
shocks • Proper lighting
• Fire & shocks arrangements
• Chances of fire • Keep back
• Exhausting bone straight
while lifting,
pull the load
close to the
body lift and
carry loads
with straight
hands
• Fire
extinguisher,
hydrants &
sprinklers
• Proper PPE
• Circuit
breakers &
PPE
• Do not smoke
in work area
• ventilation
13. List out most common hazards in the agricultural industry? (2M)
The most common hazards in the agricultural industry are:
• Using unguarded machinery – e.g. the power take off on tractors or conveyor lines
• Manual harvesting - e.g. fruit picking that involves awkward working positions and
reaching above your shoulder or head
• Heavy lifting - e.g. moving or lifting animals, moving feed and lifting fruit cases
• Elevated work - e.g. working in silos and cool stores where there is the possibility of falling
• Fatigue - e.g. Working extended hours during peak times (e.g. harvesting) and working in
hot or cold weather.
14. Explain in detail about safety measured that are to be followed at a construction site? (8M)
Hazards in construction site
Potential hazards for workers in construction include
• Falls
• Trench collapse
• Scaffold collapse
• Electric shock and arc flash or arc blast
• Failure to use PPE
Repetitive motion injury
 Safety measures:
• Before you operate a machine ensure that the dangerous pert of the machine has been
installed with a guard
• Avoid going to any area with insufficient lighting as there may be some dangerous places
which have not being provided with fencing
• Keep vigilant all the time and watch out for moving cranes, hooks, or other lifting
equipment
• Before you use any electrical installation or tool check the condition of its electrical cable
• Avoid dragging electrical cables on the ground avoid allowing the cables to come into
contact
• With water
• Use electrical tools installed with at earth circuit leakage breaker(E L C B)
• Use and handles chemicals with care
Personal safety measures:
• Wear protective equipment
• Don’t drink(or) takes while working
• Pay attention to personal hygiene
• Don’t horseplay with machines
• Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any unsafe condition.
15. What are the hazards in Automobile Industry? (2M)
Hazards in automobile industry
• Silica containing dost
• Inhalation (CO) carbon monoxide )
• Metal fumes
• High levels of noise and vibration
• Heat stress
• Exposure to contaminate oils
16. List out different types of hazards in sugar industry? Explain at least 5 from the following? (8M)
SUGAR INDUSTRY HEALTH HAZARDS
•Injuries From machetes ranging from minor cuts to severing of body parts
•Cuts and abrasions from cane leaves, stalks and stumps
•Musculoskeletal Injuries from repetitive and forceful movements, and lifting and carrying heavy
or awkward loads
•Poisoning and long term health problems from using or being exposed to pesticides
• Injuries from contact with, or entanglement in unguarded machinery
Or being hit by motorized vehicles
• High levels of sun exposure which can result in skin cancer and heat exhaustion
• Respiratory problems from smoke
• Snake and insect bites
• Long working hours and stress

17. What is an Excavation? List out the Excavation Supporting Methods? (2M)
In many construction jobs deep excavations must be made before the structure can be built.
Excavation support systems are temporary earth retaining structures that allow the sides of
excavation to be cut vertical or near vertical. This is done to maximize the size of an excavation;
when the price of real estate is high or space is limited by property lines, utilities or existing
structures. When excavations have the potential to endanger lives or adjacent properties, bracing
to support the soil must be designed. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) requires
that all trenches exceeding 5 feet in depth be shored. In large construction areas, excavation
walls may be sloped, instead of providing structural support.
18. List out various causes accidents in dock work? (2M)
• Fall from height
• Falling objects
• Fatigue
• Hazards by lifting equipment
• Fire
• Electrocution
• Hazards by moving vehicles and equipment’s asphyxiation substances
• Muscular skeletal disorder MSDs
• Noise, slips and trips
 IS-04
SET-1
1. Write the formula to calculate the Incident rate & frequency rate? (2M)

2. What is safety report? Give its purpose, objectives and contents? (8M)
Safety reporting is the filling of reports and collection of information are actual (or) potential
safety deficiencies.
Purpose and objective:
The purpose of this document is to provide broad guidance to inspectors or safety cases, the
guide sets out that how they are used their overall qualities how they may be structured and
what information they should contained.
Contents in safety report:
Safety report must contain
• Major accident prevention policy
• Identification of hazards
• Adequate prevention or limitation methods
• Internal emergency plans
• Information for external emergency plans
3. What are the objectives of safety audit? (2M)
Objective of safety audit:
The objective of safety audit is to evaluate the effectiveness of company safety effort and more
recommendations which lead to a reduction in accidents and minimization of loss potential.
4. Write a short note on the management in major accident hazards? (2M)
Management in major accident hazards:
• Maintain major accident prevention policy.
• Maintain safety management system
• Identification of hazards
• Adequate prevention or limitation measures
• On-site and off-site emergency plans maintained
• Proper site plan
• Maintain emergency escape rules
• Maintain emergency services
5. What are the basic steps for conducting accident Investigation? Explain (8M)
INITIATING THE PROCESS
Introduction
In this first module our goals are to understand basic OROSHA law regarding employer
responsibilities to Conduct accident investigation. We'll also learn why it's important to begin the
investigation early-on, when it's "safe" to investigate, and "how" to secure the accident scene
 once the investigation has been initiated. Finally, you'll learn what the law says about reporting
accidents to the concerned authorities like inspector factories department.
The incident/accident investigation process is composed of three principles and each principle is
further reduced into 6 steps. This helps to ensure you are walking through the process in an
orderly manner.

Before the accident occurs...lay the groundwork

When a serious accident occurs in the workplace, everyone will be too busy dealing with the emergency at
hand. To worry about putting together an investigation plan, so before the accident occurs... develop an
effective written incident/accident analysis plan that will:
Determine who should be notified of accident.
Establish who is authorized to notify outside agencies (fire, police, etc.)
Determine who is assigned to conduct investigations.
Conduct required training for accident investigators.
Determine who receives and acts on investigation reports.
Establish timetables for conducting the investigation and follow-up actions such as hazard correction.
Before the accident occurs...lay the groundwork
When a serious accident occurs in the workplace, everyone will be too busy dealing with the emergency at
hand to worry about putting together an investigation plan, so before the accident occurs... develop an
effective written incident/accident analysis plan that will:
Determine who should be notified of accident. Establish who is authorized to notify outside agencies (fire,
police etc.) Determine who is assigned to conduct investigations.
Conduct required training for accident investigators. Determine who receives and acts on investigation
reports.
Establish timetables for conducting the investigation and follow-up actions such as hazard correction.
Step 1: Secure the Accident Scene
The first step in an effective accident investigation procedure is to secure the accident scene as soon as
possible so you can begin collecting initial data. Sometimes, you may actually be able to begin the
investigation, while the victim is being assisted by emergency responders. In this case, make sure you do
not interfere in any way with them. The first responsibility is to make sure the victim is cared for. At this
early point, you're primarily making initial observations for later analysis.
Most of the time, your investigation will not begin until emergency response is completed. In this situation,
material evidence will most likely not be in its original location. Of course, this will make it more difficult for
you to determine the original location of evidence, but effective interviews will help you to construct the
scene. In either situation, you're not yet interested in what "caused" the accident, just gathering as much
pertinent information as possible for later analysis. Why is it important to start the investigation as soon as
possible? Of course, it's not to establish blame, but rather to accurately determine the surface and root
causes for the accident. The longer you wait to investigate, the more likely the accuracy of the evidence
may suffer over time.
Why? Two things may change after an accident occurs:

Material evidence. Somehow, tools, equipment, and sometimes people just seem to move or disappear
from the scene. Understandably, the employer is anxious to "clean up" the accident scene so people can
get back to work. It's important that an effective procedure be developed to protect material evidence so
that it does not get moved, or disappears.
Memory. Accidents are traumatic events. There are varying degrees of psychological trauma depending on
how "close" an individual is to the accident or victim. There may be physical trauma to the victim and others
whenever a serious accident occurs in the workplace. Everyone is affected somehow. As time passes after
an accident conversations with others and individual emotions distort what people believe they saw and
heard. After a while, the memory of everyone affected by the accident will be altered in some way. This type
of distortion can have nothing but negative effects on your success as an accident investigator. With the
above in mind, it becomes rather obvious why we must try to get information as soon as possible. But what
can we do to make sure evidence and memory do not disappear? Let's find out.
Securing the accident scene isn't difficult, but it's critically important to do it quickly. You may use tape,
rope, cones, or even personnel to secure the accident scene. Securing the accident scene may not be
rocket science, but it may be extremely important in preventing the loss or misplacement of material
evidence.
Step 2: Collect Facts about What Happened
Once the accident scene has been roped off, it's important to begin immediately to gather evidence from
many sources as possible during an investigation. One of the biggest challenges facing the investigator is
to determine what is relevant to what happened, how it happened, and why it happened. Identifying items
that answer these questions is the purpose of effective accident scene documentation.
6. Compare between reportable and non-reportable accidents? (2M)
Reportable accidents:
An accidents preventing accidently from work for a period of 48 hours or more immediately after
the accident is called reportable accident.

Non-reportable accidents:
An accident preventing accident from work for a period of 48 hours or less immediately after the
accident is called non-reportable accident.
7. Explain the following (8M)
(a) Disadvantages of JSA (b) limitations of FTA
Disadvantages of JSA
• Time consuming
• May involve personal biasness
• Sources of data is extremely small
• Involves loss of human effort
• The analyst may not process appropriate skills
• Mental abilities cannot be directly observed.
Limitations of FTA
• Prepare in early stages of design and further developed in detail concurrently with design
development
• Identifies and records systematically the logically fault paths from a specific effect to the
prime causes
• Allows easy conversion to probability measures that may lead to very large trees if to
analysis is extended in depth
• The analysation depends on skill of analyst it is difficult to apply the systems with partial
success
• Can be costly in time and effort
 8. List out the steps in “root cause analysis”? (2M)
Steps in root cause analysis:
1. Injury Cause Analysis: Analyse the injury event to identify and describe the nature of the harmful
transfer of energy that caused the injury or illness.

2. Surface Cause Analysis: Analyse events to determine specific hazardous conditions and unsafe or
Inappropriate behaviours..

a. for primary surface causes: Analyse events occurring just prior to the injury event to identify
those specific conditions and Behaviours that directly caused the accident.

b. For contributing surface causes: Analyse conditions and Behaviours to determine other specific
conditions and Behaviours (contributing surface causes) that contributed to the accident.

