Tutorial 1

Use the formula ALL FROM 9 AND THE LAST FROM 10 to perform instant
subtractions.

• For example 1000 - 357 = 643

We simply take each figure in 357 from 9 and the last figure from 10.

So the answer is 1000 - 357 = 643

And thats all there is to it!

This always works for subtractions from numbers consisting of a 1 followed

by noughts: 100; 1000; 10,000 etc.

• Similarly 10,000 - 1049 = 8951

• For 1000 - 83, in which we have more zeros than figures in the numbers being
subtracted, we simply suppose 83 is 083.

So 1000 - 83 becomes 1000 - 083 = 917

Try some yourself:

1) 1000 - 777
2) 1000 - 283
3) 1000 - 505
4) 10,000 - 2345
5) 10000 - 9876
6) 10,000 - 1101
7) 100 - 57
8) 1000 - 57
9) 10,000 - 321
10) 10,000 - 38

answers

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 Tutorial 2
Using VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE you do not need to the multiplication
tables beyond 5 X 5.

• Suppose you need 8 x 7

8 is 2 below 10 and 7 is 3 below 10.

Think of it like this:

The answer is 56.

The diagram below shows how you get it.

You subtract crosswise 8-3 or 7 - 2 to get 5,

the first figure of the answer.
And you multiply vertically: 2 x 3 to get 6,
the last figure of the answer.

That's all you do:

See how far the numbers are below 10, subtract one
number's deficiency from the other number, and
multiply the deficiencies together.

• 7 x 6 = 42

Here there is a carry: the 1 in the 12 goes over to make 3 into 4.

Multiply these:

answers

Here's how to use VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE for multiplying numbers close
to 100.

• Suppose you want to multiply 88 by 98.

 Not easy,you might think. But with
VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE you can give
the answer immediately, using the same method
as on the page.

Both 88 and 98 are close to 100.

88 is 12 below 100 and 98 is 2 below 100.

You can imagine the sum set out like this:

As before the 86 comes from

subtracting crosswise: 88 - 2 = 86
(or 98 - 12 = 86: you can subtract
either way, you will always get
the same answer).
And the 24 in the answer is
just 12 x 2: you multiply vertically.
So 88 x 98 = 8624

This is so easy it is just mental arithmetic.

Try some:

answers

Multiplying numbers just over 100.

• 103 x 104 = 10712

The answer is in two parts: 107 and 12,

107 is just 103 + 4 (or 104 + 3),
and 12 is just 3 x 4.

• Similarly 107 x 106 = 11342

107 + 6 = 113 and 7 x 6 = 42

Again, just for mental arithmetic

Try a few:
1) 102 x 107
2) 106 x 103
3) 104 x 104
4) 109 x 108
5) 101 x123
6) 103 x102

answers

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Tutorial 3
The easy way to add and subtract fractions.

Use VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE to write the answer straight down!

Multiply crosswise and add to get the top of the answer:

2 x 5 = 10 and 1 x 3 = 3. Then 10 + 3 = 13.
The bottom of the fraction is just 3 x 5 = 15.
You multiply the bottom number together.

So:

Subtracting is just as easy: multiply crosswise as before, but the subtract:

Try a few:

answers

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 Tutorial 4
A quick way to square numbers that end in 5 using the formula BY ONE MORE
THAN THE ONE BEFORE.

• 752 = 5625

752 means 75 x 75.

The answer is in two parts: 56 and 25.
The last part is always 25.
The first part is the first number, 7, multiplied by the number "one more",
which is 8:
so 7 x 8 = 56

• Similarly 852 = 7225 because 8 x 9 = 72.

Try these:

1) 452 2) 652 3) 952 4) 352 5) 152

answers

Method for multiplying numbers where the first figures are the same and the last
figures add up to 10.

• 32 x 38 = 1216

Both numbers here start with 3 and the last

figures (2 and 8) add up to 10.

So we just multiply 3 by 4 (the next number up)

to get 12 for the first part of the answer.

And we multiply the last figures: 2 x 8 = 16 to

get the last part of the answer.

Diagrammatically:

• And 81 x 89 = 7209
 We put 09 since we need two figures as in all the other examples.

Practise some:

1) 43 x 47
2) 24 x 26
3) 62 x 68
4) 17 x 13
5) 59 x 51
6) 77 x 73

answers

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Tutorial 5
An elegant way of multiplying numbers using a simple pattern.

• 21 x 23 = 483

This is normally called long multiplication but

actually the answer can be written straight down
using the VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE
formula.

We first put, or imagine, 23 below 21:

There are 3 steps:

a) Multiply vertically on the left: 2 x 2 = 4.

This gives the first figure of the answer.
b) Multiply crosswise and add: 2 x 3 + 1 x 2 = 8
This gives the middle figure.
c) Multiply vertically on the right: 1 x 3 = 3
This gives the last figure of the answer.

And thats all there is to it.

• Similarly 61 x 31 = 1891
 • 6 x 3 = 18; 6 x 1 + 1 x 3 = 9; 1 x 1 = 1

Try these, just write down the answer:

answers

Multiply any 2-figure numbers together by mere mental arithmetic!

If you want 21 stamps at 26 pence each you can

easily find the total price in your head.

There were no carries in the method given above.

However, there only involve one small extra step.

• 21 x 26 = 546

The method is the same as above

except that we get a 2-figure number, 14, in the
middle step, so the 1 is carried over to the left
(4 becomes 5).

So 21 stamps cost £5.46.

Practise a few:

answers

• 33 x 44 = 1452

There may be more than one carry in a sum:

 Vertically on the left we get 12.
Crosswise gives us 24, so we carry 2 to the left
and mentally get 144.

Then vertically on the right we get 12 and the 1

here is carried over to the 144 to make 1452.

answers

Any two numbers, no matter how big, can be

multiplied in one line by this method.

Return to Index

Tutorial 6
Multiplying a number by 11.

To multiply any 2-figure number by 11 we just put

the total of the two figures between the 2 figures.

• 26 x 11 = 286

Notice that the outer figures in 286 are the 26

being multiplied.

And the middle figure is just 2 and 6 added up.

• So 72 x 11 = 792

Multiply by 11:

1) 43 2) 81 3) 15 4) 44 5) 11

answers

• 77 x 11 = 847
 This involves a carry figure because 7 + 7 = 14
we get 77 x 11 = 7147 = 847.

Multiply by 11:

1) 88 2) 84 3) 48 4) 73 5) 56

answers

• 234 x 11 = 2574

We put the 2 and the 4 at the ends.

We add the first pair 2 + 3 = 5.
and we add the last pair: 3 + 4 = 7.

Multiply by 11:

1) 151 2) 527 3) 333 4) 714 5) 909

answers

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Tutorial 7
Method for diving by 9.

• 23 / 9 = 2 remainder 5

The first figure of 23 is 2, and this is the answer.

The remainder is just 2 and 3 added up!

• 43 / 9 = 4 remainder 7

The first figure 4 is the answer

and 4 + 3 = 7 is the remainder - could it be easier?

Divide by 9:

1) 61 2) 33 3) 44 4) 53 5) 80

answers

• 134 / 9 = 14 remainder 8

The answer consists of 1,4 and 8.

1 is just the first figure of 134.
 4 is the total of the first two figures 1+ 3 = 4,
and 8 is the total of all three figures 1+ 3 + 4 = 8.

Divide by 9:

6) 232 7) 151 8) 303 9) 212 10) 2121

answers

• 842 / 9 = 812 remainder 14 = 92 remainder 14

Actually a remainder of 9 or more is not usually

permitted because we are trying to find how
many 9's there are in 842.

Since the remainder, 14 has one more 9 with 5

left over the final answer will be 93 remainder 5

Divide these by 9:

1) 771 2) 942 3) 565 4) 555 5) 777 6) 2382 7) 7070

VEDIC MATHS
1. Special method for multiplication by numbers from 11 to 19.

