Engine Performance

Engine Design and Operational

Parameters
CH. 3

۱
 Cylinder Swept Volume (Vc):

where:
Vc= cylinder swept volume [cm3 (cc) or L]
Ac = cylinder area [cm2 or cm2/100]
dc = cylinder diameter [cm or cm/10]
L = stroke length (the distance between the TDC and
BDC) [cm or cm/10]

BDC = Bottom Dead Center

TDC = Top Dead Center

۲
 * Increase the diameter or the stroke length
will increase the cylinder volume, the ratio
between the cylinder
diameter/cylinder stroke called
“bore/stroke” ratio.
- “bore/stroke” >1 is called over square
engine, and is used in automotive engines
- “bore/stroke” =1 is called square engine
- “bore/stoke” <1 is called= under square
engine, and is used in tractor engine
۳
 Engine Swept Volume (Ve):

where:
Ve = engine swept volume [cm3 (cc) or L]
n = number of cylinders
Vc = cylinder swept volume [cm3 (cc) or L]
Ac = cylinder area [cm2 or cm2/100]
dc = cylinder diameter [cm or cm/10]

* The units of cylinder swept volume is measured in (cm3,

cubic centimeter (cc), or liter). - Ve for small engines, 4
cylinder engines is (750 cc:1300 cc) - Ve for big engine, 8
٤ cylinder engines is (1600 cc:2500 cc)
 Compression Ratio (r):

where:
r = compression ratio
Vs = cylinder swept volume (combustion chamber volume) [cc,
L, or m3]
Vc = cylinder volume [cc, L, or m3]
* Increase the compression ratio increase engine power
- r (gasoline engine) = 7:12, the upper limit is engine pre ignition
- r (diesel engine) = 10:18, the upper limit is the stresses on
٥
engine parts
 Engine Volumetric Efficiency (hv):

where: hV = volumetric efficiency

Vair = volume of air taken into cylinder [cc, L, or m3]
Vc = cylinder swept volume [cc, L, or m3]
* Increase the engine volumetric efficiency increase engine
power
- Engine of normal aspiration has a volumetric efficiency of
80% to 90%
- Engine volumetric efficiency can be increased by using:
(turbo and supper charger can increase the volumetric
٦
efficiency by 50%)
 Mean Effective Pressure:

The definition of BMEP is: the aver age (mean) pressure which,
if imposed on the pistons unifor mly from the top to the bottom
of each power stroke, would produce the measured (br ake)
power output.

۷
۸
Mean effective pressure is the ratio of work done (W) during the
working stroke(s) of a cycle to the stroke volume or swept volume
(Vs) of the cylinder. It is denoted by ‘pm‘ and its unit is N/m2.

Brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) - Mean effective pressure

calculated from measured brake torque. Brake Mean Effective
Pressure (bmep) is, calculated by putting the measured
dynamometer torque into the above equation.
Gross indicated mean effective pressure (IMEPg) - Mean effective
pressure calculated from in-cylinder pressure over compression and
expansion portion of engine cycle (360° in a four-stroke, 180° in a
two-stroke).

۹
 Therefore Indicated mean effective pressure (imep):
is a hypothetical pressure which if acting on the engine piston during the
working stroke would results in the indicated work of the engine. This
means it is the height of a rectangle having the same length and area as the
cycle plotted on a p- v diagram.

Consider one engine cylinder: Work done per cycle = Pi AL

where: A = area of piston; L = length of stroke
Work done per min. = work done per cycle x active cycles per min.

i.p. = Pi AL x active cycles/ min

To obtain the total power of the engine this should be multiplied by the number
of cylinder n , i.e.
:
Total i.p. = Pi AL Nn/2 for four- stroke engine.

And i.p. = Pi AL Nn for Two- stroke engine

۱۰
۱۱
۱۲
۱۳
 ENGINE PERFORMANCE
The basic performance parameters of internal combustion engine (I.C.E) may be
summarized as follows:
1. Indicated power (i.p.):

۱٤ Figure (1): indicator diagram of SI engine

 Engine Indicated Torque (Ti):

where:
Ti = engine indicated torque [Nm]
imep = indicated mean effective pressure [N/m2]
Ac = cylinder area [m2]
L = stroke length [m]
z = 1 (for 2 stroke engines), 2 (for 4 stroke engines)
n = number of cylinders
θ = crank shaft angle [1/s]
۱٥
 Engine Indicated Power (Pi):

۱٦
 where:
imep = is the indicated mean effective pressure [N/m2],
Ac = cylinder area [m2],
L = stroke length [m],
n = number of cylinders,
N = engine speed [rpm],
z = 1 (for 2 stroke engines),
2 (for 4 stroke engines),
Vc = cylinder swept volume [m3],
Ve = engine swept volume [m3],
Ti = engine indicated torque [Nm], and
ω = engine angular speed [1/s]