3. Root Cause Analysis: Analyse system weaknesses contributing to surface causes.

For inadequate implementation. Analyse each contributing condition and behaviour to determine if
weaknesses in carrying out safety policies, programs, plan, processes, procedures and practices
(inadequate implementation) exist.
9. Write a short note on “benefits of job safety analysis”? (2M)
Job safety analysis benefits
• Identify unsafe work practices before an accident occurs
• Decreases injury rates
• Increased qualities
• Increased productivity.
10. How are MAH identified? List out MAH rules? (8M)
• Hazardous chemical means any chemical which satisfies any one of the criteria laid
down the part 1 of schedule 1.
• Industrial activity means an operational process carried out in a factory involving on likely
involving, one or more hazardous chemicals and includes onsite storage or onsite
transport which is associated with the operational process.
• Isolated storage means storage which no other manufacturing process other than
pumping of hazardous chemicals is carried out and that storage involves a quantity of
that chemical.
• Major accident means an incident involving loss of life inside or outside of the site (or)
ten or more injuries inside and or one or more injuries outside are release of toxic
chemical or explosion of fire or spillage of hazards chemicals resulting in on-site or off
site emergencies are damage to equipment leading to stoppage of process or adverse
effects to the environment
• Pipeline means a pipe for conveyance of hazardous chemicals other than flammable gas
• Every container of hazardous chemicals shall be clearly labelles are marked to identified
->the content of the container
->the name and address of the manufactures or importer of hazardous chemicals.
->the chemical and physical and toxicological data of the hazardous chemicals.
Schedule 1: indicative criteria and list of chemicals
Schedule 2: isolated storage
Schedule 3: list of hazardous chemicals
Schedule 4: industrial installations
Schedule 5: safety data sheet
Schedule 6: information to be furnished regarding notification of major accidents
Schedule 7: information to be furnished for the notification of sites
Schedule 8: information to be furnished in safety report on-site emergency plan
Schedule 9: modifications of the rule
11. Briefly discuss how incident recall technique helps in controlling accidents at work place? (8M)
Incident recall technique:
It is a structural process of communication interviewing to cover invents that could have resulted
in unwanted consequences incidents that may be used for learning before they get lost. the
interview could be done by a supervisor or manager or by a staff person more experienced in
the interview techniques, it could be done on a one on one bases or as a group exercise.
The later is probably the better approach but requires a non-bane fining culture
When carrying out the interviews consider the following
• Privacy preferred, avoid distraction
• Decide on the way to select people to be interviewed
• Adjust interview time don’t waste time on unimportant incidents.
• No fault assurance is a must blame fixing will kill the exercise
• Prepare for the interview with make a checklist of tasks procedures work environments
likely to be associated with incidents.
Conduct the interview and consider:
• Putting the person at ease
• Explain purpose and importance of recall
• Emphasize no blame fixing policy highlight important of recall for all involved organization
employee, colleagues, family
• Explain the process of interview3 by using check list
• Review, understanding of the incident
• Discuss possible remedies and causes.
12. State the philosophy behind the accident Investigation? (8M)
Accident investigation is the process of determine the root causes of accidents on the job
injuries property damage etc.
The main purpose of the accident investigation is to
• To reveal the root cause.
• Claim compensation
• Avoid reoccurrence
The philosophy behind accident investigation process contains 3 phases and 6 steps
those are:
Gather information: Step-1: secure the accident scene
Step-2: collects facts about what happened
Analyst the facts: Step-3: develops the sequence of events
Step-4: determine the causes
Implement solution: Step-5: recommends improvements
Step-6: write the report
13. What is safety survey? (2M)
A safety is an organizations internal systematic evaluation to check safe operations and
practices are in place in workplaces and facilities. it is an opportunity to suggest improvements
on safety issues.
14. How does the “ABC rating” system work? Explain? (8M)
15. What is FMEA? List out its objectives? (2M)
A systematic analysis of the systems to whatever level of detail is required to demonstrate that
no single failure will cause an undesired event.
To identify potential design and process failures before they occur and to minimize the risk of
failure by either proposing design changes or, if these cannot be formulated, proposing
operational procedures.
Essentially the FMEA is to:
♦ Identify the equipment or subsystem, mode of operation and the equipment;
♦ Identify potential failure modes and their causes;
♦ Evaluate the effects on the system of each failure mode;
♦ Identify measures for eliminating or reducing the risks associated with each failure mode;
♦ Identify trials and testing necessary to prove the conclusions; and
♦ Provide information to the operators and maintainers so that they can understand the
capabilities and limitations of the system to achieve best performance.
16. Explain different types of plant safety inspections? (8M)
Safety inspection:
A safety inspection is a formalized and properly documented process of identifying hazards in
the workplace.
There are 4 types of plant safety inspection
• Continuous inspection
• Periodical inspection
• Intermittent inspection
• Special inspection

Continuous Inspection: It is document/ checklist based process of identifying hazards.

It is conducted daily or shift to shift or continuously.
Periodical inspection: It is document/ checklist based process of identifying hazards.
It is conducted in certain intervals of time.
Ex: Weekly, monthly, quarterly, half yearly, yearly.
Intermittent inspection: It is document/ checklist based process of identifying hazards.
It is conducted in uncertain intervals of time (not in particular interval).
Special inspection: It is document/ checklist based process of identifying hazards.
It is conducted occasionally.
17. What is the purpose of “Accident investigation”? (2M)
The main purpose of accident investigation is to
• reveal the root cause
• Claim compensation
• Avoid reoccurrence
18. Write the short notes on “limitation of safety sampling”? (2M)
Limitations of safety sampling
• It is a complex process
• It carries a larger errors
• It reveals only unsafe actions and unsafe conditions
• But does not reveal root cause
• It does not be used for more errors at the same time
 IS-05
SET-1
1. Briefly state the safety precautions to be taken during loading /unloading of gas cylinders? (2M)
Loading Gas Cylinder on trolley
Wear steel toe capped shoes and industrial quality gloves
Undo securing bars on trolley and slide it near the cylinder
Unhook chain from rack and place palm of hand on top of cylinder neck, get a firm grip
Tilt cylinder slightly forward so it rests on the rim of the base and
Use the other hand to rotate cylinder ‘milk churning’ it from rack to trolley
Pushing trolley and unloading gas cylinder
Fasten securing bars on the trolley
Place one foot on the axle and tilt the trolley back so it balances comfortably on the wheels
Keeping back straight, push trolley and set it down in front of the laboratory bench
Remove cylinder from trolley, milk churning it into its new position and clamp it securely to the
bench using chains, or straps.
2. What are the MSIHC rules 1989? State the elements under the On-site emergency plan of these MSIHC
rules? (8M)
MSIHC Rules, 1989:
These rules may be called the Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989.
They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette.
• An occupier shall prepare and keep up-to-date 1[an on-site emergency plan containing details
specified in Schedule II and detailing] how major accidents will be dealt with on the site on which
the industrial activity is carried on and that plan shall include the name of the person who is
responsible for safety on the site and the names of those who are authorized to take action in
accordance with the plan in case of an emergency.
• The occupier shall ensure that the emergency plan prepared in accordance with sub-rule takes into
account any modification made in the industrial activity and that every person on the site who is
affected by the plan is informed of its relevant provisions.

• The occupier shall prepare the emergency plan required under sub-rule (1),-

• in the case of a new industrial activity, before that activity is commenced;

• In case of an existing industrial activity within 90 days of commencing into operation of these rules.
• The occupier shall ensure that a mock drill of the on-site emergency plan is conducted every six
months;
• A detailed report of the mock drill conducted under sub-rule (4) shall be made immediately
available to the concerned Authority.]

3. List out the some important points in On-Site emergency plan? (2M)
- Preventive measure and plans effecting the factory's safety status currently enforced/practiced and
disclosure of information to workers and public and details of public awareness system in existence
or anticipated;
- Development of scope and scenarios on the basis of previous histories and consequence analysis;
- Material safety data sheet and important components of safety report;
- Disaster control measures including mutual aid scheme;
- Plan of coordination and interaction with various external agencies including administrative
agencies in the event of major risk occurrence;
- Action on site;
 - Plans of action for medical management, fire fighting, and rescue and relief operation currently
available and to be pressed into service at short notice; and much other general information in
respect of plant, manufacturing process, neighbourhood, meteorological information etc.
4. What is noise? How it is measured? Tabulate few noise levels along with their safe working hours? (2M)
Noise is defined as unwanted sound
Measurement
A decibel is the standard for the measurement of noise. The zero on a decibel scale is at the threshold of
hearing, the lowest sound pressure that can be heard, on the scale acc. To smith, 20 dB is whisper, 40 dB
the noise in a quiet office. 60 dB is normal conversation, 80 dB is the level at which sound becomes
physically painful.

5. Name different provision incorporated under the factories act 1948 for promotion of safety, health
and welfare for the employees? (8M)
CHAPTER III. - Health
Section 11. Cleanliness.-
Section 12. Disposal of wastes and effluents.-
Section 13. Ventilation and temperature.-
Section 14. Dust and fume.-
Section 15. Artificial humidification.-
Section 16. Overcrowding.-
Section 17. Lighting.-
Section 18. Drinking water.-
Section 19. Latrines and urinals.-
Section 20. Spittoons.-
CHAPTER IV. - Safety
Section 21. Fencing of machinery.-
Section 22. Work on or near machinery in motion.-
Section 23. Employment of young persons on dangerous machines.-
Section 24. Striking gear and devices for cutting off power.-
Section 25. Self-acting machines.-
Section 26. Casing of new machinery.-
Section 27. Prohibition of employment of women and children near cotton-openers.-
Section 28. Hoist and lifts.-
Section 29. Lifting machines, chains, and ropes and lifting tackles. -
Section 30. Revolving machinery. -
Section 31. Pressure plant. -
Section 32. Floors, stairs and means of access. -
Section 33. Pits, sumps, openings in floors, etc. -
Section 34. Excessive weights. -
Section 35. Protection of eyes. -
Section 36. Precautions against dangerous fumes, gases, etc.-
Section 36A. Precautions regarding the use of portable electric light.-
Section 37. Explosive or inflammable dust, gas, etc. -
Section 38. Precautions in case of fire. -
Section 39. Power to require specifications of defective parts or tests of stability. -
Section 40. Safety of buildings and machinery. -
Section 40A. Maintenance of buildings. -
Section 40B. Safety Officers. –
CHAPTER V. - Welfare
Section 42. Washing facilities.-
Section 43. Facilities for storing and drying clothing.-
Section 44. Facilities for sitting.-
Section 45. First-aid-appliances.-
Section 46. Canteens.-
Section 47. Shelters, rest-rooms and lunch-rooms.-
Section 48. Crèches -
Section 49. Welfare Officers. –

6. What are the classes of petroleum? (2M)

There are three classes of petroleum. Those are
Class A Petroleum: Whose flash point less than 230 C.
Class B Petroleum: Whose flash point Lies between 23 0 C to 650 C.
Class C Petroleum: Whose flash point Lies between 650 C to 950 C.

7. List out SMPV rules? (8M)

The correct filling or discharge pipe connections are made at both ends;
A responsible person shall be in attendance and remain so until loading or unloading is over and
the vehicle has been sealed.
Except when called upon by traffic signals or required by the licensing authority or any other
officer entrusted with the job of enforcing the rules, the licensed vehicle shall not stop on any
road, congested area or a place which is not a place situated within the premises licensed under
the rules for the loading and unloading of vehicle.
No smoking and no fire or artificial light or any article capable of igniting flammable vapor shall
be allowed on the licensed vehicle used for the transportation of any flammable gas.
The licensed vehicle shall not be used for carrying passengers.
The licensed vehicle shall not be allowed to be repaired: Provided that replacement by any of
the fitments of the pressure vessel may be done without involving any hot work.
No alteration in the licensed vehicle or its safety fittings shall be carried out without previous
sanction in writing of the licensing authority. Such alteration so sanctioned shall be endorsed on
the license by an amendment.
Every facility shall be given at all reasonable times to any officer specified in Rules for
ascertaining that the rules and the conditions of this license are duly observed. Any accident, fire
or explosion occurring in the licensed vehicle, which is attended with loss of human life or
serious injury to person or property, shall be immediately reported to the nearest magistrate or to
the officer-in-charge of the nearest police station having jurisdiction and by express telegram to
the Chief Controller of Explosives.

8. Briefly describe the objectives and applicability of the public liability insurance Act 1991? (2M)
The main objective of the Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 is to provide for damages to victims of an
accident which occurs as a result of handling any hazardous substance. The Act applies to all owners
associated with the production or handling of any hazardous chemicals.

9. What is the main objective of the factories Act 1948? (2M)

The main objective of the Act is not only to ensure adequate safety measures but also to promote
health and welfare of the workers employed in factories as well as to prevent haphazard growth of
factories.