Multiplication by 11

Rule: 1. Prefix a zero to the multiplicand

2. Write down the answer one figure at a time, from right to left
as in
any multiplication.
The figures of the answer are obtained by adding to each
successive
digit of the multiplicand. its right neighbour. Remember the right
neighbour is the right, (i.e., the correct) neighbour to be
added.
(1) 123 X 11 = ?
Step1: Prefix a zero to the multiplicand so that it reads 0123.
Step2: To the right digit 3, add its right neighbour.
There is no neighbour on the right; so add 0. 0123 X 11

3 + 0 =3. 3

To the next digit 2, add its right neighbour 3. 0123 X 11

2 + 3 = 5. 53
To the next digit 1, add the right neighbour 2. 0123 X 11
1 + 2=3.
353
 To 0, add the right neighbour 1. 0123 X 11
0 + 1 = 1. 1353

Therefore, 123 X 11 = 1353 (which you can easily verify by a conventional

multiplication).

MULTIPLICATION BY 12:

The method is exactly the same as in the case of 11 except that you
double each number before adding the right neighbour.

(1) 13 X 12 =?

Step1: Prefix a zero to the multiplicand so that it reads 013.

Step2: Double 3 and add the right neighbour 013 X 12
neighbour;therefore add0).
6

Double 1 and add the right neighbour 3. 013 X

12
2 X 1 + 3 =5 56

Double 0 and add the right neighbour 1. 013 X

12
2 X 0 + 1 =1 156

Therefore, 13 X 12 = 156 (which you can again verify by a conventional

multiplication).

MULTIPLICATION FROM 13 TO 19:

The reason why the rule is different for multiplication by 11 and by 12 is

obviously because the right digits are different. The right digit, we could
call the Parent Index Number (PIN). Thus in 11, the PIN is 1 and in 12 it is
2. (In 13, it is 3; in 14, it is 4 etc.) When the PIN is 1, we are simply
taking each figure of the multiplicand (we could call this figure the Parent
Figure – PF in short ) as such and adding the right neighbour. When the
PIN is 2, we are doubling the PF and then adding the right neighbour.

Obviously, if the PIN is 3 (as in 3), we would treble the PF and then add
the right neighbour. If the PIN is 4 (as in 14), we would quadruple (i.e.
multiply by 4) the PF and then add the right neighbour. If PIN is 9 (as in
19), we would multiply the PF by 9 and then add the right neighbour, What
is the advantage of the method? We need know the tables only upto 9 and
still multiply by a simple process of addition.

(1) 39942 X 13 = ? (2) 43285 X 14 = ?

2331 21132
039942 X 13 043285 X 14
519246 605990

(3) 58265 X 15 = ? (4) 36987 X 16 = ?

 34132 25654
058265 X 15 036987 X 16
873975 591792

(5) 69873 X 17 = ? (6) 96325 X 18 = ?

57652 85224
069873 X 17 096325 X 18
1187841 1733850

(7) 74125 X 19 = ?
73124
074125 X 19
1408375

2. Multiplication of two 2 digit numbers

Consider the conventional multiplication of two 2 digit numbers 12

and 23
shown below:
12
X 23
36
24
Ans. 276

It is obvious from the above that

(1) the right digit 6 of the answer is the product obtained by the "vertical"

multiplication of the right digit of the multiplicand and of the

multiplier.

(2) the left digit 2 of the answer is the product obtained by the "vertical"
multiplication of the left digit of the multiplicand and of the multiplier

(3) the middle digit 7 of the answer is the sum of 3 and 4. The 3 is the
product
of the left digit of the multiplicand and the right digit of the multiplier;
the 4
is the product of the right digit of the multiplicand and the left digit of
the
multiplier. This means that, to obtain the middle digit, one has to
multiply
"across" and add the two products (in our example 1 X 3 + 2 X 2)

The working in our above example can therefore be depicted as

12
23
1X2/1X3+2X2/2X3
 and can be summarised as

12
23
2/3+4/6 = 276

3. When the units figure is "one" in both the numbers being multiplied,
the
process of multiplication is simplified further. Consider the
following
multiplication:

31
21
2X3/2X1+1X3/1X1

You will notice that the middle digit of the answer is 2 X 1 + 1 X 3 i.e.
(2 + 3) X 1. So, instead of multiplying "across" for the middle term,
you
could simply add the tens digit of the two numbers.
Therefore, 31 X 21 = 6 / (2 + 3) / 1 = 651
Similarly, in 81 X 91, you could obtain the middle term as 17, by
merely
adding 8 and 9.
4. Like wise, when the tens figure is "one" in both the numbers being
multiplied,
you could obtain the middle term by simply adding the units digit
of the two
numbers. For instance, the middle term in 12 X 17 is 2 + 7, i.e. 9, in 8
X 12
it is 8 + 2 i.e. 10 etc.
5. If the units figure or the tens figure is the same in the two numbers,
the
process of multiplication could be simplified as shown in the following
examples:
(1) 8 3 The middle term is obtained by multiplying 3 by 17, 17
being he sum of 8 9 and93
83
9 3 and 93
72519 = 7719

(2) 2 8 In this case, the middle term is 2 multiplied by 11, 11

being the sum of 8 2 3 and 3
42 22 4 = 644

6. Multiplication of 2 three-digit numbers

Let us consider the multiplicand to be ABC and the multiplier to be

DEF, as
shown below:
ABC
XDEF
Answer
 1. The extreme right digit of the answer is obtained (as before)
by
vertical multiplication as CXF

2. The extreme left digit is also obtained (as before) by vertical

multiplication as A X B

3. The "middle" digits are obtained (as before) by multiplying

across.
Progressing one step at a time to the left, the "middle"
digits are
successively
BXF+CXE
AXF+CXD+BXE
AXE+BXD
The process is set out in detail for following examples below .
1. 1 2 3
4 5 6

1X4/1X5+2X4/1X6+3X4+2X5/2X6+3X5/3X
6
= 4/13/ 28/ 27 / 18 = 56088

2. 2 4 5
1 9 8
2 X 1/ 2 X 9 + 4 X 1 / 2 X 8 + 5 X 1 + 4 X 9 / 4 X 8 + 5 X 9 / 5 X 8
= 2/ 22/ 57 / 77/ 40 = 48510

7. Multiplication of Numbers of Different Lengths

In the examples we saw above, both the multiplicand and the multiplier
contained the same number of digits. But what if the two numbers were to
contain a different number of digits; for instance, how would we multiply
286 and 78? Obviously we could prefix a zero to 78 (so that it becomes
078, a 3 digit number) and proceed as in any multiplication of two 3 digit
numbers.
The following examples will clarify the procedure:

(1) 286 X 78 =? (2) 998 X 98 =?

2 8 6 9 9 8
0 7 8 0 9 8
0 1472 106 48 = 22308 0 81 153 144 64 = 97804

8. Special case where the units figures of the multiplicand and the multiplier
together total 10 and the other figures are the same.
Consider (i) 23 X 27
(ii) 94 X 96
(iii) 982 X 988

In all of them, the units figures together total 10 [3 + 7] in (i), 4 + 6 in (ii)

and 2 + 8 in (iii)], also the other figures of the multiplicand and the
multiplier are the same [2 in (i) 9 in (ii) and 98 in (iii)]

In such cases, a special method can be used. But before we see the new
method, let us consider the multiplication of 23 by 27 by the method we
had learnt. 23 X 27 would give us the answer as 621. Do you notice
anything special about the answer? The right part is the product of the unit
figures 3 and 7 of the 2 numbers and the left part 6 of the answer is the
product of 2 (the tens figure) and the next higher number 3.