۱۷
 Engine Mechanical Efficiency (hm):

where:
hm = mechanical efficiency
Pb = engine brake power [kW]
Pi = engine indicated power [kW]
Pf = engine friction power [kW]
۱۸
 Engine Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC ):

where:
SFC = specific fuel consumption [(kg/h)/kW,
kg/(3600 s x kW), kg/(3600 kJ)]
FC = fuel consumption [kg/h]
Pb = brake power [kW]

۱۹
۲۰
۲۱
۲۲
 Problem-1: A four cylinder
car engine has bore x stroke =
79 mm x 77 mm.
What is the capacity of the
engine in cc?
Solution: Capacity in cc =
N.(π/4).B2. S
Here, N= number of cylinders
B= bore diameter in cm
S= stroke length in cm
Therefore, Engine Capacity in
cc
= 4 x (π/4) x (7.9)2 x (7.7) =
1509 ≈ 1500 cc Ans.

۲۳
 Problem-5: If the same engine (i.e., four-stroke, 2 liters) as
above produces 76 kW at 5400 rpm, Find its bmep.

۲٤
 Problem-6: A 4-Cylinder, 2-stroke IC engine has the following
particulars: engine speed = 3000 rpm, bore = 120 mm, crank
radius = 60 mm, mechanical efficiency = 90% and the engine
develops 75 bhp. Calculate the swept volume and mean effective
pressure (MEP).

۲٥
Actual Indicator Diagram of a 4-stroke Petrol Engine

۲٦
Valve Timing Diagram for a 4-stroke Petrol Engine

۲۷
۲۸
Valve overlap: The duration (10o +
10o = 20o) when both the inlet and
exhaust valves remain open is called
valve overlap.

Spark Advance: The ignition is

initiated 20 – 30o before TDC. This
is called spark advance.
۲۹
Engine Knocking:
Engine knocking (also called detonation) is a sudden
blow on the piston just like a hammering. Knocking
occurs due to localized ignition inside the combustion
chamber. This can be explained thus: at the end of the
compression stroke the sparkplug gives electric spark to
initiate ignition of the air fuel charge. Ignition takes
place and very quickly advances like a heat wave to all
corners of the combustion chamber. Consequently,
localized ignition starts before the flame reaches it.
Therefore, knocking is a post ignition phenomenon.
Detonation or knocking is harmful for the engine and
causes the engine-running shaky. Both high
combustibility of fuel and the
۳۰
high compression ratio are responsible for knocking. To
stop engine knocking generally a special fuel or a
chemical (tetraethyl lead)(‫ )ﺭﺍﺑﻊ ﺇﻳﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺻﺎﺹ‬is mixed
with gasoline. Mixing of a small amount satisfactorily
stops knocking. High Octane rating also prevents engine
knocking.

۳۱
In the newer vehicles, the same result is achieved by the
engine design that increases turbulence in the
combustion chamber, and/or by adding aromatic
hydrocarbons ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺭﻳﺔ‬
(such as xylenes) ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺍﻳﻠﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻳﺯﻭﻣﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻳﻠﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﺯﻭﻣﻳﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﺻﺑﺢ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ‬
(‫ ﻛﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺩﻳﻠﺔ ﻷﻛﺳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻓﺗﺎﻟﻳﻥ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﻁ‬
. and oxygenates (oxygen-containing compounds such as
(alcohols ‫( ) ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺳﺟﻳﻥ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺣﻭﻝ‬the
('unleaded gas‘‫ﻭ )ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺻﺎﺹ‬. .
Octane: a figure indicating the anti-knock
proper ties of a fuel, based on a compar ison with a
mixture of isooctane and heptane.
۳۲
Cetane Number
In a compression ignition engine, self-ignition of the air-
fuel mixture is a necessity. The correct fuel must be
chosen which will self-ignite at the precise proper time
in the engine cycle. It is therefore necessary to have
knowledge and control of the ignition delay time of the
fuel. The property that quantifies this is called the cetane
number. The larger the cetane number, the shorter is the
ID and the quicker the fuel will self-ignite in the
combustion chamber environment. A low cetane number
means the fuel will have a long ID. Normal cetane
number range is about 40 to 60.

۳۳
 Octane Number
The property that describes how well petrol will or will
not self-ignite is called the octane number of petrol or
just octane. The higher the octane number of petrol, the
less likely it will self-ignite. Engines with low
compression ratios can use petrol with lower octane
numbers, but high-compression engines must use high-
octane petrol to avoid self-ignition and knock.
Common octane numbers (anti-knock index) for petrol
used in cars range from 87 to 95, with higher values
available for special high-performance and racing
engines. A 93- octane petrol is more knock resistant
than an 89-octane petrol. Reciprocating SI aircraft
engines usually use low-lead fuels with octane numbers
۳٤in the 85 to 100 range.
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