10. What is safety audit? Explain different types of audit? List out some of the relevant points observed
in the audit? (8M)
Safety audit is a statutory requirement under the Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous
Chemical, Rules (MSIHC) 1989 for upper layer of major accident hazard units. According to the
provisions of the Rule-10 (4) of Manufacture Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals
Rules,1989 ( Amended 2000), it is mandatory for an occupier to conduct the Safety Audit of
industrial activity once in a year with the help on an expert not associated with such industrial
activity.
The objectives of the safety audit would be to review & critically assess the existing safety
programmes to prevent & control the hazards in the plant with a view to suggest improvement . The
benefit of safety audit is to evaluate the quality & effectiveness of the safety programme, rather than
only quantitative measures of its failure.
The specific objectives of the safety audit would be :-To study existing systems procedures plants &
programmes on safety & health;
To review implementation status of the existing safety systems, procedures, plans & programmes;
and to recommend the measures for improving effectiveness for implementation of safety systems,
procedures, plans and programmes and also for improving the existing procedures/setting of new
procedures if required.
The overall methodology of safety audit will consist the following stages:-
 Collection of preliminary information regarding manufacturing process & hazards etc. through a
questionnaire developed by auditor before undertaking actual field work.
Examination of documents pertaining to Safety procedures/systems.
Discussions with key personnel at various levels.
Physical inspection of the plant.
Preparation of report with recommendations.
The scope of the audit is to verify whether the Planned and Documented activities are performed in
accordance with written procedures and to verify by examination and evaluation of objective
evidence that appropriate elements of a safety management systems have been developed,
documented and implemented by units covered under The Manufacture Storage and Import of
Hazardous Chemicals Rules,1989 ( Amended 2000), under The E.P.Act,1986 and The M P. Control
of Industrial Major Accident Hazard (CIMAH) Rules,1999 under The Factories Act,1948.
As per IS-14489-1998 some of the relevant points observed during safety audit are being listed
below:
1. Health and Safety Policy
2. Accident Reporting, Investigation and Analysis
3. Safety Education and Training
4. Work Permit System
5. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
6. Emergency Preparedness (On-Site and Off-Site both)
7. Compliance with statutory
8. New Equipment’s/Process review and inspection system

11. Explain 10 important definitions static mobile pressure vessel rules? (8M)
(a) “Act” means the Indian Explosives Act, 1884 (4 of 1884);
(b) “Approved” means a drawing, design, specification or code approved by the Chief Controller;
(bb) “Bottling plant” means premises where cylinders are filled with compressed gas”
(c) “Chief Controller” means the Chief Controller of Explosives;
(d) “Competent person” means a person or an organisation recognised by the chief
Controller, for such gases and for such period as may be specified as competent for carrying out tests,
examination, inspections and certification for installations and transport vehicles as stipulated in these rules
(e) “Compressed Gas” means any permanent gas, liquefiable gas or gas dissolved in liquid, or cryogenic
liquid under pressure or gas mixture which in a closed
Pressure vessel exercises a pressure exceeding one atmosphere (gauge) at maximum working
temperature and includes Hydrogen Fluoride. In case of vessel without insulation or refrigeration, the
maximum working temperature shall be considered as 55 degree Celsius.
(f) “Controller of Explosives” includes Jt. Chief Controller of Explosives, the Deputy
Chief Controller of Explosives, Deputy Controller of Explosives and Assistant
Controller of Explosives;
(g) “Corrosion” means all forms of wastage, and includes oxidation, scaling, mechanical abrasion and
corrosion;
(gg) “Critical temperature” means the temperature above which gas cannot be liquefied by the application of
pressure alone,”
(gga) “Cryogenic liquid” means liquid form of permanent gas having normal boiling point below minus 165
degree Celsius.
(ggb) “cryogenic pressure vessel” means a pressure vessel intended for storage
Or transportation of cryogenic liquid and includes cold converters, vacuum insulated evaporators, vacuum
insulated storage or transport tanks and thermo syphon tanks;
(ggg) “Cylinder” or “gas cylinder” means any closed metal container intended for storage and transport of
compressed gas having the same meaning as assigned to it in clause
(xvi) of rule 2 of the Gas Cylinder Rules, 1981,”
 12. List any six provisions under chapter IV- A inspection of hazarder’s process? (8M)

CHAPTER IVA.- Provisions relating to Hazardous Processes

Section 41A. Constitution of Site Appraisal Committees. -
(1) The State Government may, for purposes of advising it to consider applications for grant of permission
for the initial location of a factory involving a hazardous process or for the expansion of any such factory,
appoint a Site Appraisal Committee consisting of-
(a) the Chief Inspector of the State who shall be its Chairman;
(b) a representative of the Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution appointed by the
Central Government under section 3 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of
1974) ;
(c) a representative of the Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution referred to in section
3 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of 1981);
(d) a representative of the State Board appointed under section 4 of the Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974);
(e) a representative of the State Board for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution referred to in section 5
of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of 1981);
(f) a representative of the Department of Environment in the State;
Section 41B. Compulsory disclosure of information by the occupier.-
(1) The occupier of every factory involving a hazardous process shall disclose in the manner prescribed, all
information regarding dangers including health hazards and the measures to overcome such hazards
arising from the exposure to or handling of the materials or substances in the manufacture, transportation,
storage and other processes, to the workers employed in the factory, the Chief Inspector, the local
authority, within whose jurisdiction the factory is situate, and the general public in the vicinity.
(2) The occupier shall, at the time of registering the factory involving a hazardous process lay down a
detailed policy with respect to the health and safety of the workers employed therein and intimate such
policy to the Chief Inspector and the local authority and, thereafter, at such intervals as may be prescribed,
inform the Chief Inspector and the local authority of any change made in the said policy.
Section 41C. Specific responsibility of the occupier in relation to hazardous processes.-
Every occupier of a factory involving any hazardous process shall-
(a) maintain accurate and up-to-date health records or, as the case may be, medical records, of the workers
in the factory who are exposed to any chemical, toxic or any other harmful substances which are
manufactured, stored, handled or transported and such records shall be accessible to the workers subject
to such conditions as may be prescribed;
(b) appoint persons who possess qualifications and experience in handling hazardous substances and are
competent to supervise such handling within the factory and to provide at the working place all the
necessary facilities for protecting the workers in the manner prescribed:
Section 41D. Power of Central Government to appoint Inquiry Committee.-
(1) The Central Government may, in the event of the occurrence of an extraordinary situation involving a
factory engaged in a hazardous process, appoint an Inquiry Committee to inquire into the standards of
health and safety observed in the factory with a view to finding out the causes of any failure or neglect in
the adoption of ally measures or standards prescribed for the health and safety of the workers employed in
the factory or the general public affected, or likely to be affected, due to such failure or neglect and for the
prevention and recurrence of such extraordinary situations in future in such factory or elsewhere.
Section 41E. Emergency standards.-
(1) Where the Central Government is satisfied that no standards of safety have been prescribed in respect
of a hazardous process or class of hazardous processes, or where the standards so prescribed are
inadequate, it may direct the Director-General of Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes or any
Institution specialised in matters relating to standards of safety in hazardous processes, to lay down
emergency standards for enforcement of suitable standards in respect of such hazardous processes.
Section 41F. Permissible limits of exposure of chemical and toxic substances.-
(1) The maximum permissible threshold limits of exposure of chemical and toxic substances in
manufacturing processes (whether hazardous or otherwise) in any factory shall be of the value indicated in
the Second Schedule.
Section 41G. Workers' participation in safety management.-
(1) The occupier shall, in every factory where a hazardous process takes place, or where hazardous
substances are used or handled, set up a Safety Committee consisting of equal number of representatives
of workers and management to promote co-operation between the workers and the management in
maintaining proper safety and health at work and to review periodically the measures taken in that behalf.
Provided that the State Government may, by order in writing and for reasons to be recorded, exempt the
occupier of any factory or class of factories from setting up such Committee.
Section 41H. Right of workers to warn about imminent danger.-
(1) Where the workers employed in any factory engaged in a hazardous process have reasonable
apprehension that there is a likelihood of imminent danger to their lives or health due to any accident, they
may, bring the same to the notice of the occupier, agent, manager or any other person who is in-charge of
the factory or the process concerned directly or through their representatives in the Safety Committee and
simultaneously bring the same to the notice of the Inspector.

13. Write a short note on ILO convention 174? (2M)

Its main aim to protect workers, Public and the environment from major industrial accidents, in
particular through the prevention of major accidents involving hazardous substances and the
limitation of the consequences of such accidents.

14. Explain different methods to improve the workers’ health condition discussed in chapter-III of the
factories act 1948? (8M)
Section 11. Cleanliness.-
(1) Every factory shall be kept clean and free from effluvial arising from any drain, privy or other
nuisance, and in particular-
(a) Accumulation of dirt and refuse shall be removed daily by sweeping or by any other effective
method from the floors and benches of workrooms and from staircases and passages and disposed
of in a suitable manner;
(b) The floor of every workroom shall be cleaned at least once in every week by washing, using
disinfectant where necessary, or by some other effective method;
Section 12. Disposal of wastes and effluents.-
(1) Effective arrangements shall be made in every factory for the treatment of wastes and effluents
due to the manufacturing process carried on therein, so as to render them innocuous, and for their
disposal.
(2) The State Government may make rules prescribing the arrangements to be
made under sub-section (1) or requiring that the arrangements made in accordance with
sub-section (1) shall be approved by such authority as may be prescribed.
Section 13. Ventilation and temperature.-
(1) Effect and suitable provisions shall be made in every factory for securing and
maintaining in every workroom-
(a) Adequate ventilation by the circulation of fresh air, and
(b) such a temperature as will secure to workers therein reasonable conditions of comfort
and prevent injury to health; and in particular,
Section 14. Dust and fume.-
(1) In every factory in which, by reason of the manufacturing process carried on, there is
given off any dust or fume or other impurity of such a nature and to such an extent as is
likely to be injurious or offensive to the workers employed therein, or any dust in
substantial quantities, effective measures shall be taken to prevent its inhalation and
accumulation in any workroom, and if any exhaust appliance is necessary for this
purpose, it shall be applied as near as possible to the point of origin of the dust, fume or
other impurity, and such point shall be enclosed so far as possible.
(2) In any factory no stationary internal combustion engine shall be operated unless the
exhaust is conducted into the open air, and no other internal combustion engine shall be
operated in any room unless effective measures have been taken to prevent such
accumulation of fumes therefrom as are likely to be injurious to workers employed in the
room.
Section 15. Artificial humidification.-
(1) In respect of all factories in which the humidity of the air is artificially increased, the
State Government may make rules,-
(a) Prescribing standards of humidification;
(b) Regulating the methods used for artificially increasing the humidity of the air;
(c) Directing prescribed tests for determining the humidity of the air to be correctly carried
out and recorded;
(d) Prescribing methods to be adopted for securing adequate ventilation and cooling of
the air in the workrooms.
(2) In any factory in which the humidity of the air is artificially increased, the water used
for the purpose shall be taken from a public supply, or other source of drinking water, or
shall he effectively purified before it is so used.
Section 16. Overcrowding.-
No room in any factory shall be overcrowded to an extent injurious to the health of the
workers employed therein.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of sub-section (1), there shall be in every workroom
of a factory in existence on the date of commencement of this Act at least 9.9 cubic
metres and of a factory built after the commencement of this Act at least 14.2 cubic
metres of space for every worker employed therein, and for the purposes of this sub-
section no account shall be taken of any space which is more than 4.2 metres above the
level of the floor of the room.
(3) If the Chief Inspector by order in writing so requires, there shall be posted in each
workroom of a factory a notice specifying the maximum number of workers who may, in
compliance with the Provisions of this section, be employed in the room.
(4) The Chief Inspector may, by order in writing exempt, subject to such conditions, if any,
as he may thing fit to impose, any workroom from the provisions of this section, if he is
satisfied that compliance therewith in respect of the room is unnecessary in the interest of
the health of the workers employed therein.
Section 17. Lighting.-
(1) In every part of a factory where workers are working or passing, there shall be
provided and maintained sufficient and suitable lighting, natural or artificial, or both.
(2) In every factory all glazed windows and skylights used for the lighting of the workroom
shall be kept clean on both the inner and outer surfaces and, so far as compliance with
the provisions of any rules made under sub-section (3) of section 13 will allow, free from
obstruction.
(3) In every factory effective provision shall, so far as is practicable, be made for the
prevention of-
(A) glare, either directly from a source of light or by reflection from a smooth or polished
surface;
(b) The formation of shadows to such an extent as to cause eye-strain or the risk of
accident to any worker.
Section 18. Drinking water.-
(1) In every factory effective arrangements shall be made to provide and maintain at
suitable points conveniently situated for all workers employed therein a sufficient supply
of wholesome drinking water.
(2) All such points shall be legibly marked "drinking water" in a language understood by a
majority of the workers employed in the factory and no such points shall be situated within
1[six metres of any washing place, urinal, latrine, spittoon, open drain carrying silage or
effluent or any other source of contamination unless a shorter distance is approved in
writing by the Chief Inspector.
Section 19. Latrines and urinals.-
(1) In every factory-
(a) Sufficient latrine and urinal accommodation of prescribed types shall be provided
conveniently situated and accessible to workers at all times while they are at the factory;
(b) Separate enclosed accommodation shall be provided for male and female workers;
(c) Such accommodation shall be adequately lighted and ventilated and no latrine or
urinal shall, unless specially exempted in writing by the Chief Inspector, communicate
with any workroom except through an intervening open space or ventilated passage;
Section 20. Spittoons.-
(1) In every factory there shall be provided a sufficient number of spittoons in convenient
places and they shall be maintained in a clean and hygienic condition.
(2) The State Government may make rules prescribing the type and numbers of spittoons
to be provided and their location in any factory and provide for such further matters
relating to their maintenance in a clean and hygienic condition.
15. Write short notes on “General duties of an occupier as per factories act 1948”? (2M)
(1) Every person who designs, manufactures, imports or supplies any article for use in
any factory shall-
(a) Ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the article is so designed and
constructed as to be safe and without risks to the health of the workers when properly
used;
(b) Carry out or arrange for tulle carrying out of such tests and examination as may be
considered necessary for the effective implementation of the provisions of clause (a);
(c) Take such steps as may be necessary to ensure that adequate information will be
available-
(I) in connection with the use of the article in any factory;
(ii) About the use for which it is designed and tested; and
(iii) About any conditions necessary to ensure that the article, when put to such use, will
be safe, and without risks to the health of the workers