This gives us the special rule:

(1) To obtain the right part of the answer, multiply the units (i.e. of the
extreme right) digit of the 2 numbers

(2) To obtain the left part of the answer, multiply the other (i.e. the left),
digit/s by one more than itself/themselves. For example, if the left
digit/s
of the 2 numbers is/are

3, multiply 3 by (3 + 1) i.e. by 4
5, multiply 5 by 6
6, multiply 6 by 7
99, multiply 99 by 100
100, multiply 100 by 101
888, multiply 888 by 889 etc

The only thing you have to be careful about is to ensure that the right part
of the answer always has 2 digits. For example in 29 X 21, the left part of
the answer is 2 (2 + 1) and the right part is 9 X 1 i.e. 9; however the right
part will be written as 09 and not as 9 because the right part has to
contain 2 digits. Therefore, 29 X 21 = 609.

9. Special Method for Squaring numbers ending in 5

An obvious extension of the above method will be in finding the square of

numbers ending in 5. Consider 15 X 15. Here the sum of the units digit of
the 2 numbers is the same. Hence, the above method will apply. Infact it
will apply in squaring any number ending in 5. Since in all these cases the
right digit of the multiplicand and the multiplier is 5, the right part of the
answer is always 25 and therefore, we can mechanically set down 25 as
the right part of the answer without any calculation – all that is needed is
to find out the left part of the answer and this done exactly as in the
previous section.

152 = 225 252 = 625 8752 = 765625 89952 =

80910025

TO MULTIPLY ANY TWO NUMBERS A AND B CLOSE TO A POWER OF

10

a. Take as base for the calculations that power of 10 which is nearest to

the
numbers to be multiplied
b. Put the two numbers A and B above and below on the left hand side
c. Subtract each of them from the base (nearest power of 10) and write
down the remainders r1and r2 on the right hand side either with a
connecting minus sign between A & r1 and B & r2 if the numbers A and
B
are less than the closest power of 10. Otherwise, use a connecting
plus
sign between the numbers and the remainders.
d. The final answer will have two parts. One on the left hand side and
the
other on the right hand side. The right hand side is the
multiplication of
the two remainders and the left hand side is either the difference of A
and
r2 or B and r1 if the numbers are less than the closest power of 10.
Otherwise, it is the sum of A and r2 or B and r1

Few examples, which make the procedure clear, are:

e.q. 1. Multiplication of 9 and 7

The closest base to the two numbers in this case is 10
Therefore 9 - 1 (The remainder after subtracting the number from
10)
7 – 3 (The remainder after subtracting the number from 10)
The right hand side of the answer will be 1 X 3 = 3
The left hand side can be computed either by subtracting 3 from 9 or 1
from 7 which is 6. Therefore, the answer is 63.
e.q. 2. A more difficult example will be the product of 94 and 87
The closest base in this case will be 100
Therefore 94 – 6
87 – 13
81 . 78 à 8178
Here, 6 in the first row is the difference 100 and 94 and the 13 in the
second row is the difference between 100 and 87. The right hand side of
the answer is obtained by the multiplication of 6 and 13 which is 78 and
the left hand side is obtained by the difference between either 87 and 6 or
94 and 13, both of which give the answer 81.

e.q. 3. Taking numbers which are greater than the closest power of
10

Find the product of 108 and 112

The closest base is 100 in this case as well
Therefore 108 + 8
112 + 12
120, 96
The procedure is the same with only difference being that instead of
subtracting the remainder of one number from the other number, we add
in this case as the number were marginally larger than the nearest power
of 10
e.q. 4. When the number of digits of the product of the remainders is
greater than the power of 10 closest to the two numbers
e.g. Product 84 and 92
84 – 16
92 – 8
76. 128 à (76 + 1), 28 à 7728
As the product of 16 and 8 is 128 which is a three digit number as against
2 being the power of 10 in100, we carry forward the digits on the left more
than 2 digits (in this case) and add to 76, the left hand side of the answer

e.q. 5, When one of the number is lesser than the closest power of 10 and
the other greater than the closest power of 10
Product of 88 and 106
88 – 12
108 + 8
96 . 96

The operation is similar, excepting that as the right hand side of the
answer is obtained by the multiplication of a positive and a negative
number the answer has to be subtracted from 100 by reducing the left
hand side number by 1
Multiplication of numbers which are not close to the nearest power
of 10
Let us take the case of multiplication of 41 by 43. Going by the earlier
method we have the nearest power of 10 as 100 or 10. In the former case.
The remainders are 59 and 57, multiplication of which will be as tedious as
the multiplication of these two numbers. In the latter case. the remainders
will be 31 and 33 which will be equally difficult Therefore, we need to look
at an alternative method. In this case, we can take 50, which is a sub
multiple of 100 or a multiple of 10 and proceed

Method 1: Take 50 as the base which is half of 100

41 – 9
43 – 7
34 .63 à Since 50 = 100/2. we divide the left hand side number also by 2
while retaining the right hand side. Therefore the answer will be 1763.

Method 2
We can start off instead of using 50 as the base, we can use 40 as the
base
41 + 1
43 + 3
44, 3 à and since 40 is 4 times 10, we multiply 44 by 4 to yield by
176 and join the right hand side to yield 1763 – the same answer.

To Calculate the squares from 51 to 59:- There is one general formula

(5x)2 = (25 + x)/x2
Where x is a digit in units place

Note: Slash here does not represent division, It is just to differentiate

between the two value. x2 should be a two digit no. If it is a single digit no,
make it a two digit no by placing a prefix 0 before x2
e.g. 32 = 9, Make it of two digits i.e. 09
Let us calculate the squares of 54
In this case our x is 4
(54)2 = (25 + 4)/42 = 29/16 = 2916 is our answer

TO CALCULATE THE PRODUCT OF NOs. (Ending with 5) WHICH DIFFER BY 10

e.g. 45 x 35
Step 1: First of all write 75 in the last two places of the product 45 x
35 = __75
Step2: Then Multiply 4 with 3 and add the smallest of these to the
product
i.e. (4 x 3 + 3) = 15
Step3: Now Place these two digit before 75 to get our required
 product i.e.
45 x 35 = 1575

1. Ekadhikena Purvena
or By one more than the previous one.

The proposition "by" means the operations this sutra concerns are either
multiplication or division. [ In case of addition/subtraction proposition "to" or "from"
is used.] Thus this sutra is used for either multiplication or division. It turns out that it
is applicable in both operations.

An interesting application of this sutra is in computing squares of numbers ending in

five. Consider:

35x35 = (3x(3+1)) 25 = 12,25

The latter portion is multiplied by itself (5 by 5) and the previous portion is multiplied
by one more than itself (3 by 4) resulting in the answer 1225.

It can also be applied in multiplications when the last digit is not 5 but the sum of the
last digits is the base (10) and the previous parts are the same. Consider:

37X33 = (3x4),7x3 = 12,21

29x21 = (2x3),9x1 = 6,09 [Antyayor dashake]

We illustrate this sutra by its application to conversion of fractions into their

equivalent decimal form. Consider fraction 1/19. Using this sutra this can be
converted into a decimal form in a single step. This can be done either by applying the
sutra for a multiplication operation or for a division operations, thus yielding two
methods.

Method 1: using multiplications

1/19, since 19 is not divisible by 2 or 5, the fractional result is a purely circulating

decimal. (If the denominator contains only factors 2 and 5 is a purely non-circulating
decimal, else it is a mixture of the two.)

So we start with the last digit

1
Multiply this by "one more", that is, 2 (this is the "key" digit from Ekadhikena)
21
Multiplying 2 by 2, followed by multiplying 4 by 2
421 => 8421
Now, multiplying 8 by 2, sixteen
68421
1 <= carry
multiplying 6 by 2 is 12 plus 1 carry gives 13
368421
1 <= carry
Continuing
 7368421 => 47368421 => 947368421
1
Now we have 9 digits of the answer. There are a total of 18 digits (=denominator-
numerator) in the answer computed by complementing the lower half:
052631578
947368421
Thus the result is .052631578,947368421

Method 2: using divisions

The earlier process can also be done using division instead of multiplication. We
divide 1 by 2, answer is 0 with remainder 1
.0
Next 10 divided by 2 is five
.05
Next 5 divided by 2 is 2 with remainder 1
.052
next 12 (remainder,2) divided by 2 is 6
.0526
and so on.