16. What is ILO and write its objective? List out selected relevant ILO Instrument? (8M)
MISSION & OBJECTIVES
The main aims of the ILO are to promote rights at work, encourage decent employment opportunities,
enhance social protection and strengthen dialogue on work-related issues.
Fundamental principles of occupational safety and health
Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155) its Protocol of 2002 The convention
provides for the adoption of a coherent national occupational safety and health policy, as well as action to
be taken by governments and within enterprises to promote occupational safety and health and to improve
working conditions. This policy shall be developed by taking into consideration national conditions and
practice. The Protocol calls for the establishment and the periodic review of requirements and procedures
for the recording and notification of occupational accidents and diseases, and for the publication of related
annual statistics.
Occupational Health Services Convention, 1985 (No. 161)]
This convention provides for the establishment of enterprise-level occupational health services which are
entrusted with essentially preventive functions and which are responsible for advising the employer, the
workers and their representatives in the enterprise on maintaining a safe and healthy working environment.
Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 (No. 187) This
Convention aims at promoting a preventative safety and health culture and progressively achieving a safe
and healthy working environment. It requires ratifying States to develop, in consultation with the most
representative organizations of employers and workers, a national policy, national system, and national
programme on occupational safety and health. The national policy shall be developed in accordance with
the principles of Article 4 of the Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155) , and the
national systems and programmes shall be developed taking into account the principles set out in relevant
ILO instruments. A list of relevant instruments is contained in the Annex to the Promotional Framework for
Occupational Safety and Health Recommendation, 2006 (No. 197). National systems shall provide the
infrastructure for implementing national policy and programmes on occupational safety and health, such as
laws and regulations, authorities or bodies, compliance mechanisms including systems of inspection, and
arrangements at the level of the undertaking. National programmes shall include time-bound measures to
promote occupational safety and health, enabling a measuring of progress.

17. Distinguish between an act and a rule with suitable example? (2M)
Act is substantial Law and the Rule is procedural law. Meaning thereby is something done by law, or by
force of law, whether the hand that does it is willing or not is act in law and according the General Clauses
Act the meaning of Rule is that “ a rule made in exercise of a power conferred by any enactment, and shall
include a regulation made as a rule under any enactment.

18. What are the duties of safety officer? (2M)

(1) In every factory-
(i) Wherein one thousand or more workers are ordinarily employed, or
(ii) wherein, in the opinion of the State Government, any manufacturing process or operation is carried on,
which process or operation involves any risk of bodily injury, poisoning or disease or any other hazard to
health, to the person employed in the factory,
The occupier shall, if so required by the State Government by notification in Official Gazette, employ such
number of Safety Officers as may be specified in that notification.
(2) The duties, qualifications and conditions of service of Safety Officers shall be such as may be
prescribed by the State Government.
 IS-06
SET-1
1. What is the classification of job hazards?
• Air contaminants
• Dusts
• Fumes
• Fibers
• Gases
2. Define Air pollution?
Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including gases, particulates,
and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere. It may cause diseases, allergies and
also death of humans; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops,
and may damage the natural or built environment.

3. Define bio monitoring?

Bio-monitoring is the repeated measurement of certain exposure-related chemical/biochemical markers
in biological samples of subjects. Biomarkers are early (reversible) signs of exposure, effect or
susceptibility with possible adverse health outcome. Bio-monitoring is aimed at health protection,
exposure and risk assessment.

4. List out six notifiable diseases?

• Acute encephalitis.
• Acute infectious hepatitis.
• Acute meningitis.
• Acute poliomyelitis.
• Anthrax.
• Botulism.
• Brucellosis.
• Cholera.
5. What are the risk factors of WMSDS?
• Repetitive motion injuries.
• Repetitive strain injuries.
• Cumulative trauma disorders.
• Occupational cervicobrachial disorders.
• Overuse syndrome.
• Regional musculoskeletal disorders.
• Soft tissue disorders.
6. List out the adverse effect of noise?

Adverse Effects of Noise:

Noise can cause:

• Hearing Impairment
• Hypertension
 • Ischemic Heart Disease
• Annoyance
• Sleep Disturbance
• Effect on immune System
• Birth Effects
7. Define Heat Stress?
Heat stroke is the most serious disorder associated with heat stress. It occurs when the body's
temperature regulation fails and body temperature rises to critical levels. It is a medical emergency that
can lead to death. Heat exhaustion is a result of the combination of excessive heat and dehydration.

8. What is SCBA?
SCBA means Positive-pressure (pressure-demand), self-contained breathing apparatus.

9. Define threshold limit value (TLV)?

The threshold limit value (TLV) of a chemical substance is a level to which it is believed a worker can be
exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse effects. Strictly speaking, TLV is a reserved
term of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).
10. Define Ergonomics?
Ergonomics defined as the scientific study of the relationship between man and his working
environment. The primary aim of ergonomics is to optimize the functioning of a system by adapting it to
human capacities and needs. Ergonomics is a Scientifically Based Discipline which integrates knowledge
delivered from many sciences.

11. Define industrial hygiene? Explain the process of recognizing and controlling hazards?
Industrial hygiene is generally defined as the art and science dedicated to the anticipation, recognition,
evaluation, communication and control of environmental stressors in, or arising from, the work place that may
result in injury, illness, impairment, or affect the wellbeing of workers and members of the community. These
stressors are divided into the categories biological, chemical, physical, ergonomic and psychosocial.
RECOGNIZING AND CONTROLLING HAZARDS :
Industrial hygienists recognize that engineering, work practice, and administrative controls are the primary
means of reducing employee exposure to occupational hazards.
Engineering controls minimize employee exposure by either reducing or removing the hazard at the source or
isolating the worker from the hazard. Engineering controls include eliminating toxic chemicals and substituting
non-toxic chemicals, enclosing work processes or confining work operations, and the installation of general and
local ventilation systems.
Work practice controls alter the manner in which a task is performed. Some fundamental and easily
implemented work practice controls include (1) changing existing work practices to follow proper procedures
that minimize exposures while operating production and control equipment; (2) inspecting and maintaining
process and control equipment on a regular basis; (3) implementing good housekeeping procedures; (4)
providing good supervision; and (5) mandating that eating, drinking, smoking, chewing tobacco or gum, and
applying cosmetics in regulated areas be prohibited.
Administrative controls include controlling employees' exposure by scheduling production and tasks, or both, in
ways that minimize exposure levels. For example, the employer might schedule operations with the highest
exposure potential during periods when the fewest employees are present.
When effective work practices or engineering controls are not feasible or while such controls are being
instituted, appropriate personal protective equipment must be used. Examples of personal protective
equipment are gloves, safety goggles, helmets, safety shoes, protective clothing, and respirators. To be
effective, personal protective equipment must be individually selected, properly fitted and periodically refitted;
conscientiously and properly worn; regularly maintained; and replaced, as necessary.
12. How are harmful agents entering into human body? Describe in brief?
Absorption (through the skin or eye):
If an individual were to walk barefoot through contaminant would contact
The skin of the foot this could cause mid skin irritation or more serious problems like burns sores or ulcers on
the outer layers of the skin contact with substance may also occur by spilling it on the skin or brushing against a
contaminated object.
Depending on the substance and the condition of the skin the contaminant might also be absorbed through the
skin. While some chemicals are not absorbed easily unless the skin is cut others are absorbed quite readily
regardless of the skins condition. when an individual uses a material that bears instructions recommending the
use of gloves this is to prevent skin contact or absorption through the skin(also called dermal exposure).
When an individual works with chemicals.it is particularly important never to put your hand to your eye. eyes
are particularly sensitive to toxic substances since capillaries are near the surface the substance can enter the
bloodstream more readily eye contact with toxic substances can cause irritation pain or even blindness
Injection:
The most familiar examples of injection is that of shots given to administer medicine in which the skin is
punctured with needles so that a substance can enter the body. injection can also occur accidentally for
example if the skin were cut by a contaminated can or a piece of glass that had been in contact with a
contaminant the contaminated substance could be injected into the body this is a very powerful means of
exposure because the contaminant enters the bloodstream immediately.
Ingestion:
If an individual ingests a substances that contains a harmful material that substance enters the body by means
of the digestive system. An example of inadvertent ingestion is battery factory employee who eats lunch in the
work area and ingests inorganic lead that has contaminated a sandwich a more common instance is the child
who puts a toxic substance in his or her mouth out of curiosity. Residue from chemicals that have been added
to food to kill germs or parasites may also be ingested.
Inhalation:
It is also possible to be contaminated by toxic substances by breathing them into the lungs the amount of air
inhaled in a workday can be extremely large so if an individual works or lives in a contaminated area he or she
can be exposed to significant quantities of a substance in this way some chemicals have excellent warning
properties that let us know when they are in the atmosphere there is the well-know “rotten egg” smell of
hydrogen sulfide for example but at high concentrations if this gas our sense of smell is quickly lost many toxic
substances such as carbon monoxide are both colorless and odorless providing us with no sensory clues that
the exposure is anything unusual.

13. Define bio monitoring? Compare the biological and work place air monitoring?
Bio-monitoring is the repeated measurement of certain exposure-related chemical/biochemical markers
in biological samples of subjects. Biomarkers are early (reversible) signs of exposure, effect or
susceptibility with possible adverse health outcome. Bio-monitoring is aimed at health protection,
exposure and risk assessment. Characteristics of bio-monitoring and workplace air monitoring (also
known as environmental monitoring) are summarized in Table
 Biological
Workplace air monitoring
monitoring
Quantifying Internal dose External dose
Absorption All routes Inhalation only
Metabolic Personal protective equipment, substances with similar
Confounders
phenotype structure/chemical properties
Standardization Difficult Easy
Interpretation Difficult Moderately difficult
Indirect
Measurement Usually indirect (dangerous substance)
(biomarkers)
Ethical issues Important None
Variability High Usually low

14. Discuss differences in detail about occupational diseases and injuries?

RESPIRATORY DISEASES:
A variety of respiratory diseases are also commonly occupational in origin. Pneumoconiosis due to
inhalation of asbestos, silica or other nonorganic dust should be considered in patients who report
progressive dyspnea and dry cough. Airway diseases, including rhino sinusitis, bronchitis and asthma,
have been increasingly recognized as work related.
A widening array of exposures has been linked to occupational asthma related to possible exposure to
allergens (e.g., grain dust), respiratory irritants (e.g., sulfur dioxide) or substances acting through other
mechanisms (e.g., isocyanides).Less frequently, recurrent “flu” or “pneumonia” may actually be
symptoms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis from exposure to mould, other organic materials or certain
chemicals.

NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS:
The nervous system is a frequent target of toxins, including organic solvents (e.g., toluene and
chlorinated hydrocarbons), metals (e.g., lead and manganese) and pesticides (e.g., organophosphates).
Peripheral polyneuropathy may be caused by agents such as lead, methyl butyl ketone and
organophosphate pesticides. More commonly, chronic organic solvent exposure is responsible for a
syndrome that includes headaches, fatigue, light-headedness, cognitive difficulties and depression. 16

CANCER AND HEART DISEASE:

Work exposures also contribute to a notable percentage of cancers and have been increasingly
recognized as factors in the development of coronary artery disease.

STRESS-RELATED ILLNESSES:
Stress has also emerged as an important hazard in the contemporary workplace. It has been associated
with a range of emotional and physical ailments, including coronary artery disease and myocardial
infarction. The risk of stress-related illness is increased in jobs with high emotional/psychological
demands and low potential for control by the worker.

WORK CONDITIONS AND ILLNESS:

As the focus of business has shifted from manufacturing to service in most industrialized countries,
traditional notions of hazardous work have, by necessity, been expanded. Occupational illnesses
 continue to occur in manufacturing, construction and agricultural sectors, but they are also increasingly
being recognized in the burgeoning service sector. For example, rapidly expanding computer use has
been associated with musculoskeletal and eye problems in a growing number of office workers.
15. Explain briefly about the Ergonomics?
Ergonomics defined as the scientific study of the relationship between man and his working
environment. The primary aim of ergonomics is to optimize the functioning of a system by adapting it to
human capacities and needs. Ergonomics is a Scientifically Based Discipline which integrates knowledge
delivered from many sciences.

WHY ERGONOMICS?
A stone-age human in an environment using a flint stone as a knife could modify the shape of the stone
fitting the hand and task. Today, a product might be designed in one country, manufactured in the
second country, purchased by a wholesaler (buyer) in the third country and used by a customer in the
fourth country. The designer might not know who are the end users and the buyer cannot influence the
design of the product. Ergonomics is the only link between these four actors.

THE SCOPE OF ERGONOMICS

The scope of Ergonomics is extremely wide and is not limited to any particular industry or application.
Ergonomics comes into everything which involves people. Work systems, sports and leisure, health and
safety should all embody ergonomics principles if well designed. The ability of people to do their job is
influenced by the person's capabilities (physical and mental), the job demand (physical and mental) and
the condition (physical and organizational environment) under which the person is carrying out the job.

THE OBJECTIVES of the Ergonomics is to enhance the effectiveness with which work and other human
activities are carried out and to maintain or enhance certain desirable human values in the process,
health, safety, satisfaction etc.,
The aim of ergonomics is to enhance and preserve human health and satisfaction and to optimize the
human performance in a system perspective. Ergonomics is concerned with both employees’ well-being
as well as organization well-being. Ergonomics aims to ensure that human needs for safe and efficient
working are met in the design of work systems. The key words are; health, comfort and performance.

How does ergonomics work?

Ergonomics is a relatively new branch of science which celebrates its 50th anniversary in 1999, but
relies on research carried out in many other older, established scientific areas, such as engineering,
physiology and psychology.

To achieve best practice design, Ergonomists use the data and techniques of several disciplines:

• anthropometry: body sizes, shapes; populations and variations

• biomechanics: muscles, levers, forces, strength
• environmental physics: noise, light, heat, cold, radiation, vibration body systems: hearing, vision,
sensations
• applied psychology: skill, learning, errors, differences

Social psychology: groups, communication, learning, behaviors.

16. Discuss the importance of fatigue management?
Fatigue:
Fatigue refers to mental or physical exhaustion that stops a person from being able to function
normally. Fatigue is more than simply feeling tired or drowsy. It is caused by prolonged periods of
physical and/or mental exertion without enough time to rest and recover.
Importance of fatigue management:
1. Managing worker fatigue will reduce safety risks
For commercial vehicle drivers and others who perform safety sensitive work, fatigue can lead one to
doze off behind the wheel or nod off while operating dangerous machinery. And it’s not just falling
asleep that’s the problem. Safety can also be compromised by delayed reaction times and poor hand-
eye coordination. Fatigue has even been compared to impairment caused by alcohol, and it is believed
to play a role in about 20% of all fatal collisions. If your drivers are involved in a fatigue-related crash,
you could be liable.

2. It can improve the health of your workers

Because fatigue and sleep apnea (a common sleep disorder that causes fatigue) have been linked to
other significant health conditions, managing them will keep your workers healthy and help prevent you
from paying for disability and other medical benefit claims related to obesity, diabetes, high blood
pressure, heart attack, stroke, and depression. All of these conditions are linked to sleep apnea.

3. It can reduce absenteeism and improve employee retention

Managing fatigue results in fewer missed work days from short-term disability. It can also raise
retention rates. One study out of a trucking company in the U.S. showed that drivers treated for sleep
apnea had a 60 percent higher retention rate when compared with the fleet average for drivers who
were not treated.

4. It can improve productivity in your workplace

Even if your employees don’t perform safety sensitive work, fatigue can interfere with the amount of
work they can complete in a given time and the quality of their work. Shift workers in particular are at a
higher risk of dozing off at some point during their shift. Addressing fatigue in your workplace can help
increase your employees’ alertness and concentration so that they can continue to perform their job
effectively and your operations continue to run efficiently.

5. It can reduce costs

Treating your employees for sleep apnea and putting other fatigue management measures in place can
help lower your total health plan costs and lower the rate of short-term disability claims.

17. What is meant by IDLH and narrate with details?

An IDLH condition is one that poses an immediate or delayed threat to life or that would cause
irreversible adverse health effects or that would interfere with an individual's ability to escape unaided
from a space.
NOTE: Some materials may produce immediate transient effects that, even if severe, may pass without
medical attention, but are followed by sudden, possibly fatal collapse 12-72 hours after exposure. The
victim "feels normal" from recovery from transient effects until collapse. Such materials in hazardous
quantities are considered to be "immediately"
 Dangerous to life or health.
Potential IDLH Environments in Construction

Because of their potential to contain hazardous atmospheres, confined or

Enclosed spaces are suspect IDLH environments.
Confined & Enclosed Spaces:
• Storage Tanks
• Process Vessels
• Bins
• Boilers
• Ventilation or Exhaust Ducts
• Sewers & Manholes
• Underground Utility Vaults
• Tunnels
• Pipelines
• Open top spaces more than 4 feet in depth
• Temporary Enclosures (heating enclosures for break)
• Dumpsters
• Stair-wells
• Elevator Shafts
• Basements
• Attics
• Trenches & Excavations

18. List out notifiable diseases schedule III of factories Act, 1948?
An occupational disease is a disease or disorder that is caused by the work or working conditions. This
means that the disease must have developed due to exposures in the workplace and that the correlation
between the exposures and the disease is well known in medical research.
• Lead poisoning including poisoning by any preparation or compound of lead or their sequelae.
• Lead tetra-ethyl poisoning.
• Phosphorous poisoning or its sequelae.
• Mercury poisoning or its sequelae.
• Manganese poisoning or its sequelae.
• Arsenic poisoning or its sequelae.
• Poisoning by nitrous fumes.
• Carbon bisulphide poisoning.
• Benzene poisoning, including poisoning by any of its homologues, their nitro or amido derivatives or its
sequelae.
• Chrome ulceration or its sequelae.
• Anthrax.
• Silicosis.
• Poisoning by halogens or halogen derivatives of the hydrocarbons, of the aliphatic series.
• Pathological manifestation due to : -
• radium or other radioactive substances.
• X-rays.
• Primary epitheliomatous cancer of the skin.
• Toxic anaemia.
• Toxic jaundice due to poisonous substances.
• Oil acne or dermatitis due to mineral oils and compounds containing mineral oil base.
• Byssionosis.
• Asbestosis.
• Occupational or contact dermatitis caused by direct contract with chemical and paints. These are of
• types, that is, primary irritants and allergic sensitizers.
• Noise induced hearing loss (exposure to high noise levels).
• Beryllium poisoning.
• Carbon monoxide.
• Coal miners' pneumoconiosis.
• Phosgene poisoning.
• Occupational cancer.
• Isocyanates poisoning.
• Toxic nephritis.
 IS-07
SET-1
1. Write short notes on UN classification of hazardous good? (2M & 8M)
Hazard Classes and U.N. Markings
A. Packages containing dangerous goods must be durably marked with the correct technical name and with
distinctive labels or stencils of the labels.
B. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) classifies dangerous goods into nine hazard classes.
Diamond labels denote the hazards involved by means of colors and symbols.
C. Some hazard classes are further subdivided into hazard divisions due to their wide scopes.

There are nine (9) hazard classes. Their order does not indicate degree of danger.
1. Explosives - This class has six divisions; in addition, this class has 13 compatibility groups that identify
the kind of explosive articles and substances deemed to be compatible, which is very important when
handling this type of cargo.

2. Gases - This class comprises compressed gases, liquefied gases, gases in solution, and mixtures of one
or more gases with one or more vapors of substances of other classes. This class is organized into three
subdivisions based on the primary hazards of gases during transport.
Flammable Liquids - This class has no subdivisions and includes liquids or mixtures of liquids, liquids
containing solids in solution or in suspension that give off a flammable vapor at a temperature of not more
than 60.5° C (150° F) open-cup test, normally referred to as the flash point. For example, paints, varnishing,
lacquers, etc.
Flammable Solids - This class is divided into three divisions and includes all flammable solids and
substances liable to spontaneous combustion or substances that emit flammable gases in contact with
water.
Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides - This class has two divisions:
a. Division 5.1 - Oxidizing Substances, which themselves are not necessarily combustible, but may
generally cause or contribute to the combustion of other material by yielding oxygen.
b. Division 5.2 - Organic Peroxides, which are substances that are thermally unstable and may undergo
exothermic, self-accelerating decomposition. They are sensitive to impact and friction.
2. Toxic Materials and Infectious Substances - This class has two divisions:
a. Division 6.1 - Toxic Substances, which are liable to cause death if swallowed, inhaled or contacted by the
skin.
b. Division 6.2 - Infectious Substances, which include all those substances that are infectious to humans
and/or animals, and which include microorganisms and organisms, biological products, diagnostic
specimens, and medical waste.

3. Radioactive Materials - Radioactive materials are articles or substances, which spontaneously and
continuously emit certain types of radiation that can be harmful to health but which cannot be detected by
any of the human senses. In this group, the principal considerations are the article activity and the transport
index (TI), which is a single number, assigned to a cargo and is used to provide control of radiation
exposure.
4. Corrosives - Substances that in the event of leakage can cause severe damage by chemical action when
in contact with living tissue or that can materially damage other freight or the means of transport.
5. Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods - Articles and substances that during air transport present a danger not
covered by other classes.