As another example, consider 1/7, this same as 7/49 which as last digit of the
denominator as 9. The previous digit is 4, by one more is 5. So we multiply (or
divide) by 5, that is,

...7 => 57 => 857 => 2857 => 42857 => 142857 => .142,857 (stop after
7-1 digits)
3 2 4 1 2

2. Nikhilam Navatashcaramam Dashatah

or All from nine and the last from ten.

This sutra is often used in special cases of multiplication.

Corollary 1: Yavdunam Jaavdunikritya Varga Cha Yojayet

or Whatever the extent of its deficiency, lessen it still further to that very extent; and
also set up the square of that deficiency.

For instance: in computing the square of 9 we go through the following steps:

The nearest power of 10 to 9 is 10. Therefore, let us take 10 as our

base.

Since 9 is 1 less than 10, decrease it still further to 8. This is

the
left side of our answer.

On the right hand side put the square of the deficiency, that is 1^2.
Hence the answer is 81.

Similarly, 8^2 = 64, 7^2 = 49

For numbers above 10, instead of looking at the deficit we look at the surplus. For
example:
11^2 = 12 1^2 = 121
12^2 = (12+2) 2^2 = 144
14^2 = (14+4) 4^2 = 18 16 = 196
and so on.

3. Urdhva-tiryagbhyam
or Vertically and cross-wise.

This sutra applies to all cases of multiplication and is very useful in division of one
large number by another large number.

4. Paraavartya Yojayet
or Transpose and apply.

This sutra complements the Nikhilam sutra which is useful in divisions by large
numbers. This sutra is useful in cases where the divisor consists of small digits. This
sutra can be used to derive the Horner's process of Synthetic Division.

5. Shunyam Saamyasamuccaye
or When the samuccaya is the same, that samuccaya is zero.

This sutra is useful in solution of several special types of equations that can be solved
visually. The word samuccaya has various meanings in different applicatins. For
instance, it may mean a term which occurs as a common factor in all the terms
concerned. A simple example is equation "12x + 3x = 4x + 5x". Since "x" occurs as a
common factor in all the terms, therefore, x=0 is a solution. Another meaning may be
that samuccaya is a product of independent terms. For instance, in (x+7)(x+9) =
(x+3)(x+21), the samuccaya is 7 x 9 = 3 x 21, therefore, x = 0 is a solution. Another
meaning is the sum of the denominators of two fractions having the same numerical
numerator, for example: 1/(2x-1) + 1/(3x-1) = 0 means 5x - 2 = 0.

Yet another meaning is "combination" or total. This is commonly used. For instance,
if the sum of the numerators and the sum of denominators are the same then that sum
is zero. Therefore,

2x + 9 2x + 7
------ = ------
2x + 7 2x + 9

therefore, 4x + 16 = 0 or x = -4
This meaning ("total") can also be applied in solving quadratic equations. The total
meaning can not only imply sum but also subtraction. For instance when given N1/D1
= N2/D2, if N1+N2 = D1 + D2 (as shown earlier) then this sum is zero. Mental cross
multiplication reveals that the resulting equation is quadratic (the coefficients of x^2
are different on the two sides). So, if N1 - D1 = N2 - D2 then that samuccaya is also
zero. This yield the other root of a quadratic equation.

Yet interpretation of "total" is applied in multi-term RHS and LHS. For instance,
consider

1 1 1 1
--- + ----- = ----- + ------
x-7 x-9 x-6 x-10
Here D1 + D2 = D3 + D4 = 2 x - 16. Thus x = 8.

There are several other cases where samuccaya can be applied with great versatility.
For instance "apparently cubic" or "biquadratic" equations can be easily solved as
shown below:

(x-3)^3 + (x-9)^3 = 2 (x-6)^3

Note that x -3 + x - 9 = 2 (x - 6). Therefore (x - 6) = 0 or x = 6.

consider

(x+3)^3 x+1
-------- = --------
(x+5)^3 x + 7

Observe: N1 + D1 = N2 + D2 = 2x + 8.
Therefore, x = -4.
This sutra has been extended further.

6. (Anurupye) Shunyamanyat
or If one is in ratio, the other one is zero.

This sutra is often used to solve simultaneous simple equations which may involve
big numbers. But these equations in special cases can be visually solved because of a
certain ratio between the coefficients. Consider the following example:

6x + 7y = 8
19x + 14y = 16

Here the ratio of coefficients of y is same as that of the constant

terms.
Therefore, the "other" is zero, i.e., x = 0. Hence the solution of
the
equations is x = 0 and y = 8/7.
This sutra is easily applicable to more general cases with any number of variables. For
instance
ax + by + cz = a
bx + cy + az = b
cx + ay + bz = c

which yields x = 1, y = 0, z = 0.
A corollary (upsutra) of this sutra says Sankalana-Vyavakalanaabhyam or By
addition and by subtraction. It is applicable in case of simultaneous linear equations
where the x- and y-coefficients are interchanged. For instance:
45x - 23y = 113
23x - 45y = 91

By addition: 68x - 68 y = 204 => 68(x-y) = 204 => x - y = 3

By subtraction: 22x + 22y = 22 => 22(x+y) = 22 => x + y = 1

8. Puranapuranabhyam
or By the completion or non-completion.

14. Ekanynena Purvena

It is converse of the Ekaadhika sutra. It provides for multiplications wherein the
multiplier digits consist entirely of nines.

"Rules of Thumb"
Many of the basic sutras have been applied to devise commonly used rules of thumb.
For instance, the Ekanyuna sutra can be used to derive the following results:

• Kevalaih Saptakam Gunyaat, or in the case of seven the multiplicand should

be 143
• Kalau Kshudasasaih, or in the case of 13 the multiplicand should be 077
• Kamse Kshaamadaaha-khalairmalaih, or in the case of 17 the multiplicand
should be 05882353 (by the way, the literal meaning of this result is "In king
Kamsa's reign famine, and unhygenic conditions prevailed." -- not
immediately obvious what it had to do with Mathematics. These multiple
meanings of these sutras were one of the reasons why some of the early
translations of Vedas missed discourses on vedaangas.)

These are used to correctly identify first half of a recurring decimal number, and then
applying Ekanyuna to arrive at the complete answer mechanically. Consider for
example the following visual computations:
1/7 = 143x999/999999 = 142857/999999 = 0.142857
1/13 = 077x999/999999 = 076923/999999 = 0.076923
1/17 = 05882353x99999999/9999999999999999 = 0.05882352 94117647
Note that
7x142857 = 999999
13x076923 = 999999
17x05882352 94117647 = 9999999999999999
which says that if the last digit of the denominator is 7 or 3 then the last digit of the
equivalent decimal fraction is 7 or 3 respectively.