2. What is entry permits system? What Information it discloses? (8M)

An Entry Permit is an administrative tool used to document the completion of a hazard assessment for each
confined space entry. Someone fully trained and experienced in confined space work should complete the
Entry Permit.
Before entering a confined space, an entry permit should be written. It should contain at least the following
information:
The length of time the permit is valid for.
The name(s) of the worker(s) that are authorized to enter the confined space.
The name(s) of the attendant(s) (safety watch) and/or supervisor.
The location and description of the confined space.
the work that is to be done in the confined space.
Possible hazards that may be encountered inside and outside the space.
Possible hazards that may develop during the work activity.
The date and time of entry into the confined space and the anticipated time of exit.
The details of any atmospheric testing done of the confined space - when, where, results, date monitoring
equipment was last calibrated. Ideally, calibration would be done just before each use. If this is not possible,
follow the equipment manufacturer’s guidelines for frequency of calibration.
Hazard control measures, including the use of mechanical ventilation and other protective equipment
needed and any other precautions that will be followed by every worker who is going to enter the confined
space.
Means of communication between the persons working in the confined space and the attendant.
Emergency plan, and the protective equipment and emergency equipment to be used by any person who
takes part in a rescue or responds to other emergency situations in the confined space
A signature of a worker who did the confined space air testing. The signature on the permit would indicate
that adequate precautions are being taken to control the anticipated hazards.
Authorization signature by the supervisor certifying that the space has been properly evaluated, prepared,
and it is safe for entry and work.
The entry permit should be posted at the confined space and remain so until the work is completed. The employer
should keep a copy of the completed permit on file.

3. Define fire Tetrahedron? (2M)

The Fire Tetrahedron

Fires start when a flammable and/or a combustible material, in combination with a sufficient quantity of an
oxidizer such as oxygen gas or another oxygen rich compound (though non oxygen oxidizers exist that can
replace oxygen), is exposed to a source of heat or ambient temperature above the flash point for the
fuel/oxidizer mix, and is able to sustain a rate of rapid oxidation that produces a chain reaction. This is
commonly called the fire tetrahedron. Fire cannot exist without all of these elements in place and in the right
proportions. For example, a flammable liquid will start burning only if the fuel and oxygen are in the right
proportions. Some fuel oxygen mixes may require a catalyst, a substance that is not directly involved in any
chemical reaction during combustion, but which enables the reactants to combust more readily.
Once ignited, a chain reaction must take place whereby fires can sustain their own heat by the further
release of heat energy in the process of combustion and may propagate, provided there is a continuous
supply of an oxidizer and fuel. Fire can be extinguished by removing any one of the elements of the fire
tetrahedron
4. Name four Inspection techniques explain any one of them? (2M)
Four important procedures supervisors can use to Identify and correct hazards:
• Inspections
• Observation
• Job Hazard Analysis
• Incident/Accident Analysis
Job Hazard Analysis (JHA):
Effective use of JHAs will do the following:
• Provide a clear picture of what the employee must do to stay safe
• Help recognize needed changes in the equipment or procedures
• Provide a way to increase employee involvement.

Incident/Accident Analysis:
Fault-finding: If you're conducting accident investigations primarily to determine:
1. What happened
2. If the employer violated safety rules

Therefore, these kinds of investigations primarily to fix the… BLAME

Fact-finding: Accident investigation is far more helpful when the employer performs an accident analysis
primarily to determine:
1. What Happened?
2. System design or performance factors that contributed to the accident.

The primary reason to conduct the analysis is to fix the...SYSTEM.

5. (a) Write on the chemistry of fire (8M)

Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat,
light, and various reaction products. Slower oxidative processes like rusting or digestion are not included by
this definition.
(b) What are types of portable fire Extinguishers?
• Water Extinguisher
• Foam Extinguisher
• Dry Chemical Powder Extinguisher
• Carbon dioxide Extinguisher

(c) Draw a sketch of a DCP Extinguisher and name its parts?

6. What is meant by Fire Explosion and its effects? (2M)
FIRE EXPLOSION
Dangerous substances are any substances used or present at work that could, if not properly controlled,
cause harm to people as a result of a fire and explosion. Explosive atmospheres can be caused by
flammable gases, mists or vapours or by combustible dusts.
The effects of accidental fires or explosions can be devastating in terms of lives lost, injuries, damage to
property and the environment, and to business continuity.
Working with flammable liquids, dusts, gases and solids is hazardous because of the risk of fire and
explosion.
7. Explain the function procedures of different flame defectors? (8M)
FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM
Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
Automatic fire detection and alarm systems are designed to warn building occupants of a fire situation, they
do not generally intervene in the fire growth process except where interfaced with a fire suppression or
other fire control system.
These systems generally use smoke, heat or flame detectors to detect the outbreak of fire and to alert
building occupants and the fire brigade. Manual call points which allow an occupant who discovers fire to
raise the alarm may also be included in the system.
Single station residential smoke alarms, as installed in most homes, are the simplest system
Foresting a fire and warning the building occupants.
The time between the outbreak of fire and the commencement of fire fighting is the single most important
factor in fire control and can be effectively reduced by having the system monitored directly by the fire
brigade.
Fire alarm systems must be heard by the building occupants in all parts of the building. To achieve this,
they are often connected to occupant evacuation warning and intercommunication systems which sound a
defined "beep - beep - beep" throughout the building when the detection system has been activated.
Sometimes these systems automatically close smoke and fire doors operate flashing warning lights, stop
air-conditioning systems or alert critical staff via personal pagers. Today these systems extensively rely
upon computer systems and are changing at the same rapid pace as is computer technology. Today's
systems can be "intelligent" defining exactly where the fire is, determining if the smoke is from a fire threat
or just burnt toast and advising the maintenance manager when the detector needs cleaning or other
routine maintenance work is required.

8. What is work permit system? (2M)

Work permit system:
A permit-to-work system is a formal written system used to control certain types of work that are potentially
hazardous. A permit-to-work is a document which specifies the work to be done and the precautions to be taken.
Permits-to-work form an essential part of safe systems of work for many maintenance activities.

9. What is the main aspect of colour coding of pipelines and state its advantages? (2M)
• Most of you have seen in operating process plants that pipes are coloured in various colour. There
are two main reasons behind it:
• To allow the metallurgy of each spool to be easily identified in the warehouse before erection
• Process and utility piping can be properly and clearly identified for use by plant personnel

So colour coding will help in identifying the Piping components shipped individually to the jobsite and
Material identification shall not be required for pipe spools that have been verified by the shop and have
mark piece numbers associated with them.
Permanent colour pipe service markers shall be used for process and utility services. Fabricator shall
provide service markers for spools produced. Placing the marker on the spool shall be done after piping has
been installed, coated, or insulated if required.

10. Discuss the Importance of MSDS. What are the main heading in an MSDS and what kind of information
do they contain? (8M)
A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a document that contains information on the potential hazards
(health, fire, reactivity and environmental) and how to work safely with the chemical product. It is an
essential starting point for the development of a complete health and safety program.
MSDS ELEMENTS:
MSDS must be written in English and contain the following information:
1. Chemical Identity: Name of the product including the common name if one exists
2. Manufacturer’s Information: Name, address, phone number, and emergency phone number of the
manufacturer
3. Hazardous Ingredients/Identity Information: List of hazardous chemicals. Depending on the state, the list
may contain all chemicals even if they are not hazardous, or only those chemicals that have OSHA
standards. Since chemicals are often known by different names, all common (trade) names should be
listed. The OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for each hazardous ingredient must be listed.
4. Physical/Chemical Characteristics: Boiling point, vapor pressure and density, melting point, evaporation
rate, etc.
5. Fire and Explosion Hazard Data:
Flash point, flammability limits, and ways to extinguish special firefighting procedures, and unusual fire and
explosion hazards.
6. Reactivity Data: How certain materials react with others when mixed or stored together.
7. Health Hazard Data: Health effects (acute=immediate; chronic=longterm), ways the hazard can enter the
body (lungs, skin, or mouth), signs and symptoms of exposure, emergency and first-aid procedures, and
any medical conditions which are generally recognized as being aggravated by exposure to the chemical.
8. Precautions of Safe Handling and Use: What to do in case materials spill or leak, how to dispose of
waste safely, how to handle and store materials in a safe manner, appropriate hygienic practices, and
protective measures to be used during the repair and maintenance of contaminated equipment.
9. Control Measures: Ventilation (local, general, etc.), type of respirator/filter to use, other appropriate
engineering controls, work practices or personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, safety
glasses, or goggles, face shields, aprons, etc.
10. Primary Routes of Entry: inhalation, absorption, etc.
11. Emergency and First-Aid Procedures: flushing with water, removal to fresh air, etc.

11. Define hazardous process as per the Factories act and list ten chemicals covered under schedule 1?
(8M)
As per factories act 1948 section 41 C (b) "hazardous process" means any process or activity in relation to
an industry specified in the 'First Schedule where, unless special care is taken, raw materials used therein
or the intermediate or finished products, bye-products, wastes or effluents thereof would-
• cause material impairment to the health of the persons engaged in or connected therewith, or
result in the pollution of the general environment:

• Acetone Cyanohydrin
• Benzyl Chloride
• Cadmium and Compounds
• Decabromodiphenyl Oxide
• Endosulfan
• Ethylene
• Fluoracetic Acid and Salts, Esters, Amides
• Glyconitrile
• Hexachloro Cyclopentadiene
• Isodrin
• Lead Azide
• Peracetic Acid
• Trinitroaniline
• Xylene

12. What are the precautions to be observed during Blasting? (8M)

Precautions to be observed during Blasting
The Blasting Mate shall be responsible:-
a) To see that when blasting is conducted in the neighbourhood of a public or private road or building, or of
any place where there may be people who would be endangered, experienced Watchmen are sent, with
red flags, to stop traffic or warn persons. These Watchmen would be warned from the work spot, of the
commencement and cessation of blasting operations:
b) To see that, before blasting commences, all persons except those who are actually to light the fuses, are
warned by the repeated striking of an empty tin or blowing of a siren and are at a distance of not less than
150 metres and that, in special cases, suitable extra precautions are taken;
c) To see that, in order to avoid damage to structures (such as girder bridges and telegraph wires) which
may be in close proximity to the blasting spot, only shallow bore-holes are drilled and light charge used or
vary the angle of bores to control the blast;
d) To select and instruct carriers of the explosives, detonators and safety fuse after they have been drawn
from the magazine;
e) To ensure that no one interferes in his absence with any explosive, detonators or caps already drawn by
him from the magazine;
f) To see that neither he nor any person within 10 metres of himself smokes while he is conveying, handling
or using explosives;
g) To see that bore holes are of such a size that cartridges can easily pass down them; that bore holes are
clear of all debris before a cartridge is inserted, that charging is done by himself and the position of the
charged holes are noted carefully.
h) To drop several centimetres of tamping of sand or clay on top of the primer cartridge before beginning to
stem or press and that this tamping is gently pressed down on top of the primer without the use of force;
Note:- The primer-cartridge is the cartridge in which the detonator or cap and fuse are attached and is
usually fixed as the last cartridge of the charge.
i) To see that the safety fuses of the charged holes are lighted in his presence and have properly ignited;
j) To compare the number of shots actually heard with shots intended to be fired and to carefully inspect the
work after blast and satisfy himself that all holes have exploded and the broken rock does not contain any
unexploded cartridge or pieces of cartridges;
k) To take precautions as given below in cases of misfires
(i) If a charge has apparently missed fire, to immediately warn all present and see that no person is allowed
to go near it for an hour,
(ii) If a charge misses fire, to examine the hole and mark a red cross over it,
(iii) To see that a shot that has missed fire is not bored or picked out; that no further charge is introduced
into the hole ;
(iv) To determine the direction of the hole for which purpose a few centimetres (inches) of tamping may, if
necessary, be picked out and a stick placed in the misfired hole and to drill, after 60 minutes have passed,
a fresh hole near the charge which has missed fire and that this is done at a safe distance from the former
hole and in such position and direction that the boring tool cannot come in contact with the explosive which
has missed fire. The Blasting Mate must not leave the spot on any account whatsoever until the second
hole (which should explode the old charge) has been fired. He must carefully examine the result and
continue the operation, if necessary, until the original charge has exploded.
I) To make sure that there is only one key to the exploder and that this is in his pocket when he has to leave
the exploder. This is necessary for his own protection.

13. What are the Classification of Hazardous Material? (2M)

There are nine (9) hazard classes. Their order does not indicate degree of danger.
1. Explosives
2. Gases
3. Flammable Liquids
4. Flammable Solids
5. Oxidizing Substances
6. Toxic & Infectious Substances
7. Radioactive Material
8. Corrosives
9. Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods
14. List out the general precaution to be taken for cabinet and shelf storage? (8M)
General Storage Requirements:
• Always review a chemical’s MSDS/SDS for proper storage procedures
• Do not store glass chemical containers on the floor(without secondary containment)or window
ledges
• Chemical storage areas should be well lit, appropriately ventilated and kept away from aisles,
exits, and heat
• Minimize storage on the lab bench, in fume hoods, and other work areas.
• Use first-in, first-out system (oldest chemicals first); to avoid degradation of older chemicals and
their containers.
• Inspect stored chemicals often for expiration, deterioration and chemical integrity.
• Storage Shelves/Cabinets:
• Ensure chemical storage shelves are securely fastened to the wall and have lips or other
suitable methods to prevent bottles from falling in the event of an earthquake.
• Avoid storing all chemicals above shoulder height. Large containers (1 gal or larger), liquids,
and corrosive materials should be stored no higher than eye level
• Do not overcrowd shelves
• Flammables (in excess of 10 gal) must be stored in a flammable storage cabinet
• Label chemical storage cabinets according to the type of chemical family or hazard
classification found there (Acid Storage, Solvent Storage, etc.)

15. What are the locations to use of Explosives? (2M)

Explosives are used in the following cases:-
a) For clearing boulders which fall on the railway line, as in ghat sections;
b) For quarrying rock;
c) For widening rock cuttings;
d) For deepening wells;
e) For cuttings in rock,
f) Excavation of foundations in rock; and
g) Construction of tunnels.

16. What are the advantages of safety programmers? (8M)

Safety Programs
A successful safety program requires several ingredients, These ingredients are
• System
• Attitude
• Fundamentals
• Experience
• Time
• You

The ingredients of a successful safety program.

First, the program needs a system
(1) to record what needs to be done to have an outstanding safety program,
(2) to do what needs to be done, and
(3) to record that the required tasks are done.
Second, the participants must have a positive attitude. This includes the willingness to do some of the
thankless work that is required for success.
Third, the participants must understand and use the fundamentals of chemical process safety in the design,
construction, and operation of their plants.
Fourth, everyone must learn from the experience of history or be doomed to repeat it. It is especially
recommended that employees
(1) Read and understand case histories of past accidents and
(2) Ask people in their own and other organizations for their experience and advice.
Fifth, everyone should recognize that safety takes time. This includes time to study, time to do the work,
time to record results (for history), time to share experiences, and time to train or be trained. Sixth,
everyone (you) should take the responsibility to contribute to the safety program. A safety program must
have the commitment from all levels within the organization. Safety must be given importance equal to
production.
The most effective means of implementing a safety program is to make it everyone's responsibility in a
chemical process plant. The older concept of identifying a few employees to be responsible for safety is
inadequate by today's standards. All employees have the responsibility to be knowledgeable about safety
and to practice safety.
It is important to recognize the distinction between a good and an outstanding safety program.
• A good safety program identifies and eliminates existing safety hazards.
• An outstanding safety program has management systems that prevent the existence of safety
hazards.

A good safety program eliminates the existing hazards as they are identified, whereas an outstanding
safety program prevents the existence of a hazard in the first place.
The commonly used management systems directed toward eliminating the existence of hazards include
safety reviews, safety audits, hazard identification techniques, checklists, and proper application of
technical knowledge.
• Safety protects workers, employers and all people in the plant including strangers from illness,
injuries or death.
• Ensuring survival of company’s business.
• It prevents company’s property and facility from damage.
• It enhances company’s reputation.
• It teaches people in the plant how to work safely.
• It helps company to achieve its targets and objective.
• Keeping company away from law suits and penalties.
• It keeps workers to feel comport, happy and safe.
• Company will be avoided from unnecessary cost.
• It keeps workers awareness alive.
• Safety teaches everyone in the plant to pay attention to their workplaces and surrounding.
• It keeps customer’s confidence to do business with the company.
• Safety program is a cost-effective decision for the company.
• Safety is able to reduce employee’s turn over and increase productivity.
• Safety can prevent production process interruption and shut down

17. What is unfired pressure vessel? (2M)

An unfired pressure vessel is any type of pressure vessel that is not fired. This means that they are not
exposed to combustion or burner fire. Since it is an unfired vessel, there is a lesser risk of overheating.
Unfired pressure vessels are very helpful in preventing corrosion by being an instrument of heat exchange.
With these vessels, the occurrence of corrosion due to extremely high temperatures and other related
factors can be prevented.
Fire Pressure vesselA fired pressure vessel is partially or totally open to burners and combustion gases
and is prone to overheating. Examples of fired vessels include thermal oil heaters related to organic liquid
piping systems as well as boilers that are used to generate hot water or steam.

18. Define “Unit Operation” and Unit process? (2M)

Unit Operation:
A unit operation is a basic step in a process. Unit operations involve a physical change or chemical
transformation such as separation, crystallization, evaporation, filtration, polymerization, isomerization, and
other reactions. A process may require many unit operations to obtain the desired product from the starting
materials, or feed stocks.
Unit Process:
Processes that involve making chemical changes to materials, as a result of chemical reaction taking place.
For instance, in the combustion of coal, the entering and leaving materials differ from each other
chemically: coal and air enter, and flue gases and residues leave the combustion chamber. Combustion is
therefore a unit process. Unit processes are also referred to as chemical conversions.
Together with unit operations (physical conversions), unit processes (chemical conversions) form the basic
building blocks of a chemical manufacturing process. Most chemical processes consist of a combination of
various unit operations and unit processes.
 IS-08
SET-1
1. What is meant by Demolition? (2M)
Demolition is the tearing-down of buildings and other structures. Demolition contrasts with
deconstruction, which involves taking a building apart while carefully preserving valuable elements for re-
use.
For small buildings, such as houses, that are only two or three stories high, demolition is a rather simple
process. The building is pulled down either manually or mechanically using large hydraulic equipment.

2. List out the fire safety measures as per national building code? (8M)
• Extinguishers
• Small Bore Hose Reels
• Dry Riser Wet Riser
• Down comer
• Yard Hydrant system
• Automatic Sprinkler Installation
• Manual Fire Alarm System
• Automatic Fire Alarm System
• Underground Storage Tank
• Terrace Tank
• Ground level Pumps
• Terrace level pumps

3. List out the safety measures in piling operation? (2M)

Some possible hazards and risks
• Health hazards such as contact with contaminated risings or groundwater and contact with
hazardous materials or dusts.
• Noise, vibration
• Contact with plant or machinery during lifting, slewing and pitching of piling elements. the
movement of piling rigs etc.
• Plant instability caused by gradients, variable ground conditions, and/or inadequate bearing
capacity
• Hazards of buried or overhead services
• Collapse of excavations, nearby structures etc.

Considerations
The stability of the surrounding structures is a prime consideration. The method of piling used may well
be influenced by this.
All underground services should be located and made safe. A careful investigation should be undertaken
to ensure there are no cellars, underground water courses, or ground conditions, which could lead to
hazardous situations.
All workers on the operation should be trained in the particular method statement to be used.
All cranes, lifting appliances and lifting gear must have appropriate test certificates proving periodic
statutory examination and must be adequate for the job in hand.
Such equipment should be placed on a firm level base and /or crane mats used.
Consideration should be given to the risk of damage to lifting gear from sharp edges.
Noise and vibration are particular hazards and all persons associated with the operation should wear the
appropriate protective clothing and equipment such as hard hats, eye and hearing protection.
Where it is necessary to raise or lower workers by crane such cranes should be fitted with a dead man's
handle and all lowering should be done under power. The workers should be carried in properly
constructed cages which cannot spin or tip.
4. What are the welfare measures for construction workers? (2M)
WELFARE MEASURE FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKERS
• Group Personal Accident Insurance Scheme
• Funeral Assistance
• Natural Death
• Educational Assistance
• For Higher Education
• Marriage Assistance
• Maternity Assistance
• Purchase of Spectacles
• Pension for Construction Workers
• Training
• Crèches
• immediate assistance in case of accident
• Medical expenses for major ailments
• Maternity benefit to female beneficiaries
• Hours of work per day.
• Paid weekly rest day.
• Wages for overtime.
• Drinking water, toilets, first-aid at the work sites.
• Temporary dwellings near work sites

5. What are the important precautions shall be taken during loading and unloading of petroleum product?
(8M)

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS DURING TT LOADING / UNLOADING

Following precaution shall be taken due to associated hazards during transfer of Petroleum products to
or from a tank truck.
i) Open source of ignition shall not be allowed in the area where product transfer operations are carried
out.
ii) Vapour space of not less than 5% of its capacity shall be kept in each container and 3% in each tank
truck in respect of petroleum Class A&B products. Similarly minimum 3% vapour space shall be kept in
containers and 2% vapour space in tank trucks in respect of petroleum Class C.
iii) Fire extinguishers shall be placed near the tank trucks during operations in a designated marked
place.
iv) The Double pole master switch shall be put off immediately after parking the truck in position. No
electrical switch on the truck shall be turned "on" or "off" during the transfer operation.
v) The first operation after positioning the truck shall be to provide proper earthling. Earthling shall be
disconnected just before the release of the truck.
vi) Hoses shall be handled with care and inspected periodically as per OISD-STD-135.
vii) No repairs shall be made on the truck while it is in the loading/unloading area.
viii) Personnel shall wear applicable Personal Protective equipment.
ix) Filling/transfer operations should be suspended immediately in the event of -
PROCEDURES FOR OPERATION
A. LOADING OPERATIONS
i) Check for following in a tank truck as per statutory regulations before accepting it for filling:
Provision of PV vent, emergency vent, Master valve and other safety fittings.
back cover without any opening will be considered as fire screen.
f Fire Extinguishers of ISI mark (1 no. X 10 kg DCP and 1 no. 1 kg CO2 /DCP / Approved equivalent fire
extinguisher) available.
ii) Move truck to the loading bay.
iii) Place the truck on loading bay and place wheel chokes at front and rear wheels. Keep the truck in
neutral mode with hand brakes "ON".
iv) Stop the engine and switch off all electrical equipment.
v) All persons should leave the driver's cabin.
vi) Provide earthling connections of the vehicle at specified point to the fixed grounding system.
vii) Start the loading operations.
viii) The quantity loaded into the truck can be assessed by -
B. UNLOADING OPERATIONS
i) Operations described under clause 8.5(a) should be selectively carried out.
ii) Test the connections for leaks
iii) Start the Unloading operations
iv) Before empty release ensure valves are closed/ends are capped.
v) An authorized person of the company shall supervise the transfer operation and respond immediately
in the event of an emergency.

6. What are the hazards in crane operation? (2M)

Crane Hazards:
• Improper load rating
• Excessive speeds
• No hand signals
• Inadequate inspection and maintenance
• Unguarded parts
• Unguarded swing radius
• Working too close to power lines
• Improper exhaust system
• Shattered windows
• No steps/guardrails walkways
• No boom angle indicator
• Not using outriggers

7. State the health effects to painters and List out the prevention measures from hazards? (8M)
Painters can work at a variety of workplaces, construction sites, homes, etc. and face a constantly
changing set of hazards. The hazards include:
• Working at heights.
• Ladders, platforms and scaffolds.
• Working in confined spaces.
• Risk of eye injury.
• Slips, trips and falls.
• Risk of injury from falling objects.
• Exposure to moulds, fungi and bacteria.
• Exposure to bird and rodent droppings.
• Exposure to paint products, solvents, lead and other toxic substances.
• Proximity to flammable or combustible materials.
• Working in awkward positions, or performing repetitive physical tasks.
• Standing for long periods of time.
• Lifting heavy or awkward objects.
• Exposure to heat and ultraviolet radiation.
• Noise.
• Stress.
• Electrical hazards from working close to live electrical power lines or equipment.
• Shift work or extended work days.
What are some preventive measures for painters?
• Learn correct procedures for working at heights.
• Select the correct ladder for the job.
• Avoid awkward body positions or take frequent breaks.
• Learn safe lifting techniques.
• Know how to prevent injury from electrical hazards. Maintain safe distances from energized
electrical equipment or utility lines.
• Keep tools and equipment, and their safety features, in good working order.
• Wear appropriate personal protective equipment and footwear.
 • Keep work areas clear of clutter and equipment.
• Learn safety procedures for working in confined spaces.
• Maintain good ventilation during painting.
• Know how to prevent exposure to bird and rodent droppings.