Some Interesting Nuggets and Examples:

• The Multiplication Sign "X" as a Cross-Addition: Let us multiply (decimal
numbers) 8 by 7: first column lists the numbers and the second column the
deficits (from base = 10):
• 8 -2
• X 7 -3
• ---------

The multiplication proceeds from the most signficant digit to least significant
digit (which is natural since the positional numbers are also read from MSD to
LSD, thus the result can be produced "on-line"). The first digit (most
significant digit) is obtained by

1. adding 8 and -3, or

2. adding 7 and -2, or

that is,

8 -2
\/
/\
7 -3

This process of obtaining MSD of a multiplication by cross-addition is said to

be the origin of the conventional cross sign for multiplication. BTW, you can
generate the following digit by multiplication and (if necessary) by forwarding
the carry to more significant digits. This method (derived from Nikhilam
sutra) works multiplication of multidigit numbers and numbers greater than as
well as less than the base (or half the base). Consider bit more complex
examples below:

97 -3 102 2 888 -112

X 98 -2 X 104 4 X997 -003
----- ------ ---------
95,06 106,08 885,336

For cases when the numbers are closer to the middle of the base, Anurupyena
sutra (according to the ratio) can be used to compute deficit/excess from a
ratio of the base and then ratio the result:

48 -2 (base/2 = 50)
X46 -4
------
44,08 => 22,08

• Division using "Seshaanyankaani charamena": to carry out a division first

compute remainders and then multiply the remainders by the last digit and put
down the last digit of the multiplicand. Consider: 1/7. When divising 1(0) by 7
the remainder is 3. Therefore, dividing 3 by 7 will subsequently lead to
remainder 9 (= 3x3). But since 9 is more than 7 the remainder would be 2, so
the remainder sequence is:
• 3, 2
 Now 2 divided by 7 will have remainder of 6 (3x2), that is

3, 2, 6

Continuing

3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1

We stop when the remainder sequence starts to repeat. Now, multiply these
remainders by the last digit (7) of the denominator and keep only the first digit
(LSD). So we have:

7x3 = 21 => put down 1

.1
3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1
7x2 = 14 => put down 4
.1 4
3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1
7x6 = 42 => put down 2
.1 4 2
3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1
Continuing
.1 4 2 8 5 7
3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1

So the answer is 1/7 = .142857142857...

Navasesh
Navasesh is a general method of verification formulated in Vedic
mathematics. This can be used to verify various mathematical operations
such as Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication etc.

Navasesh means ' nine and its remainder '.

Examples :

Navasesh of 23 ---> N(23) == N(2+3) == N(5) == 5

Navasesh of 82 ---> N(82) == N(8+2) == N(10) == N(1+0) == N(1) == 1

Navasesh of 49 ---> N(49) == N(4+9) == N(13) == N(1+3) == N(4) ==4

Navasesh of 105 ---> N(105) == N(1+0+5) == N(6) == 6

Addition
We know that 23 + 82 = 105

To verify :

N(23) + N(82) = N(5) + N(1) == N(5+1) == N(6) == 6

N(105) = N(6) == 6

Hence N(23) + N(82) = N(105)

Subtraction

We Know that 82 - 49 = 33

To verify :

N(82) - N(49) = N(1) - N(4) = N(1-4) == N(-3) == N(9-3) == N(6) == 6

( Note that -3 here has been converted to 9-3 such that negative
number is eliminated)

N(33) = N(3+3) == N(6) == 6

Hence N(82) - N(49) = N(33)

Multiplication

We know that 23 * 49 = 1127

To verify :

N(23) * N(49) = N(5) * N(4) ==N(5 * 4) ==N(20) = N(2) =2

N(1127) = N(1+1+2+7) = N(11) = N(2) =2

Hence N(23) * N(49) = N(1127)

Multiplication By Nikhilam
 Sutra : " Nikhilam Navatashcharamam Dashataha "
Meaning : All from 9 and the last from 10.

Upasutra : "Aanurupyena "

Meaning : Proportionately

This simple sutra teaches us to do multiplication of numbers

which are close to a BASE or Aadhara such as 10, 100, 1000, 10000 etc.

Consider the example given below

8 * 13

Step 1 : Since 8 and 13 are close to 10 we shall consider 10 as the

base.

8 - 10 gives -2 and
13 - 10 gives +3

Step 2 : Write the problem as below

8 -2
13 +3

Step 3 : For the first part of the answer add diagonally.

i.e. 8 + 3 Or 13 - 2 == 11

Write it as 8 -2
13 +3
11 0
 ( One '0' is added because the base is 101)

Step 4 : For the second part multiply the number in the RHS column
and put it below zero and total to obtain the final answer.

8 -2
13 +3
11 0
-6
10 4

Hence the Answer is 104.

Example 2 :

Consider 945 * 1005

Here the base can be considered to be 1000

Therefore the problem is written as

945 -055
1005 +005

By Diagonal Addition
945 + 005 == 1005 - 055 == 950

945 -055
1005 +005
 950 000
By linear multiplication of RHS
-55 * 5 = -275

945 -055
1005 +005
950 000
-275
949 725

Hence the answer is 949725

AANURUPYENA

An Upasutra or Sub Formula of Nikhilam is Aanurupyena which means

'Proportionately'.

Here we consider multiples and sub-multiples of the Main Base as the

Working Base.

Consider 53 * 57
Let us consider the working base to be 50, which is a sub multiple of
the main base 100.

Let 'x' be (Main Base) / (Working Base)

Here x = 100/50 = 2
Write the numbers as in normal Nikhilam

53 +3
 57 +7
60 00
(Two '0' s are added here as the Main Base is 100)

Now divide the first answer by x , here 2

53 +3
57 +7
30 00
Now do the second part as in normal method

53 +3
57 +7
30 00
+21
30 21

Hence the Answer is 3021.

Multiplication By Urdhva Tiryak

Sutra : Urdhva Tiryagbhyaam

Meaning : Vertically and crosswise.

This is the most powerful sutra when it comes to Vedic Multiplication.

Consider the following example :

37 * 33

Step 1 : Write it as follows

 37
33

Step 2 : Multiply the left most column vertically and write it below.
Multiply 3 * 3 to get 9

37
33
9

Step 3 : Next multiply diagonally and add

i.e. (3*3) + (3*7) = 9 + 21 = 30

Since 30 is a 2 digit number put the last digit (here '0' ) next to 9 and
the other digits (here '3' ) below 9

37
33
90
3

Step 4 : Now multiply the RHS column and put it below and total to get
the Answer.

37
33
901
32
1221
 Hence 1221 is the Answer

The Above Steps can be easily remembered by the following line

diagrams

1) 2) 3)

This method can be extended for any number of digits.

For 3 digit numbers, the line diagram can be represented as follows

1) 2) 3)

4) 5)

Example
Let us consider 532 * 472

Step 1 :
532
472
20

Step 2 :
532
 472
207
4

Step 3 :
532
472
2079
43

Step 4 :
532
472
20790
432

Step 5 :
532
472
207904
432
251104 (By Addition)

Hence the Answer is 251104

The Line Diagram for four digits is given below

1) 2) 3)

4) 5) 6)

7)

Squaring by Yaavadunam

Sutra : Yaavadunam Taavaduunikruthya vargam cha yogayet

Meaning : Whatever the extent of its deficiency, lessen it further to

that very extent; and also set up the square of that deficiency.

This sutra is a corollary of the Nikhilam sutra.

Consider a simple example 92

Step 1 : Consider the nearest base (here 10).

Step 2 : As 9 has a deficiency of 1 (10 - 9 = 1), we should decrease it

further by 1, and set down our LHS of the Answer as '8'.

Step 3 : On the RHS put the square of the deficiency (here 1).

we get 92 = 81.

Now Consider 102

1) Base is 100

2) Deficiency is '-2' (100 - 102 = -2)

Therefore we subtract '-2' from 102

102 - (-2) = 104

This is our RHS

3) Our LHS now becomes (-2)2 which is 4

Since the base is 100 we write it as '04', so that we get 1022 = 10404

If we have multiples or sub multiples of a base, we employ the same

technique as in 'Aanurupyena'. (See Nikhilam Multiplication)

Consider 282

1) Let 20 be the Working Base and 10 as the Main Base.

Therefore x = (Main Base)/(Working Base) = 10/20 = 1/2

2) Here the deficiency = 20 - 28 = -8

Therefore RHS = 28 - (-8) = 36

Divide by x i.e. by (1/2).

We get 36/(1/2) = 72. This is the required RHS.

3) LHS = (-8)2 = 64

Since Main Base is 10, we put only '4' on the LHS and carry over '6' to
the RHS

Therefore we get

282 = 72+6 | 4 == 784

Some More Examples

362 = 128 |1 6 = 1296 (Base = 40)

522 = 27 | 04 = 2704 (Base = 50)

9972 = 994 | 009 = 994009 (Base = 1000)

10042 = 1008 | 016 = 1008016 (Base =1000)

Ekadhikena Purvena
Meaning : "By one more than the previous one"

This sutra is used exclusively for numbers ending with 5.