8. What is meant by scaffold? (2M)

Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging, is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and
materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all other manmade
structures. Scaffolding is also used in adapted forms for formwork and shoring, grandstand seating,
concert stages, access/viewing towers, exhibition stands, ski ramps, half pipes and art projects.
There are four main types of scaffolding used worldwide today. These are Tube and Coupler (fitting)
components, prefabricated modular system scaffold components, H-frame / facade modular system
scaffolds, and timber scaffolds.
Each type is made from several components which often include:
• A base jack or plate which is a load bearing base for the scaffold.
• The standard which is the upright component with connector joins.
• The ledger (horizontal brace).
• The transom which is a horizontal cross section load bearing component which holds the batten,
board or decking unit.

9. Write about perimeter fencing? (2M)

The law says you must conduct your business without putting members of the public at risk. This
includes the public and other workers who may be affected by your work.
The project client or co-ordinator should provide information about:
• boundaries
• adjacent land usage
• access; and
• measures to exclude unauthorized persons

This will influence the measures contractors take Key issues are:
• Managing site access
• Hazards causing risk to the public
• Vulnerable groups

10. What are various ways to improving housekeeping at worksite, what is an Example of a workplace
housekeeping checklist for construction sites? (8M)
DO
• Gather up and remove debris to keep the work site orderly.
• Plan for the adequate disposal of scrap, waste and surplus materials.
• Keep the work area and all equipment tidy. Designate areas for waste materials and provide
containers.
• Keep stairways, passageways, ladders, scaffold and gangways free of material, supplies and
obstructions.
• Secure loose or light material that is stored on roofs or on open floors.
• Keep materials at least 2m (5 ft.) from openings, roof edges, excavations or trenches.
• Remove or bend over nails protruding from lumber.
• Keep hoses, power cords, welding leads, etc. from laying in heavily travelled walkways or areas.
• Ensure structural openings are covered/protected adequately (e.g. sumps, shafts, floor openings,
etc.)
• DO NOT
• Do not permit rubbish to fall freely from any level of the project. Use chutes or other approved
devices to materials.
• Do not throw tools or other materials.
• Do not raise or lower any tool or equipment by its own cable or supply hose.

Flammable/Explosive Materials
 • Store flammable or explosive materials such as gasoline, oil and cleaning agents apart from
other materials.
• Keep flammable and explosive materials in proper containers with contents clearly marked.
• Dispose of greasy, oily rags and other flammable materials in approved containers.
• Store full barrels in an upright position.
• Keep gasoline and oil barrels on a barrel rack.
• Store empty barrels separately.
• Post signs prohibiting smoking, open flames and other ignition sources in areas where flammable
and explosive materials are stored or used.
• Store and chain all compressed gas cylinders in an upright position.
• Mark empty cylinders with the letters "mt," and store them separately from full or partially full
cylinders.
• Ventilate all storage areas properly.
• Ensure that all electric fixtures and switches are explosion-proof where flammable materials are
stored.
• Use grounding straps equipped with clamps on containers to prevent static electricity build up.
• Provide the appropriate fire extinguishers for the materials found on-site. Keep fire extinguisher
stations clear and accessible.

11. List out the heavy equipment used in construction and List out safety rules maintained by the heavy
equipment operators while in operation? (8M)
Types of Heavy Equipment used in constructions
There are several pieces of machinery classified as heavy equipment. Examples of heavy equipment
are:
• Dozers
• Loaders
• Graders
• Excavators
• Scrapers
• Backhoes
• Cranes-Draglines
• Forklifts-Man lifts
• Compactors/Rollers
• Cable Plows
• American Augers
• Mixers
• Heavy Haul Trucks

Safety Rules
The agency should also establish a set of safety rules and expectations for operators when operating
heavy equipment. The following is a partial list of rules and safe work practices that should be observed
by employees. The agency should add to this list to ensure that all aspects of safety are addressed for
heavy equipment operators. Before operating:
1. Provide operator manuals for equipment operators and vehicle maintenance employees to review
2. Ensure that operators wear appropriate clothing and protective equipment (hearing protection, work
gloves, sturdy work shirt and pants, safety footwear, reflective vests, hard hat, etc.)
3. Establish hand signals (if ground workers are present)
4. Conduct regular vehicle inspections (use a daily sign in/inspection sheet)
5. Make sure equipment has a rollover protective structure (ROPS)
6. Fill tank with fuel when the equipment is cool with the engine off (no smoking)
7. Inspect steps, handrails, pedals, grab irons, and cab floor for debris or defects
During operation:
1. Always wear seatbelts
2. Check controls for proper operation (including backup alarms)
3. Check the work area for obstacles, holes, overhead utility lines, etc.
4. Have the utility service provider identify underground cables and supply lines before digging
5. When working on slopes, operate up and down the face of the slope instead of across the face
6. Never jump off of or onto the equipment (use 3-point contact rule)

12. Prepare safety checklist for erection and dismantling of Scaffold?

Scaffolding Inspection Checklist

SCAFFOLD SAFETY INSPECTION CHECKLIST – Use this list to remind yourself of what to look for in order to
prevent accidents. Check each item as you see them:
BEFORE USING THE SCAFFOLD-
• Has this work location been examined before the start of work operations and have all the appropriate
precautions been taken? (e.g., checking for: overhead objects, falling or tripping hazards, uneven ground,
opening onto a door)
• Will fall protection be required when using this scaffold?
• Has the scaffold been setup according to manufacturer’s instructions?
13. Define Excavation and confined space? (2M)
An Excavation is any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in an earth surface that is formed by
earth removal. A Trench is a narrow excavation (in relation to its length) made below the surface of the
ground. In general, the depth of a trench is greater than its width, and the width (measured at the
bottom) is not greater than 15 ft. (4.6 m). If a form or other structure installed or constructed in an
excavation reduces the distance between the form and the side of the excavation to 15 ft. (4.6 m) or less
(measured at the bottom of the excavation), the excavation is also considered to be a trench.
Confined Space is a space that, by design and/or configuration, has limited openings for entry and exit,
unfavourable natural ventilation, may contain or produce hazardous substances, and is not intended for
continuous employee occupancy.

14. Explain types of Excavations? (8M)

According to Type of Material Excavated
Topsoil excavation is removal of the exposed layer of the earth’s surface, including vegetation. Since
the topsoil, or mantle soil, supports growth of trees and other vegetation, this layer contains more
moisture than that underneath. So that the lower layer will lose moisture and become easier to handle, it
is advantageous to remove the topsoil as soon as possible. When removed, topsoil usually is stockpiled.
Later, it is restored on the site for landscaping or to support growth of vegetation to control erosion.
Earth excavation is removal of the layer of soil immediately under the topsoil and on top of rock. Used
to construct embankments and foundations, earth usually is easy to move with scrapers or other types of
earthmoving equipment. Rock excavation is removal of a formation that cannot be excavated without
drilling and blasting. Any boulder larger than 1⁄2 yd3 generally is classified as rock. In contrast, earth is a
formation that when plowed and ripped breaks down into small enough pieces to be easily moved,
loaded in hauling units, and readily incorporated into an embankment or foundation in relatively thin
layers. Rock, when deposited in an embankment, is placed in thick layers, usually exceeding 18 in.
Muck excavation is removal of material that contains an excessive amount of water and undesirable
soil. Its consistency is determined by the percentage of water contained. Because of lack of stability
under load, muck seldom can be used in an embankment. Removal of water can be accomplished by
spreading muck over a large area and letting it dry, by changing soil characteristics, or by stabilizing
muck with some other material, thereby reducing the water content.
Unclassified excavation is removal of any combination of topsoil, earth, rock, and muck. Contracting
agencies frequently use this classification. It means that earthmoving must be done without regard to the
materials encountered. Much excavation is performed on an unclassified basis because of the difficulty
of distinguishing, legally or practically, between earth, muck, and rock. Unclassified excavation must be
carried out to the lines and grades shown on the plans without regard to percentage of moisture and type
of material found between the surface and final depth.
According to Purpose of Work
Excavation also may be classified in accordance with the purpose of the work, such as stripping,
roadway, drainage, bridge, channel, footing, borrow. In this case, contracting agencies indicate the
nature of the excavation for which materials are to be removed. Excavation designations differ with
agencies and locality. Often, the only reason a certain type of excavation has a particular designation is
local custom.
Stripping usually includes removal of all material between the original surface and the top any material
that is acceptable for permanent embankment.
Roadway excavation is that portion of a highway cut that begins where stripping was completed and
terminates at the line of finished subgrade or bottom of base course. Often, however, stripping is made
part of roadway excavation.
Drainage excavation or structure excavation is removal of material encountered during installation of
drainage structures other than bridges. Those structures are sometimes referred to as minor drainage
structures and include roadway pipe and culverts. A culvert is usually defined as any structure under a
roadway with a clear span less than 20 ft., whereas a bridge is a structure spanning more than 20 ft.
After a pipe or culvert has been installed, backfilling must be done with acceptable material. This
material usually is obtained from some source other than drainage excavation, which generally is not
acceptable or workable. Often, culvert excavation does not include material beyond a specified distance
from the end of a culvert.
Bridge excavation is removal of material encountered in digging for footing and abutments. Often,
bridge excavation is subdivided into wet, dry, and rock excavation. The dividing line between wet and dry
excavation usually is denoted by specification of a ground elevation, above which material is classified
as dry and below which as wet. A different elevation may be specified for each foundation.
Channel excavation is relocation of a creek or stream, usually because it flows through a right-of way.
A contracting agency will pay for any inlet or outlet ditch needed to route water through a pipe as
channel excavation, to the line where culvert excavation starts.
Footing excavation is the digging of a column or wall foundation for a building. This work usually is
done to as neat a line and grade as possible, so that concrete may be cast without forms. Although
elimination of forms saves money, special equipment and more-than-normal handwork are usually
required for this type of excavation.
Borrow excavation is the work done in obtaining material for embankments or fills from a source other
than required excavation. In most instances, obtaining material behind slope lines is classified as borrow,
although it commonly is considered as getting material from a source off the site. Most specifications
prohibit borrow until all required excavation has been completed or the need for borrow has been
established beyond a reasonable doubt. In some cases, need for a material not available in required
excavation makes borrow necessary. A borrow pit usually has to be cleared of timber and debris and
then stripped of topsoil before desired material can be excavated.

15. Write the concept of maximum allowable slopes? (2M)

Maximum allowable slopes for excavations less than 20 ft. (6.09 m) based on soil type and angle to the
horizontal are as follows:

Soil type Height/Depth Slope angle

ratio
Stable Rock Vertical 90°
Type A ¾:1 53°
Type B 1:1 45°
Type C 1½:1 34°
Type A(short- ½:1 63°
term)

16. Prepare a Safety checklist at the time of demolition activity? (8M)

Once the demolition has commenced onsite, here are some recommended checks that should be
completed by the demolition contractor and site supervisor and maintained throughout the course of the
job.
17. What is maintenance and explain its types? (2M)
In this context, maintenance simply means keeping the workplace, its structures, equipment, machines,
furniture and facilities operating safely, while also making sure that their condition does not decline.
Regular maintenance can also prevent their sudden and unexpected failure.
There are two main types of maintenance:
• preventive or proactive maintenance - periodic checks and repairs; and
• Corrective or reactive maintenance - carrying out unforeseen repairs on workplace facilities or
equipment after sudden breakage or failure. This is usually more hazardous than scheduled
maintenance.

18. What is meant by Hazardous Atmosphere? (2M)

Hazardous Atmosphere is an atmosphere that by reason of being explosive, flammable, poisonous,
corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen-deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful may cause death, illness, or
injury to persons exposed to it.