For numbers ending with 5 the LHS will be 25.

The RHS will be the product of the other digits with its ekadhikena.

Examples :

252 = (2 * 3) | 25 = 625

352 = (3 * 4) | 25 = 1225

452 = (4 * 5) | 25 = 2025

552 = (5 * 6 ) | 25 = 3035

652 = (6 * 7) | 25 = 4225

752 = (7 * 8) | 25 = 5625

1052 = (10 * 11) | 25 = 11025

1252 = (12 * 13) | 25 = 15625

1752 = (17 * 18) | 25 = 30625

Dwandwa Yoga

The Dwandwa Yoga or 'duplex combination' can be used for general

purpose squaring.

To proceed further we need to know the Dwandwa of certain numbers.

D( a ) = a2
D( ab ) = 2ab

D( abc ) = 2ac + b2

D( abcd ) = 2ad + 2bc

D( abcde ) = 2ae + 2bd + c2

D( abcdef ) = 2af + 2be + 2cd and so on....

As we can see above, D of any number is the sum of square of the middle
number and two times the product of the other pairs.

Square of a number is given by

( ab )2 = D( a ) | D( ab ) | D( b )

( abc )2 = D( a ) | D( ab ) | D(abc) | D( bc ) | D( c )

( abcd )2 = D(a) | D(ab) | D(abc) | D(abcd) | D(bcd) | D(bc) | D (c)

Example :

(23)2 = (ab)2 = D(a) | D(ab) | D(b)

=4 | 12 | 9

Since Dwanada must have only one digit, we carry over '1' of '12' to LHS.

Therefore it becomes 4 |1 2| 9

Hence the answer is 529

Example 2:

(527)2 = ( abc )2

= D( a ) | D( ab ) | D(abc) | D( bc ) | D( c )

= 25 | 20 | 74 | 28 | 49

= 25 |2 0 |7 4 |2 8 |4 9
 = 277729

Cubing by Yaavadunam

This method is similar to squaring by Yaavadunam. It is just modified

a bit, as we shall see in the next few examples.

Consider 133

Step 1 : Consider nearest base (here 10).

Step 2 : As 13 has a excess of '3' (13 - 10 = 3), we double the excess

and add the original number (13) to it, and put it on the LHS.

Therefore we get 13 + 6 = 19

Step 3 : Now find the new excess. In this case it is 19-10 = 9. Now
multiply this with the original excess to get the middle part of the
answer.

Therefore we get 9 * 3 = 27

Step 4 : Now cube the original excess and put it as the last part

Carry over any big numbers and total to get the answer.

19 7 7
2 2
21 9 7

Therefore 133 = 2197

Now consider 473

As in 'Nikhilam' and Squaring, we use 'Aanurupyena' here.

1) Let the main base be 10 and the working base be 50

 therefore the ratio

x = (Main Base)/(Working Base) = 10/50 = 1/5

2) Excess is -3 (47 - 50 = -3). Double the excess and add the original
number (here 47) to it.

We get 47 - 6 = 41.

The Base correction for this part is achieved by dividing by x2 .

therefore we get 41/(1/25) = 41 * 25 = 1025

3) Excess in the new uncorrected number (41 - 50 = -9) is multiplied

by the original excess(-3) to obtain the second part.

Therefore we get -9 * -3 = 27

The Base correction for this part is achieved by dividing by x .

therefore we get 27 * 5 = 135

4) The third part is obtained by cubing the excess.

(-3)3 = -27

5) Carry over the extra numbers and total to obtain the final answer

1025 0 0
13 5 0
-2 7
1038 2 3

Therefore the final answer is 103823

Direct Cubing

This method is simple and easy.

If the number is (ab) its cube can be calculated as

 a3 a2b ab2 b3

2a2b 2ab2

Sum them up taking care of the carryovers.

Consider (16)3

Writing it as above

1 6 36 216

12 72

1 18 108 216

Considering the carryovers

1 0 0 0
1 8 0 0
1 0 8 0
2 1 6
4 0 9 6

Therefore we get the answer as 4096

Simple Equations

Here we shall solve several supposedly 'difficult' problems practically

at sight using a special sutra which reads Shoonyam Saamya
Samucchaye. The sutra is applicable to a number of cases and means
"when the Samucchaya is the same, that Samucchaya is zero".

'Samucchaya' is a technical term which has several meanings under

different contexts.

First Meaning of Samucchaya

 Samucchaya first means a term which occurs as a common factor in
all the terms concerned.

Example 1 :

Consider 11x + 4x = 13x + 9x

On taking all terms to one side and solving we get 7x = 0 which on

solving yields x = 0.

But according to the sutra , if a term (here x) occurs as a common

factor in all the terms then the term is equated to zero.

Hence according to the sutra, the above problem can be solved

merely at sight and the solution given as x = 0.

Example 2 :

Consider 5(2x + 3) = 3(2x + 3)

Here, the common term is (2x + 3). Hence applying the above
formula, we have 2x + 3 = 0.

Hence x = -3/2

Second Meaning

Samucchaya also means 'the product of independent terms'.

Hence according to the sutra, if in a problem

(x + a)(x + b) = (x + c)(x + d) we have a * b = c * d

then x = 0.

This formula is practically axiomatic.

Example 1 : (x + 4) (x - 6) = (x - 3) (x + 8)
 Here 4 * (-6) = (-3) * 8 = -24

Hence x = 0.

Example 2 : (x + 3) (x + 12) = (x + 4) (x + 9)

Here 3 * 12 = 4 * 9 = 36

Hence x = 0.

Third Meaning

Samucchaya thirdly means the sum of the denominators of two

fractions having the same numerical numerator.

In this case the denominators are added and the sum is equated to
zero and solved to obtain the value of x.

Example 1 :

3 + 3 = 0
2x + 4 x-3

==> (2x + 4) + (x - 3) = 0
3x + 1 = 0
==> x = -1/3

Example 2 :

1 + 1 = 0
x-4 x+3

==> x - 4 + x + 3 = 0
==> x = 1/2
 Fourth Meaning of Samucchaya

Samucchaya also means combination and total. In this context it

implies that if the sum of the numerators and the sum of the
denominators are equal, then the sum is equated to zero.

Example 1 :

2x + 5 = 2x + 2
2x - 3 2x + 10

N1 + N2 = (2x + 5) + (2x + 2) = 4x + 7
D1 + D2 = (2x - 3) + (2x + 10) = 4x + 7

Hence we find N1 + N2 = D1 + D2
==> 4x + 7 = 0
==> x = -7/4

Example 2 :

3x + 7 = x+2
6x + 4 2x + 14

Here N1 + N2 = (3x + 7) + (x + 2) = 4x + 9
D1 + D2 = (6x + 4) + (2x + 14) = 8x + 18 = 2(N1 + N2)

In such cases, neglecting the numerical factor, we equate the common

term to zero.

==> 4x + 9 = 0

==> x = -9/4

Fifth Meaning of Samucchaya

 In the two examples considered above, we find that on cross
multiplying the coefficients of x2 on both sides are equal and hence
cancel out. But when this is not the case we end up with a quadratic
equation.

Samucchaya also includes subtraction and hence we also take into

account the difference between numerator and denominator on both
sides. i.e. to obtain the first value of x, we check if

N1 + N2 = D1 + D2

To obtain the second value of x, we check if N1 ~ D1 = N2 ~ D2 .

If so, we equate the difference to zero to obtain the second value of

x.

Example 1 :

4x + 3 = x+5
2x + 4 = 3x + 4

N1 + N2 = 5x + 8 = D1 + D2
==> 5x + 8 = 0
==> x = -8/5

N1 ~ D1 = 2x - 1 = N2 ~ D2
Hence 2x -1 = 0
==> x = 1/2

We shall deal with more such problems under the heading 'Quadratic
Equations'.

Sixth Meaning of Samucchaya

 Applying the meaning of Samucchaya as 'total' in a different
application, we find the solution of what many books refer to as 'Harder
equations' to be very simple.

Consider the following example

1 + 1 = 1 + 1
x+2 x-9 x-3 x-4

The Vedic sutra says that, if other elements being equal, the sum
total of the denominators on LHS and the total on RHS be same, then
the total is equated to zero.

i.e. if D1 + D2 = D3 + D4 then D1 + D2 = 0 is the solution.

Here D1 + D2 = 2x -7

D3 + D4 = 2x -7

Hence as per the sutra we have 2x - 7 = 0

==> x = 7/2

Example 2 :

1 + 1 = 1 + 1
x+4 x+5 x+1 x+8

We find that D1 + D2 = D3 + D4 = 2x + 9

Hence according to the sutra 2x + 9 = 0

==> x = -9/2

Disguised Problems (I)

 We come across many problems which seem to bear no relation to the
above sutras. But by simple manipulation, we can arrive at a form which is
already well known to us.

Consider the following examples :

Example 1 :

1 - 1 = 1 - 1
x-5 x-3 x+9 x + 11

Transposing the equations, we get

1 + 1 = 1 + 1
x-5 x + 11 x+9 x-3

This is of the form discussed in sixth meaning.

Hence x = -3

Example 2 :

1 - 1 = 1 + 1
x+a x+a+b x+c-b x+c

Interchanging the terms,

1 + 1 = 1 + 1
x+a x+c x+c-b x+a+b

Hence, 2x + a + c = 2x + a + c
==> x = -(a + c)/2

Disguised Problems (II)

 In this type we divide the numerator by the denominator and after
canceling the common terms the problem is converted to any one of the
forms discussed earlier.

Example 1 : Consider

x-1 + x-4 = x-3 - x-2

x-2 x-5 x-4 x-3

This can be simplified to obtain

x-2+1 + x-5+1 = x-4+1 + x-3+1

x-2 x-5 x-4 x-3

==> 1+ 1 + 1+ 1 = 1+ 1 +1+ 1
x-2 x-5 x-4 x-3

==> 1 + 1 = 1 + 1
x-2 x-5 x-4 x-3

Hence according to the sutra,

2x - 7 = 0 ==> x = 7/2

Example 2 :

3x - 5 + 2x - 13 = x - 3 - 4x - 19
x-2 x-7 x-4 x-5

This can be simplified to obtain

3x - 6 + 1 + 2x - 14 + 1 = x - 4 + 1 + 4x - 20 + 1
x-2 x-7 x-4 x-5

==> 3+ 1 + 2+ 1 = 1+ 1 +4+ 1
x-2 x-5 x-4 x-3
 ==> 1 + 1 = 1 + 1
x-2 x-5 x-4 x-3

Hence according to the sutra,

2x - 9 = 0 ==> x = 9/2

Disguised Problems (III)

In this case the LCM of the numerators is obtained and multiplied and
divided with each term. On observation we find that this is one of the
forms we have already come across.

Example 1 : Consider

3 + 4 = 2 + 12
3x + 4 4x + 7 2x + 6 12x + 1

The LCM of the terms in the numerators is 12. Multiplying and

dividing each term by 12 we get,

12 + 12 = 12 + 12
12x + 16 12x + 21 12x + 36 12x + 1

==> 12x + 16 + 12x + 21 = 12x + 36 + 12x + 1

==> 24x + 37 = 0

According to the sutra x = -37/24

NOTE : We cannot always be sure of the possibility of the sum of

denominators on each side being equal.
 Therefore to be sure we multiply N1 by D2 and N2 by D1 on one
hand and sum them up and multiply N3 by D4 and N4 by D3 and after
summing, check for equality. If equal, we continue with the above
method. Also the sum of ratio of numerator to coefficient of x in each
term on both sides should be equal.

Example 2 :

3x - 5 + 2x - 13 = x - 3 - 4x - 19
x-2 x-7 x-4 x-5

-2 + 3 + 2 + 1 = - 4 + 3 + 4 + 1
3x - 1 x+3 3x - 7 x+5

Taking the LCM of the numerator terms after canceling out the
common terms on both the sides, we get

3 + 3 = 3 + 3
3x + 9 3x - 1 3x + 15 3x - 7

According to the sutra, 6x + 8 = 0 ==> x = -4/3

simple simultaneous equations

Under this heading we will learn easy methods of solving simple

simultaneous equations. Let us consider the following cases.

The Cyclic Method

Consider the following equations:

Ax + By = C
 Dx + Ey = F

To determine x :

Numerator = BF - CE

Denominator = BD - AE

x = ( BF - CE)/ ( BD-AE )

To determine y :

Numerator = CD - AF

Denominator = BD - AE

y = ( CD - AF)/ ( BD - AE )

Let us consider some examples :

1) x- y= 7

5x - 2y = 42

Using the above formulae we get,

x = ( -1* 42 - 7 * 2) / ( -1* 5 - 2 *1 ) = (-56)/ (-7) = 8

y = ( 7 * 5 - 42 * 1 ) / ( -1 * 5 - 2 * 1) = (-7) / (-7) = 1

Therefore x = 8 and y = 1

2) 5x - 3y = 11

6x - 5y = 9

Using the above formulae we get,

x = ( -3 * 9 - (-5)* 11 ) / ( -3 * 6 - 5 * (-5)) = 28/7 = 4

y = ( 11 * 6 - 5 * 9 ) / ( -3 * 6 - 5 * (-5)) = 21/7 = 3

Therefore x = 4 and y = 3
 Proportional Coefficients Method

Sutra : Aanurupye Shoonyam Anyat

Meaning : If one is in ratio, the other one is zero.

We can understand this sutra better by following the given example.

12x - 5y = 21

36x + 7y = 63

Here we find that the ratio of x coefficients is equal to that of the

independent terms. In such cases, according to the sutra, the other
variable ( in this case y ) is zero. This yields two simple equations in x
which give same value for x.

i.e. y=0

12x = 21 , 36x = 63

=> x = 21/12 = 7/4 , x = 63/36 = 21/12 = 7/4

Some more examples :

1) 6x + 5y = 10

8x + 15y = 30

Here we find 5/15 = 10/30 = 1/3

Hence from the sutra we have x = 0 and

5y = 10 , 15y = 30

--> y = 2

Hence x = 0 and y = 2.

2) 499x + 172y = 212

 9779x + 387y = 477

Here 172/387 = ( 4*43)/( 9*43) = 4/9

212/477 = ( 4*53)/ ( 9*53) = 4/9

Hence from the sutra we have x = 0,

172y = 212 , 387y = 477

-- > y = 53/43

NOTE : This rule is also capable of infinite extension and may be

extended to any number of unknown quantities.

Example :

Ax + Hy +Jz = A*K

Bx + Dy + Ez = B*K

Cx + Fy + Gz = C*K

(Where K is a constant)

--> y = 0 , z = 0

Ax = A*K , Bx = B*K , Cx = C*K

--> x = K

Hence x = K, y = 0, z = 0.

Interchanged Coefficients Method

Upasutra : Sankalana Vyavakalanaathyaam

Meaning : By addition and by subtraction

This sutra ( or upasutra ) is used when the x coefficients and the y

coefficients are found interchanged. In this case the two equations are
added and subtracted to obtain two simple simultaneous equations which
on solving yield x and y.

Consider the following equations :

1) 43x - 21y = 129

21x - 43y = 63

On adding, 64x -64y = 192

--> x-y = 192/64 = 3

On subtracting, 22x + 22y = 66

--> x + y = 66/22 = 3

--> x + y = 3 and x-y=3

--> x = 3 and y = 0.

2) 23x - 13y = 270

13x - 23y = 90

On adding, 36x - 36y = 360

--> x - y = 10

On subtracting, 10x + 10y = 180

--> x + y = 18

Hence on solving the following equations we get x = 14 , y = 4.

Quadratic Equations

As calculus is an integral part of Vedic mathematics, differential

calculus is made use of in Vedic sutras for solving quadratic equations by
breaking them into two simple equations.
 Accordingly it has been stated in the Vedas that the first
differential of the quadratic equation is equal to square root of the
discriminant.

The discriminant is given as the square of coefficient of 'x' minus

the product of double the coefficient of x2 and double the independent
term.

Example :

Consider x2 + 4x - 3 = 0

Then its first differential is 2x + 4

Its discriminant is 42 - 2 * 1 * 2 * (-3) = 28

Therefore according to the sutra

2x + 4 = ± (28)-2 = ± 2(7)-2

==> x = 2 ± )7( -2

There are some more sutras and methods which when applied to
quadratic equations in special cases make the job easier. Given below are
a few types (methods).

Reciprocals

This part deals with reciprocals. Using the method explained below many
such problems can be solved merely by mental calculation alone.

Let us consider

x + 1 = 10
x 3

Under the usual method, we cross multiply to obtain a quadratic equation

which is then solved to obtain 'x'.
But by Vilokanam sutra of Vedic mathematics, the problem can be solved
merely at a glance by simple mental calculation.

10/3 can be written as 3 + 1/3

Therefore x + 1 = 3 + 1
x 3

==> x = 3 or 1/3

Similarly,

2) x + 1 = 37 = 6 + 1
x 6 6

Therefore from the sutra we have x = 6 or 1/6

3) 1 + x+1 = 26 = 5 + 1
x+1 1 5 5

Therefore from the sutra we have x + 1 = 5 or 1/5

==> x = 4 or -4/5

4) x-3 + x+3 = 5 = 2 + 1
x+3 x-3 2 2

Therefore we have x - 3 = 2 or 1
x+3 2
==> x = -9 or 9

5) x + 1 = 13
x 6
Here 13/6 can be split up into 2/3 + 3/2

Therefore x + 1 = 2 + 3
x 3 2
==> x = 2/3 or 3/2
6) x + x + 1 = 25 = 3 + 4
x+1 x 12 4 3

==> x = 4 or 3
x+1 3 4

==> x = -4 or 3

7) x - 1 = 5 = 3 - 2
x 6 2 3

Therefore x = 3/2 or -2/3

8) x - x + 2 = 15 = 8 - 7
x+2 x 56 7 8

==> x = 8 or -7
x+2 7 2

==> x = -16 or -14/9

Shoonyam Samucchaye Sutra

This is an extension of the fifth meaning (type) discussed under

'simple equations'. By the application of the aforesaid formula, we get
two simple equations which on solving yield the two values of x.

Example 1 :

7x + 5 = 9x + 7
9x - 5 7x + 17

Here N1 + N2 = D1 + D2 = 16x + 12
Therefore 16x + 12 = 0 ==> x = 3/4

N1 ~ D1 = N2 ~ D2 = 2x - 10
Therefore 2x - 10 = 0 ==> x = 5
 2) 16x - 3 = 2x - 15
7x + 7 11x - 25

N1 + N2 = D1 + D2 = 18x - 18
18x - 18 = 0 ==> x = 1

N1 ~ D1 = N2 ~ D2 = 9x - 10
9x - 10 = 0 ==> x = 10/9

Saamya Samucchaya And Shoonyam

Anyat

In this section we will solve the quadratic equations based on two

sutras already known to us i.e. Saamya Samucchaya (under simple
equations) and Shoonyam Anyat (under simple simultaneous equations).

Consider the following two examples :

1) 3 + 4 = 6 + 1
x+3 x+4 x+6 x+1

Using Shoonyam Anyat, we find that the sum of the ratios of the
numerators to the independent factors in each term, on either side are
equal. i.e.

3/3 + 4/4 = 6/6 + 1/1

Therefore according to the sutra we have x = 0

Now the above problem can be written as

1- x +1- x = 1- x +1- x
x+3 x+4 x+6 x+1
 ==> x + x = x + x
x+3 x+4 x+6 x+1

By taking x as the common factor from each term (or applying

the first meaning of the samucchaye sutra) we get x = 0

==> 1 + 1 = 1 + 1
x+3 x+4 x+6 x+1

Therefore by Samucchaye formula, we have 2x + 7 = 0

==> x = -7/2

2) 1 + 1 = 2 + 1
2x + 1 3x + 1 3x + 2 6x + 1

Now 1 can be written as 1 - 2x and so on

2x + 1 2x + 1

Therefore the problem can be rewritten as

1 - 2x + 1 - 3x = 1 - 3x + 1 - 6x
2x + 1 3x + 1 3x + 2 6x + 1

==> 2x + 3x = 3x + 6x
2x + 1 3x + 1 3x + 2 6x + 1

Taking x as the common factor we have x = 0

==> 2 + 3 = 3 + 6
2x + 1 3x + 1 3x + 2 6x + 1

By the method discussed in the 'Disguised Problems' under

'Simple Equations' we get

6 + 6 = 6 + 6
6x + 3 6x + 2 6x + 4 6x + 1

Hence we have 12x + 5 = 0

==> x = -5/12
 PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Partial fractions are of great importance in various mathematical
operations and especially in Integral Calculus. The present method of
reducing equations to partial fractions is very lengthy and time
consuming. By the use of a Vedic sutra you have already come across in
division - The Paraavartya Sutra. The following examples will help you to
understand how to apply the above sutra to get partial equations in a
simple and short manner.

Consider the problem

x2 + 5x + 3 Eq(1) (x + 2)(x - 7)(x - 4)

This can be written in the form

A + B + C Eq(2)
(x + 2) (x - 7) (x - 4)

where A , B , C are constants to be determined.

Now equate each term of the denominator to zero to get three

different values of x. Now leaving out the term containing the particular
value of x, substitute for x in all the other terms of the given equation
to obtain respective constant for the term in the second equation.

i.e. Equating (x + 2) to zero we obtain x + 2 = 0 ==> x = -2

Now substituting for x in the first equation by (-2) we obtain the

constant A.

Therefore A = (-2)2 + 5(-2) + 3 = -11

(-2 - 7)(-2 - 4) 54

Similarly B = (7)2 + 5(7) + 3 = 52

(7 + 2)(7 - 4) 27

Similarly C = (4)2 + 5(4) + 3 = 31

(4 - 7)(4 + 2) -18
 The above steps can be put in the form of a few simple formulae as
follows :

If the equation is of the form : Lx2 + Mx + N

(x - a)(x - b)(x - c)

Then the partial fractions can be written as

A + B + C
(x - a) (x - b) (x - c)

where the constants A, B, C are given as

A = La2 + Ma + N B = Lb2 + Mb + N C =
Lc2 + Mc + N
(a - b)(a - c) (b - a)(b - c) (c
- a)(c - b)

Example 2 : Consider

8x2 + 9x + 11
(x - 12)(x + 13)(x + 14)

This can be written in the form A + B

+ C
(x - 12) (x + 13)
(x + 14)

Using the above explained formulas we get

A = 1271/650 B = -1246/25 C = 1453/26

If one or more of the terms (factors) are in repetition then the

problem is solved as follows :

Consider the following example :

4x2 + 7x - 3
(x + 2)2(x - 3)

This can be written as A + B + C

(x + 2) (x + 2)2 (x - 3)

Factorizing and equating the numerators of the two

equations, we get
 4x2 + 7x - 3 = A(x + 2)(x - 3) + B(x - 3) + C(x +
2)

Now substituting the values of x such as to obtain the constants A, B,

C i.e. substitute x = 3 and x = -2 such that some terms on the right hand
side cancel out to give the required constants. Here the constants are A
= 4 , B = 1/5 , C = 54/5.

Another easier method is to equate the coefficients of the x and x2

terms and solve.